Cdp imphal

City Development Plan: Imphal

C h ap t e r 1
I nt r o duc t i o n t o C i t y D e ve l o pme nt
P l an & A p p r o ac h
1.1 Introduction

Manipur one of the seven sisters of the North East is located in the slopes of the Sub-Himalayan
Ranges in the North East of India at latitude 23.80º N to 25.68º N and longitude 93.03º E to
94.78º E. Manipur has been the home of rich culture and heritage and is often described as the
Jewel of India. The region is bound by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Cachar
district of Assam in the west. In the east it shares an international border with Upper Burma
(presently, Myanmaar).
.

Map 1.1: Location of Manipur

Imphal Municipal Council 1 Government of Manipur


Described by Lord Irwin as the 'Switzerland of India', Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with
gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests. Manipur, literally
meaning the land of jewel, is a paradise on earth where Mother Nature has been extra generous
in her beauty. And from the very inception, this princely state of Manipur has always been a
shining outpost of the country.

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the
centre of all cultural, commercial and political activities in the State. It is a small and picturesque
city and is a attractive tourist attraction. Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur River and is
surrounded by the North-Eastern hills. Imphal is the only Class I City in the State and is the
centre for cultural traditions, festivals, as well as commerce.

Map 1.2: Location of Imphal



Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 spread over East and West Imphal Districts. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also
takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 2,50,234.

The break up of the population under Imphal Urban Agglomeration covered by the City
Development Plan in line with the applicability of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission is as follows:

Area Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234
Table 1.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration

With growth in urban population, growing population density and scaling up of activities, there has
been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The stress in the Infrastructure is reflected
by the state of the basic infrastructure such as road, water, sanitation and drainage, which are
grossly inadequate, and requires substantial development and investment. The ability of the State
to provide basic services to the urban population requires substantial institution building and
investments.

1.2 Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends
According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or
285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted by the
Government of India, the share of the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total
population by the year 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute
about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).



900 820
800 700

Population (Millions)
700 583
600
473
500
372
400 285
300 217
159
200 109
62.4 78.9
100
0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation

However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of infrastructure
services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power, telecom,
roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as sanitation
and solid waste management.

Cities and towns in India constitute the second largest urban system in the world, and contribute
over 50 per cent of the country’s GDP. They are central to economic growth. For the cities to
realise their full potential and become effective engines of growth, it is necessary that focused
attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure. This requires a Mission led initiative to be
implemented on a time bound basis. In view of this the Government of India has launched the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in FY 2005-06; with an aim to
create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities,

The mission rest on the postulate that in order to make cities work and meaningfully
contribute to the country’s economic growth and poverty reduction objective, it is
essential to create incentive and urban reforms both at state and city level, appropriate
enabling framework enhance the credit worthiness of the Municipal governance and
integrate the poor with service delivery system.

The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector:

(a) Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered
under the Mission;
(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew
of reforms for long-term project sustainability;
(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;



(d) Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation;
(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to the urban poor;
(f) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion;
(g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other
existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy:

(1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City
Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and
financing plans.

(2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed
Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is
essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost
of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the
attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A
revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets
created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance,
projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and
demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the
project.

(4) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance
would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector
across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow
directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds
for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal
agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or
grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional
resources from other sources.

(5) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs
over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in
development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through
Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements.



It is thus recognized that Urban Social and Economic Growth is largely dependent on
development of infrastructure, such as transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste
management. For the cities to reach its potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a long-
term vision, an assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action plan
needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be strengthened in order
to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they are capable of developing and
implementing sustainable projects on their own. ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure
that they remain transparent and accountable.

The North Eastern States are largely characterized by medium to low level of developments,
which are reflected in low per capita income, poor economic base, limited industrial development.
The States however are endowed with rich natural resources. Side by side the region is also
endowed with rich cultural and heritage background.

1.3 City Development Plan

The preparation of City Development Plan (CDP) is a pre-requisite for accessing funds under JNNURM.
The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of a city it indicates:
• Where a city is now?
• Where it wants to go? – Vision, goals
• What are its priorities?
• How can it reach there?
• What interventions are required?

The CDP would provide a framework and vision within which projects can be identified and
implemented. The goal of CDP is to create an economically productive, efficient, equitable, and
responsive cities.

1.4 City Development Plan for Imphal

Imphal is the only Class I City in the state of Manipur and is the centre of economic and social
activity. The city is also the Gateway of North East India. Given the criticality of the region, there
is strong requirement to develop physical infrastructure in order to drive the development process
forward. At the same time, the growth in population places severe strain on urban amenities and
infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system, water supply, rubbish collection
(solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems. Also, unplanned development leads to



unplanned growth and clustered settlements. A large number of their citizens are deprived of the
basic urban services. Urban environment also gets severely affected. .

Imphal City reaffirms its commitment to develop and implement strategies and programs with an
aim to bring about focused development in infrastructure and provide its citizens a high quality of
life and universal access to basic urban amenities while maintaining the rich cultural and heritage
base of the city.

As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared, which is both a
vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The City Development Plan is anchored on the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission goal on economically productive and efficient
cities. The Plan has been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and builds up
strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal
governments, their financial accounting, budgeting systems and procedures, creation of
structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other
bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to
undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.

The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is recognized that Assets
created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order to contribute to its potential. The
objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and schemes, which has
been identified and included in the Plan.

It is recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.



1.5 Process Followed for CDP Preparation

APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

Review of available data, reports and surveys on the city
and initial consultations with the stakeholders.
1
F
I
Discussion with Government Officials, Identified N
Stakeholders to Understand the Opportunities, Strength, A
2 Risk and Weaknesses of Imphal L

C
I
T
Y
Data collection conducted on different parameters
3 followed by reconnaissance surveys, field visits like
Demography, economy, Land use, environment, basic D
infrastructure facilities and Institutional framework E
V
E
L
st
O
1 Consultative Workshop to identify demand/gaps in
infrastructure and felt needs of the people as well as
P
4 aspirations. M
E
N
T

Preparation of Draft City Development Plan taking in to P
account the above 1,2,3,4 points and peoples perception L
5 in line with the Mission Objective.
A
N

nd I
2 Consultative Workshop; Finalisation of Vision and
Strategies and Options based on vision and M
P
6 Prioratisation.
H
A
L

7 rd
3 Consultative Workshop; Discussion with different
Stakeholders, concerned line departments, selected
eminent citizens for finalization of the CDP taking in to
consideration of the above points



1.6 Stakeholders Views and Concerns

The CDP is an output of a wide-ranging consultation with key stakeholders. At the first stage, a
vision for the future development of the city was developed which was a shared development in
the medium perspective.

There was almost unanimity of the concerns of the people. The stakeholders particularly
representing the civil society were severely concerned at the lack of basic amenities and
“disamenities” (negative amenities). There was a strong plea for planned development,
decentralization, decongestion and/or expansion in a planned manner. There was also concerns
of hazards such as “uncollected garbage/solid waste; heavily polluted Nambul River, choked
drains, lack of sewerage; scanty drinking water; water logging/floods during monsoon; off season
droughts.

It was clear from the workshops and also substantiated by analysis, that there was a severe lack
of basic services to the citizens. In terms of priority, Sewerage and drainage, decongestion and
transportation, Water and Environment Protection were given high priority. The requirement was
listed a safe and adequate 24x7 water and power supply, effective sewerage and drainage
covering each zone, most accessible and systematically arrayed roads with outer/inner roads,
mixed land use with adequate open space as to minimize traffic congestion, optimize
accessibility, provide greener/sunnier living; well planned schools, systematic parking and
shopping complexes for each zone. The services need to be delivered on a time bound basis to
fulfill the strong aspirations of the people.

There was a complete unanimity on the importance of maintaining the culture and heritage of the
City. The city needed to be well developed and organized but also retain its spiritual culture and
heritage culture.

There was also a plea to develop Greater Imphal on an integrated manner so as to reduce the
pressure on Imphal City.

One of the critical issues raised by the Stakeholders was empowerment and capacity building of
the Municipal Council. There was an acceptance that the municipal council needs to carry out a
reform process so as to make it more responsive and accountable to the general people.



JNNURM
JNNURM
1sssttt Consullttattiive Workshop
1 Consu a ve Workshop
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



JNNURM
JNNURM
2nndd Consullttattiive Workshop
nd
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



JNNURM
JNNURM
3rrdd Consullttattiive Workshop
rd
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



Some of the Speakers of the Workshops



1.7 Objectives and Overall Goals

The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the region and is aimed at
achieving its vision.

The overall vision of the region based on the discussions with the Stakeholders Meet is –

Making Imphal City a vibrant, w ell administered and developed city while maintaining
and further developing its transcending character as a ceremonial and spiritual city,
rich in culture and heritage and providing its Citizens a comfortable and secured life
by

Developing and making available basic infrastructure services and efficient
delivery framew orks to all its citizens so as to ensure that they are able to live a
comfortable and quality life;

Development of fringe areas and improve the regional linkages in the context of
India’s Look East Policy;

Endeavour to further develop the rich cultural heritage of the city

Developed strong framew ork for Urban Governance and Institutional
Development;

Addressing Vital Issues of Urban Sociology in a multi-ethnic city.

Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the Region seeks
to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These form the basis for the various identified schemes
and programs as well and formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.

Strategic aims for each of the sectors have been provided in this City Development Plan (CDP).
In order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and programme
have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been included under the various
sections of the plan.



Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the
unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and action plans need to take
into account this background.

It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.

1.8 City Investment Plan (CIP)

Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the CIP identifies
specific interventions in the form of projects that can be implemented over the JNNURM period of
seven years. These comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also
include a block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism for
implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects shall be an ongoing
process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the people.

1.9 Adoption of CDP

The Final City Development Plan was prepared after taking into account the various views and
was adopted by Imphal Municipal Council.



C h ap t e r 2
I nt r o duc t i o n t o t he R e gi o n
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Region

2.1 Introduction to Imphal Urban Agglomeration

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, is situated at the centre of the valley of Manipur state. Imphal
is the biggest urban settlement and the only class I city in the region. Primarily an administrative
city, Imphal is of prime importance to almost all the urban centres and settlements surrounding it.
NH 39 connects the city with Myanmar in the east and Nagaland in the North. Though the city has
air connectivity with important cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati, it does not have any
railway connectivity. The nearest railway head is at Dimapur in Nagaland.

Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 comprising municipal area in East and West Imphal. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration
also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 250234.

The break up of the population of the Area covered by the City Development Plan and in line with
the applicability of the Mission is as follows:

Area Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234

Table 2.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration



Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map

2.2 Population

Imphal Urban Area recorded a population of 2,50,234 as per the Census of 2001 registering a
decadal growth rate of 26.04% and comprising nearly 10% of the entire state's population.

Population

State/District/Town Civic Status Male Female Total
Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788
Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382
Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876
Urban
Imphal 123859 126375 250234
Agglomeration
Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001



2.3 Location
The city of Imphal is located at the longitude 93.57o E and latitude 24.50o N. Located nearly at the
centre of the Manipur valley, Imphal is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards the south.
Surrounded by hillocks (about 1500-2000 mt high), Imphal is at an average elevation of 790 m
above mean sea level. Imphal River, Nambul River and Kongba River is running in the north-
south direction and are having numerous tributaries through the town. The town is below the high
flood level of Imphal River. The physiographic character has significant influence on the
population growth pattern in the Imphal city. Major growth has taken place towards the south
along the highways. The growth along the north, east and northwest has been restricted by hills.

2.4 Climate of the Region
Imphal enjoys salubrious climate. The valley usually experiences a cool and pleasant climate.
January is the coldest months while April-May is the hot season for Imphal. The prevailing wind
direction during summer is from south and southeast to northwest.

The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:

Maximum Temperature during summer: 36 Degree Centigrade
Minimum Temperature during the winter: 0 Degree Centigrade

Average temperature 20.4 Degree Centigrade
Average Rainfall in the area: 1413mm.

Source: www.imphalwest.nic.in

2.5 Soil Profile of the Region

The soil in Imphal region is fertile land and is mainly made up of alluvial soil of recent origin. The
soil is mainly made up of shallow black, brown and alluvial soils which have been technically
classified as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orchrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents.

2.6 Industries

There are no large or medium scale industries in Imphal. Handloom weaving is the traditional
household industry. Female work participation rate in the sector in over 60%. Skilled artisans in
trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are also found in certain pockets in the region.



General trade establishment comprises more than 90% of trade and commerce activity in the
region. In Imphal, there were more than 3389 registered commercial establishments, out of which
80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road,
Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the
municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and
Tera bazaar. There are ‘Nuphi Keithal’ (Women’s Market) in the core area and the periphery of
the city.

Factories
and
Industrial Total Units % to total state
Units in the state units
Agartala 36 2884 1.2
Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8
Gangtok 115 385 29.8
Guwahati 507 45193 1.1
Imphal 177 5779 3.1
Itanagar 27 4750 0.6
Kohima 80 1119 7.1
Shillong 321 4599 7

Table 2.2: Manipur Physical Map



ject report

Map 2.2. Physical Map

Map 2.3: Forest Map of Manipur



C h ap t e r 3
S o c i o an d D e m o gr ap h i c P r o f i l e

3.1 Background

This section analyses and presents the social and demographical profile of the city of Imphal.
Data has been obtained from Census data; various surveys conducted by IMC, ADB (NERUDP)
as well as published data. The data has been computed based on available census data for the
Municipal Council Area. In areas where trends for population of fringe areas are not available,
trends for the Municipal Region has been followed.

3.2 Overall Population & Growth Rate

Imphal with a total population of 2,50,234 (Census 2001) is spread over 27 wards in two districts,
namely Imphal East and Imphal West. It contributes to more than 29.81 % of population of these
two districts and 11.54 % of the entire state’s population (21, 66,788).

Growth
Population rate
(1991-2001)
State/District/Town Civic
Male Female Total
Status
Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788 17.94
Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382 16.69
Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876 19.49
Imphal MC 123859 126375 250234 11.56

Table 3.1: Total Population

Source: Census 2001



3.3 Decadal Growth Rate

The State of Manipur had experienced decadal population growth rate of around 17.94% during
1991-2001, which is though lower than the national average of 22.66 %. The decadal population
growth rate in the two districts, namely Imphal West and Imphal East, among which IMC is
spread was 16.69 % and 19.49 % respectively during 1991-2001. In this backdrop, Imphal
Municipal Corporation has recorded a decadal population growth rate of 11.56 % during 1991-
2001 preceded by a significantly higher decadal growth of 26.76% during 1981-91.

Decadal Grow th Rate-Im phal

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00 gr owt h r at e

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Ye a r

Table : 3.2 Decadal Growth



Decadal growth of the various districts is presented in the graph below.

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-1991)

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

66.41
30.00
29.36
29.24

28.83
20.00

26.04
23.87

19.49
17.94

15.26

16.69
10.00

0
0.00

Ukhrul
Imphal West

Chandel
Churachandpur

Imphal East *
Manipur

Bishnupur
Tamenglong

Thoubal

Senapati (Excluding 3 Sub-Divisions)
Imphal Munipal Corporation

Sources: Census 2001 and Individual district website

Figure 3.1: Decadal Growth 1991-2001

3.4 Population Density

The population density in Imphal recorded at 7,202 persons per sq. km as compared to the
state’s density of 97 persons per sq.km of area. With only 0.13% of the total area, Imphal
Municipal Corporation area contributes to more than 10% of the state’s population. The density
has been significantly and sharply growing over the last few decades as shown in the figure
below.

Population Density

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000 density
7203
6456
3000
5093
2000 3924

2689
1000

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Year

Table 3.3 Trend of Decadal Growth



Density 2001
Region
(Persons per Sqkm)
India 324
West Bengal 904
Manipur District 97
Imphal Municipal Corporation
7202
Area

Table 3.4: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: Census 2001

The population density in the Imphal city has already crossed 7202, comparable with much larger
municipal area. In addition, the density is likely to cross 9500 persons per sq.km of area if the
population grows as estimated. The forecasted population density in Imphal is given below (Fig
3.4.1)

12000

10000 9587
8716
7923
8000
7203

6456
Density
6000
Predicted Density

4000

2000

0

1991 2001 2011 2021 2031

Figure 3.5: Predicted Population Density

Source: Based on forecasted population

3.5 Population Projections

In the last five decade, the North Eastern Region has witnessed drastic demographic change due
to several historic and economic reasons. On one hand, certain states have witnessed decline in
population growth rate whereas on the other hand, for certain states urban population growth rate
has gone up drastically. This clearly indicates that the growth trend has not stabilized over the
years.



1951-61 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01
State U R T U R T U R T U R T U R T
Arunachal NA NA NA 0 3 3.3 9.1 2.7 3.1 10.3 2.5 3.2 7.2 1.4 2.4
Pradesh
Assam 8.5 2.7 3.0 5.1 2.9 3 3.3 2 2.1 3.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.6 1.7
Manipur 37.2 2.2 3.0 7.6 2.7 3.2 10.3 1.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.7
Meghalaya 7.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.8 5.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.7
Mizoram 7.4 2.9 3.1 10.2 1.6 2.3 12.4 2.4 4.0 10.1 0.0 3.4 3.3 1.9 2.6
Nagaland 16.6 5.3 5.7 10.4 2.9 3.4 8.9 3.5 4.1 5.6 4.3 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.1
Sikkim 9.6 1.4 1.6 11.1 2.0 2.6 10.0 3.4 4.2 -3.2 3.4 2.5 5.0 2.7 2.9
Tripura 9.2 5.7 6.0 4.7 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 6.5 2.5 3.0 2.6 1.3 1.5
Table 3.6: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: NERUSP Project report

In a similar fashion, Imphal, the capital city of Manipur has also experienced growth in population
due to a mix of factors including annexation, natural growth and migration but the change in the
growth rate has been declining significantly. The decadal growth rate has declined during 1991-
2001 from 45.94% during 1961-71.

In the meantime, the density in the Imphal city had already crossed 7202 persons per sq.km of
area in 2001. Considering relevant factors including Imphal remaining the only major urban centre
in Manipur, high population density, urban migration, amongst others, it has been estimated that
the population will continue to grow in the Municipal corporation area with the decadal growth rate
stabilizing at around 10% for the next few decades. Based on the estimation, the projected
population is given below.

Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
79510 116034 156622 198535 250234 275257 302783 333061
Table 3.7. Population Trends for Imphal Municipal Corporation Area

Source: Prediction based on Census Data

The population in the Municipal Corporation area is estimated to cross 3.33 lakh within 2031.
Though the figure is not extremely high but considering the area under the corporation and
expected growth in business development, it would create huge pressure on the city.



Actual & Predicted Population

350000

300000

250000

200000

333061.454
Population

302783.14
Predicted Population

275257.4
150000

250234
198535
100000
156622
116034

50000
79510

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Year

Fig 3.8: Projected Population
Source: Census 2001

3.6 Population Distribution

The growth pattern of Imphal city is highly influenced by its physiographic character. The major
growth of the city has taken place towards the South, particularly along the highways. The growth
in North, East and North West is restricted by hills. Low-lying areas restrict the growth on the
east. The existing population density of Imphal is pyramidal. The density is higher in the central
area, especially on South, and hence major population density is in the southern part.

3.7 Migration

The North East Urban cities have been experiencing significant in-migrant population. The table
below shows that cities like Guwahati; Agartala has witnessed huge in-migrant population in
1991. In Imphal, the in-migrant population figure was 1,98,535 accounting for 8.05% of the total
population in 1991.

Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong

In Migrants 47042 26568 1104 140885 15991 4745 9576 26172
Total Pop
(1991) 157358 155240 25024 584342 198535 16545 51418 131719
% of migrants
to total pop 29.89 17.11 4.41 24.11 8.05 28.68 18.62 19.87

Table 3.8: In-Migrant Population in 1991




3.8 Urbanization

Urbanisation in Manipur district has been skewed. In several districts including Senapati
(excluding 3 sub divisions), Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul, the entire population
resides in rural areas. Meanwhile, share of urban population in the Manipur state in 2001 was
around 26.58%, clearly indicating that the urban population was concentrated in the remaining
districts. Out of the two districts among which the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is divided,
share of urban population in Imphal West was highest at 55.51% whereas the corresponding
figure for Imphal East was relatively higher at 27.43%.

% o f Urba n P o pula t io n

60.00

50.00

40.00

55.51
30.00
35.87

36.05

20.00

27.43
26.58

10.00

12.64
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

Figure 3.9: Urban Population Share

Source: Census 2001

Data further shows, the level of urbanisation in Imphal West is much higher as compared to
Imphal East. Urban/Rural ratio in Imphal West stood at 1.24:1 against Imphal East’s comparable
figure of 0.37:1.



Urbanisation Scenario

2500000

2166788

2000000

1590820

1500000

Population

1000000

575968
444382
500000 394876
246683 286566 250234
197699
108310

0
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Urban

Manipur Imphal West Imphal East Imphal Muni.
Corp

Figure 3.10: Urban Population Scenario – Manipur

The level of urbanisation in the Imphal city has been significantly and steadily growing over the
past few decades.



3.9 Sex Ratio
The following figure provides details of the Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) of Manipur State
and the districts since 1971. The Sex Ratio for Imphal district (i.e. Imphal East and Imphal West)
stood at 998, higher than the state corresponding figure of 978. The Sex Ratio in the district has
recorded significant growth over the previous decade, 973 (1991). The Sex Ratio of the Imphal
Municipal Corporation area is significantly higher than the district and state average at 1017.

Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)

1050

1017
998

998
993

1000

981
978

951

944

950 2001
922

1991

916
1981
900 1971

850

800
Churachandpur
Tamenglong

Corporation
Chandel
Thoubal

Imphal
Bishnupur

Ukhrul
Sub-Divisions)
MANIPUR (Excl.
3 Sub-divisions)

(Excluding 3

Municipal
Imphal
Senapati

Figure 3.11: Sex ratio
Source: SRS Website and Census 2001 data

29


3.10 Literacy Rate

The following table represents a brief picture of the general educational standards of people in
the Imphal Municipal Council area. Over 78% of the population in the Imphal Municipal Area is
literate which is significantly higher than the state average of 60%. Following similar trend, 83% of
the male population and 73% of female population are literate in the Imphal Municipal Council
area as compared to state average figure of 68% and 52% respectively.

Total Total Male Male Female Female
Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate
Imphal Municipal
Council (%) 78.43 21.56 83.94 16.05 73.02 26.97
Manipur (%) 60.48 39.51 68.76 31.23 52.00 47.99

Table 3.10: Literacy Scenario in Manipur and Imphal
Source: Census 2001

3.11 Workforce Variance

Census 2001 shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for
the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.

Work force distribution

1000000

900000

800000

700000

600000
TOT_WORK_P
945213

500000 MAINWORK_P
MARGWORK_P
400000
659364

300000
285849

200000
74370

64807

9563

100000

0
Manipur Total Imphal M Corp. Urban

Fig : 3.12
Source: Census 2001

30


The following figure further shows, that only 1% of the main working population are involved in
casual and agricultural sectors whereas 8% is involved in household sector.

Main Workers Profile-Imphal

1% 1% 8%

MAIN_CL_P
MAIN_AL_P
MAIN_HH_P
MAIN_OT_P

90%

.

Figure 3.12: Distribution of Main Work Force

Source: Census 2001

3.11 Expenditure Variance

The following tables show the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for urban and rural areas
of Manipur. MPCE provides a signal of the purchasing capacity of the population residing in
Manipur state.

Urban Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 601-682 682-751 751-942 >942
Group
ST 16.82 11.21 14.02 13.08 9.35 14.95 20.56
SC 23.08 7.69 7.69 15.38 15.38 7.69 23.08
OBC 9.56 12.97 13.31 20.14 20.14 16.72 7.17
OTHERS 19.05 20.24 15.48 10.71 12.7 14.68 7.14

Rural Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 471-521 521-591 591-702 >702
Group
ST 27.78 13.33 12.73 14.72 9.72 12.5 4.17
SC 0 19.44 27.78 19.44 22.22 8.33 2.78
OBC 4.73 11.49 11.49 19.59 24.32 14.19 14.19
OTHERS 4.64 15.46 13.92 9.28 18.04 20.1 18.56

Source: NSS Data & State Government Website

31


Chapter 4
Economic & Industrial Base
4.1 Background

The North Eastern Region is characterized by low level of economic and industrial activities.
Majority of the urban population in the region is engaged in service, both Government and Private
(as depicted in the following table); Imphal does not produce any significant consumer goods.
Most of the items are imported from other states by roadways.

City Service Shop Labour & Business Others
Owners Daily Wage
Earners
Agartala 58.5 25.2 0.6 5.9 9.9
Aizawl 51.9 11.5 16.7 10.4 9.6
Gangtok 68.6 8.6 7.1 4.3 11.4
Guwahati 72.2 9.7 3.7 6.2 8.3
Imphal 56.9 13.7 15.4 9.5 4.6
Itanagar 65.5 10.7 1.7 3.7 18.5
Kohima 66.2 6.6 2.4 9.7 15.2
Shillong 54.5 14 4.7 3.9 23.0
Total 64.3 11.5 5.8 6.8 11.6

Table 4.1: Distribution of Employees by Category in major urban cities

4.2 Industry

The industries are not a major economic driver of any of the major urban centres in the
region, with Imphal not being an exception

32


Factories
and
Industrial Total Units % to total state
Units in the state units
Agartala 36 2884 1.2
Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8
Gangtok 115 385 29.8
Guwahati 507 45193 1.1
Imphal 177 5779 3.1
Itanagar 27 4750 0.6
Kohima 80 1119 7.1
Shillong 321 4599 7

Figure 4.2 Registered Factories and Industrial Units in NE urban cities

Handloom weaving is a traditional household industry with female work participation rate of over
65%. Traditional skilled artisans, especially in silk spinning and weaving are mainly concentrated
in Chingmeirong, Singjamei and Chingamakha area. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation
jewellery and silver works are concentrated around Keisampat, Kwakeithel and Singjamei Bazar
area. The area has one industrial estate set up at Takyelpat. The industries in the region are
mainly producing plastic items, paper and surgical equipment.

In order to facilitate rapid and substantial industrial development in the State through enhanced
investment, an investor-friendly environment, provision for infrastructure and institutional support,
attractive incentive package and optimum utilisation of existing resources amongst others, the
state government formulated the New Industrial Policy of Manipur in 2002.

The aim is to achieve the desired goal by providing industry access to high quality infrastructure,
extending institutional support for technology up-gradation, deregulating the business
environment for an efficient, proactive and transparent administrative frame-work and catalyzing
the entrepreneurial as well as creative capabilities of the human resources. Some of the major
goals are to create gainful employment for local population, promote export-oriented industries,
encourage large and medium industries in public, private, joint and assisted sectors, develop food
processing industry by facilitating forward and backward linkages.

33


4.3 Trade & Commerce

General trade establishments comprise over 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In
Imphal, there are more than 3389 Registered Commercial Establishment, out of which 80% are
located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir
Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal
area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar.
There are ‘Nuphi Keithals’ (Women’s Markets) in the core area and the periphery of the city.

Hotel/Restaurant/
Confectionery
General shop/ tea
Trade % share shop % share
Agartala 2768 94.6 159 5.4
Aizwal 3475 91.2 335 8.8
Gangtok 1056 96.8 35 3.2
Guwahati 55000 96.5 2000 3.5
Imphal 3212 94.8 177 5.2
Itanagar 1362 96.9 44 3.1
Kohima 2384 94.6 135 5.4
Shillong 2489 94.5 144 5.5
Table 4.3. Registered Trade Establishments in 2001-01

34


4.4 Agriculture

Manipur state is predominantly an agricultural economy.
As per data available with State Government, the share of
agriculture in the state income has declined from 45.6% in
1980-81 to 24.7% in 2003-04 and is a serious concern.

Over 57% of the state’s working population is comprised of
cultivators and agricultural labourers.

Meanwhile, the four valley districts, which cover 10.02% of total geographical area,
include 73.18% of total agricultural land. But due to swelling population, it is
becoming more and more difficult to expand agricultural area. Paddy is by far the
most important crop in the region followed by maize and different type of millets,
pulses and beans, mustard and seasum, sugarcane, cotton, yams and sweet
potatoes, pineapples and many other kinds of fruits and vegetables.

4.5 Tourism

Tourism is one of the most important sectors in this region with immense potential. Table
4.7.1 shows that Imphal city received a significant number of tourists during 2001-02.
Data further showed that there were 49 hotels in Imphal with average rent ranging
between Rs 150-300 per day. The hotels experienced average occupancy between 65%
and 70%.

35


A comparative table of occupancy of major hotels in the major northeast cities are given
below:
Domestic International
Agartala 156475 1280
Aizwal 25000 -
Gangtok 146923 7757
Guwahati 1000000 6000
Imphal 73482 131
Itanagar 8452 106
Kohima 29952 920
Shillong 178697 2390
Table 4.4 : Tourist inflow in the major cities in the NE Region in 2001-02

At present the places open to foreign tourists are: Loktak Lake, Moirang; INA Memorial, Moirang;
Keibul Lamjao Wildlife Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Thoubal; and the Khongjom War Memorial,
Thoubal. The places open to foreign tourists in groups are: (a) Imphal-Bishnupur-Phubala-
Moirang-Sendra-Keibullamjao-Imphal. (b) Imphal-Moirang-Loktak Lake-Keibullamjao-
Churachandpur-Khuga Imphal, (c) Imphal-Ukhrul-Siroi-Sangsak-Imphal, (d) Imphal-Thoubal-
Waithou Lake-Khongjom-Kakching- Thonjao-Waikhong-Sugnu-Imphal, (e) Imphal-Khonghampat-
Kanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao Gate-Imphal, and (f) Imphal- Noney-
Khongshang- Nungba- Jiribam- Imphal

4.6 Workforce

Majority of the population in Imphal city is engaged in administrative and other related services.
Census 2001 data shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3
for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.

Data further reveals that 87% of the working population in Imphal city area belongs to the
category of main workers whereas the remaining are marginal workers. Share of main worker’s
category in the city is higher than state corresponding figure of around 70%.

Table 4.6.1: Working Population Details
Total Working Female Working
Population Pop Male Working Pop Pop
Imphal 250234 84785 52116 32669
Table 4.5 Workforce Source: Census 2001

36


Chapter 5
Environment & Disaster
Recovery Plan

5.1 Background

Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment. These stresses
extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to affect the land that provides the
resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas claim the ecological output and life support functions
of both nearby areas and distant regions.

The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning Area is a prime example of the
effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban areas is often invisible to urban residents
themselves because the ecosystems that support them are far away. Thus as urban areas
expand, so does their environmental impact.

The number of urban households is growing at a faster rate than the population on account of the
trend for having nuclear families with a decline in the average number of people per household.
More households increase the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.

Economic growth is accompanied by the commensurate increase in amount of waste generated
per person. In many cases, the waste is dumped in open sites, including wetlands that are not
able to contain seepage into local waters.

With the growing population density in urban areas and steep growth in the population trends, the
ULBs are likely to face major challenges in maintaining the ecological balance and sustaining the
development processes at the same time. The effect of this would lead to impacting of:

• Public Health: Unclean water, poor sanitation, air pollution, heavy metals and other
contaminants will cause widespread health problems;
• Food Supply: Population pressures degrade considerable areas of arable land;
• Freshwater: The supply of freshwater deteriorates with population growth;
• Biodiversity: Economic growth affects biodiversity and pushes animal and plant species
towards extinction;
• Global Climate change: Global warming has become a serious problem

37


5.2 Situation Appraisal and Action Taken

As there are no major industrial activities in Imphal, the level of pollution is lower than that
of other centers. However, it has been noted that urban planning and land use regulation
are not followed in several cases and this has an adverse affect on the environment.
There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the
environment of the city.

The specific objectives of the study are:

Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and
identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.

Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and
mitigation measures; and

Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.

The ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WING came into exist during 1997 under the
Environment and Forests Department of the Govt. of Manipur. The wing acts as a nodal
agency in the state for planning, co-ordination and promotion of environmental
sustainable development & its ecology in the state. Simply, the office deals with all the
matter pertaining to environment & ecology of the state.

The wing also acts as the state nodal agency for National Bio-diversity Strategy and
Action Plan, preparation of State of Environment (SoE) report of Manipur, preparation of
Health & Environment Mapping of Manipur, regional resource agency of Manipur for
National Environmental Awareness Campaign, etc. The wing has also been successfully
enforcing / implementing the various Acts and Rules laid down by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Govt of India.

38


Policy Planning:

To evolve a State Environment Policy Resolution for adoption by the Government and its
periodic views thereafter

To promote and catalyze other Ministries / Departments to incorporate environmental
concerns in their spectral policies

Review of existing sectoral policies with a view to synthesize environmental component
with them

To ensure incorporation of environmental dimensions in future legislative enactment

Conservation:

To conserve the genetic diversity of different biogeographically provinces of the State

To conserve the natural resources specially water bodies, flora & fauna, etc.

To establish and manage State Botanical Garden and Environmental/Ecological Parks

To conserve Biological diversity, identify endangered species and to undertake effective
conservation measures for their protection and habitat restoration

To promote and expand community based biodiversity conservation network in the State

To protect and conserve sacred Groves/places/ sites/zones

To carry out mapping of strategic and ecologically fragile areas with a view in involving
rational land use plan to manage the natural resources

To carry out eco-development work and restoration of fragile ecosystem

Regulatory:
To ensure the effective implementation of the following legislation :

The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Rules 1978
The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 and Rules 1978
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules 1982
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Rules 1998

Co-ordination:

Co-ordinate various activities of the State Government in the areas of Environmental
management
Co-ordinate programmes of different agencies on Environmental Education, Training and

39


Conservation of Eco-system

Co-ordinate the work of various agencies other than Pollution Control Board relating to
pollution monitoring and control

Co-ordinate relevant activities of Non-Governmental Organisations/Institutions in
Environmental protection

Promotion:

To promote all activities necessary to execute the nodal co-ordination work, regulatory
and other conservation functions of different Departments

To promote environmental awareness at all levels

To promote environmental information dissemination network

To promote multidisciplinary environmental and ecological research and studies

To promote the aspect of human ecology for sustainable development

To promote a State of experts on ecology and environment concerned, where
services could be freely available to all State Government Departments and
NGOs/Institutions

Some of the ongoing approved schemes (as on 2006 – 07):

Scheme Objective
Eco Development Programme • This scheme seeks to prevent
damage of the ecosystem in the state
Environmental Information & Dissemination • This aims to build up public
awareness about environmental
issues and concerns
Environment Education / Awareness • This imparts specific environment
programme training to individuals and other
stakeholders
Environment Monitoring, Research & • Monitoring the quality of soil, air,
Development water & human including lakes, rivers,
community ponds, etc
Study of catchment areas of major basins • Improvement of major river basins
and the catchment areas
Prevention and Control of pollution • Prevention of pollution by monitoring
activities of small industries and motor
vehicles
Waste Management • Scientific management of wastes
Table 5.1 Ongoing approved Schemes

40


Some of the key targets during the 10th Five Year Plan period include:

Improvement of State Environment monitoring, Research & Development Plan
Augmentation of existing Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the office
Nambul river Pollution abatement project
Studies on Jhum cultivation
Project on wasteland management, wetland management and conservation
Implementation of Bio-diversity conservation programme including afforestation
activities
Expansion of Environment Information activities
Setting up of Eco Clubs
Ecological impact assessment programme
Formulation of Environmental Action Plan for the state of Manipur
Expansion of Community Biodiversity Conservation network

5.3 Status of Environment of Manipur
A ‘soft-state’ on the North-Eastern border between India and Myanmar, Manipur has a
total geographical area of 22,327 Sq. Km. of which 61.54% of the total
population(2001) is in the valley while 38.46% in the hill districts. The state shares with
a length of international border of 352 kms with Myanmar (Burma), accounting for
41.21% of the total length of the border. It is noted that Manipur is lies in one of the
most severe seismic vulnerable zones in India. Other natural hazards such as
land slides and floods are also common in most parts of the region.
Recognising the peculiarities of the region, a Natural Disaster Management
Program is being worked out covering the entire North-East. The entire state of
Manipur falls in Seismic Zone – V.

41


Fig 5.1: Seismic Zone
Natural Resources:

a) WATER Resources:
The water resources in Manipur are from both the surface water (like Lake, River,
Ponds, etc) & sub – surface (underground) water. As per land use data, total water
bodies of the state is about 1.65% of the total land coverage.

9.45 % Submerged Cropped Land
others
1.280%

Land with or without 23.34 % Biomass
scrub
38.725%

Water Bodies 31.30 % Waterlogged / Marshy / Swampy land
1.649%
Forests
49.249%

Settlement
2.442% 35.90 % Lake / Reservoir / Tank / Canal
Agricultureal Land
6.654%

Fig : 5.2 : Land Cover

Land Use Pattern

SURFACE WATER of the region includes all the water resources from wetland, lakes, ponds &
rivers. Wetland is one of the major characters of the State. However, the nature and
demographic pattern over the last 1 or 2 centuries showed spectacular change and numerous

42


wetlands had been lost. They are having wide variation in water spread during pre monsoons and
post monsoons showing distinct hydro periods (exception for Loktak Lake in which water level is
kept constant to run the existing hydro-electric project).

Drainage & River System : Manipur lies in the catchment area of two river system, namely
Ganga - Brahamaputra and Chindwin – Irrawaddi river system.. The main rivers including Barak,
the biggest river of the state drain into Ganga – Brahamaputra river system. Imphal River,
Nambul River, Iril River, Thoubal River, etc are some of the major rivers in the state.

Profile of Basins

Wetlands & Lakes :
No. Wetland Water Spread ( in Ha )
Aquatic Vegetation ( in
Area Ha )
( in Ha ) Post- Pre-monsoon Post- Pre-monsoon
monsoon monsoon
A: Natural :
Lake : 21* 43,358 14,548 105,84 295,32 33,708
Ox-bow Lake : 2 35 35 20 35 35
Waterlogged : 130 9,466 8,563 - 8,726 9,466
B: Man - Made:
Reservoirs : 2 100 100 57 - 43
Total 155 52,959 Ha 23,246 Ha 10,661 Ha 38,293 Ha 43,252 Ha
2 2 2 2
529.6 km 232.5 km 106.6 km 382.9 km 432.5 km2
Source : Wetlands of Manipur (1997) : Space application Centre (ISRO) & Manipur Repote Sensing Application Centre
2
Ha = Hacter (100 Ha = 1 k m )
Table 5.2: Wetlands and Lake

Out of these identified natural fresh water lakes, only the Loktak Lake (24,672 Ha) has been
identified for taking up conservation urgently so far & also being one of the Ramsar Site for
International Importance since 1996. Further, 12 Lakes more are also proposed for further
identification under NLCP, as described below.

Sl. No. Name of the propose District Area
Lakes
01. Pumlen / Khoidum Pat Thoubal 8,022 Ha
02. Ikop /Kharung Pat Thoubal 6,520 Ha
03. Loushi Pat Thoubal 1,064 Ha
04. Waithou / PunnemPat Thoubal 455 Ha
05. Aongbikhong Pat Thoubal 225 Ha

43


06. Ushoipokpi Pat Thoubal 65 Ha
07. Sanapat Bishnupur 282 Ha
08. Utrapat Bishnupur 185 Ha
09. Tankha Pat Imphal West 65 Ha
10. Karam Pat Imphal West 185 Ha
11. Lamphel Pat Imphal West 5 Ha

GROUND WATER table data of Manipur varies as per its geological formation i.e. for the plan areas
(Central Valley districts) the ground water table is reported at 2 – 4 meter bgl (below ground
level), whereas, for the hill & foothill areas (Hill districts) reported as 4 – 5 meter bgl (below
ground level). Groundwater is mostly exploited through open wells, occurs under sub-artesian
and artesian conditions in the deeper aquifers. Through tube-wells, the underground water are
targeted to exploit the valley areas with the yields ranging from 0.6 to 4 cu.m./hr and an estimated
annual recharge of 44 M cum has been estimated. Considering the clayey nature of formation in
the top acuifer, development of this resource is not considered promising on a large scale either
in irrigation of water supply. However, it can be exploited for local water supplied through open
wells dug-cum-bore wells and tube wells. Recently, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water
and Land Management (NERIWALAM) and the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi have
reported the presence of arsenic in some of the existing underground water (Tube Well) in
Kakching, Thoubal districts of the state.

44


Fig 5.3: Profile of Ground Basins

Water Quality Problems :
Water quality for both the surface & sub surface has been monitoring by the Environment
Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the Environment & Ecology Office, Govt. of Manipur regularly.

Environmental Pollution Status of Manipur
Pollution Pollution Status Problems & Pollution Sources
Level
Surface Water - Lake : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture
runoff
Surface Water - River : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture
runoff
Surface Water - Pond : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage
Underground Water : Low, but Contamination Host Rock, Solid Wastes Disposal
considerable
Air Pollution : Medium Ambient Air Smoke from Vehicles / Transport
Soil Pollution : Low, but Contamination Solid Wastes Disposal
considerable
Wastes Disposal : High Non Segregation Urban, Domestic & Hospital
Noise Pollution : Low --

45


Some of the hot spots for water quality resources & its problems have been identified as below:

1. Nambul River, in the urban area of Imphal City;
2. Loktak Lake and its periphery lakes;
3. Underground water at Kakching Town;
4. Community ponds namely Ningthem Pukhri, Thangmeiband Pukhri, Bijoy Govinda
Moat, Kangla Moat, etc. at Imphal City;

b) Forest Resources :
District wise forests coverage of Manipur (2003)
(area in Sq. km)

Table 5.5 : Forest Resources

c) Biodiversity:
Manipur, physically adorned with microclimatic & monsoonic climate. The elevation of the state
varies from 400 msl (Jiribam) to 2,994.36 msl (Tenipu Hill at western region of the state). Adapted
to these, there are different types of forest ranging, say from tropical to sub-alpine. Hence, the
state has a large number of flora and fauna considerably. Moreover, the north-eastern Himalyan
region including Manipur happens to be one of the two mega biodiversity ‘hotspots’ in India. The
state has a number of proposed biosphere reserves, like Yangoupokpi, Siroi, Kailam. Khongho-
tenepu-Dzuko, Jial lake & Keibul Lamjao National Park where there are a number of wild palnts
and animals (resident – migrant), including the much talked brow antlered deer, locally called
SANGAI (cervus eldi eldi). However, a major threat for rapid great losing / diminishing of
biological diversity has been facing by the state.
Some of the major Biodiversity statistics may be highlighted as

46


Reported varieties
A. Flora :
Tree species 153
Bamboo Species 54
Orchid 500
Edible Wild Plants 50
Plant / Herb Spices 73
Indigenous Medicinal plants 430
Endemic Rice 40
B . Fauna :
Fish 160
Amphibian 13
Snakes 34
Lizard 18
Birds 79
Wild animal 34
Table 5.6 : Biodiveresity
e) Westland of Manipur:

WASTELANDS CATEGORY OF 5 HILL DISTRICTS OF MANIPUR (2003)

District Wast-Land Categories Area (in Sq.Kms) % of TGA

Chandel Land with Scrub 1290.6 38.96
Shifting Cultivation 679.1 20.50
(Abandoned)
Shifting Cultivation (Current) 287.5 8.68
Total 2257.2 68.13
Churachandpur Land with Scrub 689.61
Shifting Cultivation 1345 29.43
(Abandoned)
Shifting Cultivation (Current) 493 10.79
Total 2527.61 55.31
Ukhrul Land with Scrub 2319 51.03
(Abandoned)
Total 3481.2 76.61
Tamenglong Land with Scrub 1827.17 2.55
(Abandoned)
Total 2265.16 51.59
Senapati Land with Scrub 1600.35 48.93
(Abandoned)
Total 1965.54 60.09
Table 5.7 : Wetlands

47


Area of Jhum cultivation in 4 hill districts of Manipur

80

70

60

50
Sq. Km.

40

30

20

10

0
1987 1994 1987 1994 1987 1994
Area of Jhum cultivation including Forest Land Scrub waste land
abundant Jhum
Senapati 39.83 44.56 53 48.27 0.04 0.01
Ukhrul 21.82 35.77 75 61.06 0.04 0.08
Churachandpur 18.36 48.14 65.17 25.84 11.1 20.64
Tamenglong 37.94 34.74 45.4 44.88 12.44 16.1

Senapati Ukhrul Churachandpur Tamenglong

e) Environment Quality Statistics:
Report on Physio-Chemical Analysis of surface water samples :
Sl. No. Spot Parameter
Name of River pH DO( mg/l) BDO ( mg/l) Conductivity
( µohms/cm)
1. Nilakuthi Imphal 8.00 8.40 2.40 100
2. Koirengei Do 7.00 2.40 10.30 320
3. Langjing Langjing-I 7.40 8.40 3.60 140
4. Do Langjing - II 7.20 7.70 4.30 110
5. Manipur College Nambul 7.50 5.60 9.32 130
6. Lamsang Lamsang 8.00 5.88 6.08 280
7. Pangei Pangei 7.40 7.70 5.20 130
8. Lilong Lilong 7.60 7.30 6.88 130
9. Yairipok Yairipok 7.60 7.70 5.01 170
10. Bishnupur Posangbam 7.60 6.80 8.11 100
11. Moirang Stream 7.20 7.50 5.68 70
12. Do Posangbam 7.30 6.80 8.11 100
13. Do Ningthoukhong 7.70 6.80 8.50 800
14. Manipur MU - I 7.60 7.30 4.80 360
University
15. Do MU-II 7.70 7.90 5.20 100
16. Kakching Kakching 7.10 7.50 7.72 189
17. Sugunu Sugunu 7.00 5.70 8.90 190
18. Kumbi Khuga 7.00 7.70 3.26 190
19. Andro Andro 7.00 8.30 4.04 130
20. Mayang Imphal Stream 6.90 7.10 3.66 250
21. Swombung Iril 7.10 7.30 2.44 270
22. Jiribam Jiri 7.60 7.80 4.20 200
Table 5.8: Environmental Quality

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Physico- characteristics of some selected community ponds
Characteristics Sampling sites
P1 P2 P3 P4
pH 6.5 7.5 8.5 7.0
Dissolve oxygen 5.6 8.9 8.2 8.8
Biological oxygen 9.4 8.8 8.2 8.2
demand
Chemical oxygen 31.8 12.66 25.33 14.13
demand
Total hardness 400 146 82 112
Nitrate 0.43 3.45 0.77 2.90
Calcium 25.65 12.02 16.83 21.64
Chloride 44.02 44.02 51.12 66.74
Magnesium 31.8 25.33 12.66 14.13
Phosphate 0.38 0.25 0.50 0.49
Sulphate 0.75 0.20 0.11 0.08
Table 5.9: Physio Characteristic of community ponds

All the characteristic are expressed in ppm except the pH
P1= Langthabal Community pond, Imphal(Drinking & domestic use )
P2 = Khurai Heikru Makhong Community pond (Drinking & domestic use )
P3 = Ningthem pukhri Community pond, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use )
P4 = Thangmeiband Community pond, D.M. College gate, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use)

Table : Ground Water Quality of Imphal-west district, Manipur
Conductiv Total
Sl. Calcium Chloride Hardness Iron Potassium Sodium
Location District pH ity m Alkalinity
No. mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
S/Cm mg/l
1 Manahingol Imphal 6.6 285.12 155 6.00 8.78 60.00 5.10 2.00 41.00
West
2 Yaingangpok -do- 6.2 836.00 385 20.84 35.2 224.00 0.55 7.00 61.00
pi
3 Champhai -do- 6.6 315.90 240 21.64 21.3 150.00 0.10 2.00 34.00
4 Nungoi Mayai -do- 6.7 585.00 350 29.66 32.6 270.00 0.40 5.00 46.00
Leikai
5 Koirengei -do- 6.8 376.2 175 15.23 11.36 74 0.2 2 39
6 Nilakuthi -do- 6.7 274.54 155 6.41 17.04 54 4.3 1 41
7 Keikol -do- 6.8 268.9 130 6.41 9.94 62 5.0 1 29
8 Potsangbam -do- 6.6 291.5 175 9.62 9.94 78 3.2 3 36
9 Khurkhul -do- 6.6 232.2 155 10.42 11.36 104 5.5 7 12
10 Phayeng -do- 6.2 485 230 16.83 17.04 96 2.9 4 54

11 Irom Meijrao Imphal 6.8 790.9 485 41.68 21.3 222 3.2 4 99.5
East
12 Hitangthang -do- 7.2 1027.14 350 20.84 65.32 150 2.0 4 100.5
13 Konthousam -do- 7.2 1027.14 620 30.46 24.14 290 2.0 2 106.5
14 Keithelmanbi -do- 5.2 394.2 215 15.23 50.88 122 1.8 4.5 48
Bazar
15 Leimaram -do- 6.5 175.5 180 12.02 1.42 48 2.2 1.5 43
16 Angtha -do- 7.1 530.4 315 36.87 19.88 200 2.0 1.5 29.5
17 Andro -do- 6.8 329.4 190 15.23 15.62 116 1.5 1 23
Table 5.10: Ground Water Quality

49


Table :Water Quality Report on some Lakes of Manipur (as on March 2005)

Parameters Loktak Ikop Waithou Angoubikhong Kharungpat Pumlen Lamphel
Lake pat Pat Pat Pat Pat
pH 6.80 8.0 8.32 7.22 6.9 6.82 7.1

Biochemical 3.45 4.26 4.26 5.18 3.46 3.82 5.48
Oxygen
Demand
(BOD) mg/l
Chemical 18.73 16.45 12.00 16.40 12.98 9.62 15.40
Oxygen
Demand COD)
mg/l
Nitrogen mg/l 2.21 3.47 2.80 3.64 2.86 1.86 1.68

Phosphorus 1.17 1.62 1.40 1.60 1.46 1.08 1.62
mg/l
Potassium 7 12 11 13 8 10 5
mg/l
Total Coliform 570 350 150 203 240 220 140
per 100 ml
Feacal 370 210 80 100 190 170 90
Coliform oer
100 ml
Table 5.11: Water Quality on selected lakes

Table : Water Quality Report on some major ponds of Manipur (as on March 2005)

Parameters Kangla Pat Bijoy Govind Wangkhei Ningthem
Thanga Pat Pukhri

pH 7.70 6.92 7.6 7.8

Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 100 130 340 98

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 3.96 3.35 3.65 2.76

Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) mg/l 10.92 11.46 9.87 7.21

Nitrogen mg/l 0.90 1.81 1.56 0.86

Phosphorus mg/l 0.98 1.26 1.41 0.87

Potassium mg/l 4 6 6 3

Total Coliform per 100 ml 470 620 3.40 120

Feacal Coliform oer 100 ml 260 280 210 58

Table 5.12: Water Quality on selected ponds
Ambient Air Quality in the Valley Districts ; 1997

50


Sl. Location SO2 (µg/m3 ) NO2 (µg/m3 ) SPM(µg/m3 )
No.
1 Nilakuthi 10.00 2.04 100
2 Koirengei 13.30 7.08 128
3 Nagamapal 18.80 5.06 138
4 Keisamthong 18.90 5.01 128
5 Langing 10.80 3.10 100
6 MU 18.70 3.20 100
7 Manipur College 18.60 3.10 128
8 Lamsang 10.50 3.00 100
9 Kwakeithel 18.70 5.03 158
10 Lamlong 10.30 6.08 180
11 Pangei 10.40 3.08 150
12 Thoubal 10.50 2.00 110
13 Yairipok 10.60 3.08 120
14 Bisnupur 10.70 2.00 110
15 Kakching 28.00 6.61 160
16 Sugunu 20.47 6.83 145
17 Kumbi 28.75 6.83 150
18 Singda 25.70 5.70 100
19 Andro 20.00 5.21 100
20 Mayang imphal 23.02 5.66 151
21 Swombung 28.75 6.50 145
22 Jiribam 30.80 8.02 200
Table : Ambient Air Quality Report (August 2005)

Table 5.13: Ambient Air Quality

Parameter Unit CM’s Gate, Civil Secretariat Road, Imphal City Standard
as per
Sample - 1 Sample - 2 Sample - 3 Sample - 4 MoEF,
GoI*
Suspended μ gm/m3 741.72 872.39 769.44 813.92 200
particulate Matter
(SPM)
Respirable μ gm/m3 125.31 221.35 161.11 216.55 100
Particulate Matter
(RPM)

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Sl.No. Location Noise Level Measured on
1. Khwairamband Bazar 67 dB (A) 02.11.2002
2. Keisampat Junction 63 dB (A) -do-
3. Uripok Junction 67 dB (A) 03.11.2002 November, 2002
4. RIMS Gate 67 dB (A) 04.11.2002
5. Johnstone Hr. Sec. 89 dB (A) -do-
School Gate

1. Keishampat Junction 83 dB (A) 25.10.2003
2. Sagolband Traffic Point 74 dB (A) -do-
3. Singjamei Traffic Point 71 dB (A) 25.11.2003 Oct., Nov., 2003
4. Paona Bazar 70 dB (A) -do-
5. B.T. Road 73 dB (A) -do-
6. Thangal Bazar 80 dB (A) -do-
Table 5.14 : Noise Level of Imphal City

Solid Waste :
Maximum Quantity Per day : 100 MT ( Approximately )
Minimum Quantity per day : 85 MT ( Approximately )

Year 1981 1991 2001
Population Imphal city 1,56,622 1,99,329 2,17,325
Greater Imphal 2,93,334 3,69,605 4,22,514
Decadal Imphal city 28.69% 27.27% 9.03%
Growth Rate Greater Imphal - 26.00 % 14.32%
Table 5.15: Characterisation of Waste ( Imphal )

Components Percentage
Organic Waste : 60 %
Paper : 10%
Plastic : 05%
Glass : 02%
Lather : 01%
Textile : 05%
Rubber : 01%
Wood : 05%
Porcelain/Stone/Clay : 03%
Metals : 01%
Fine Fraction ( < 10 mm ) : 07%
Table 5.16: Components of Solid Waste

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Source of Solid waste ( Imphal ):
Greater Imphal Imphal Municipality area.
Number of vegetable and : 15
fruit Markets :
45-50 MT per day
Quantity of wastes
generated
No. of meat and fish : One fish Market One fish Market
markets No classification meat No classify meat Market but about
Market but about 130- 20-25 butcher Houses
150 butcher Houses
Number of Hospitals, : 16 nos. 14 Nos.
Nursing homes, Clinics, etc
Total number of beds : 1454 1372
Number of Hotel and : 144
Restaurants ( No five and
three star category of Hotel )
Total quantity of waste : 80-100 MT per / day 45-60 MT per/day
generated from all sources
Main Tourist Spots : 27 Nos. 25 Nos.
Number of incineration plant : One unit at the campus of
for Bio-medical Waste. Regional Institute of Medical
Science.( Capacity : 80 Kg. per
hour )
Table 5.17: Source of Solid Waste

5.4 Key Action Points

There is considerable public concern about Imphal city being one of the more
disorganized cities in the entire North East region. Future environmental programmes
should focus on certain issues indicated below which have been deemed to have
maximum impact and prioritize their activities accordingly:
Loss of forest cover:
Unchecked deforestation has led to barren hills, which have led to floods resulting in loss
of crops as well as livestock
Jhum cultivation:
This practice has also led to substantial loss in the vegetation of the region
Nambul river cleanup:
The lack of a proper garbage and sewage disposal system has turned the Nambul river
into a waste dumping centre
Use of plastics:
It is felt that the use of plastic and polythene bags needs to be severely restricted
Planned development:
The IMC has to take strong action to stop unplanned construction.
Forest, Soil Erosion and Hill Cutting

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To deal with the alarming situation, forest areas need to be conserved and marked for no
further development; cutting of trees and encroachment on hills will have to be stopped.
This should help in the protection of topsoil from erosion, which is the main cause for
siltation on the riverbeds and consequent damage to the drainage system. Massive a
forestation programme should be undertaken.

5.4.1 Development of an Environmental Plan

There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the environment of
the city. The specific objectives of the study are:

Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and identification
of environmental pollution and hot spots.

Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and
mitigation measures; and

Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.
Some of the identified major EMPs for the city development plan are :

1. Eco-Development & Eco- parks
- Improvement of existing Ecological / Environmental Parks;
- Setting up of new eco-parks, gardens, biodiversity parks, etc;
- Conservation of heritage / historic places;
2. Pollution buffer zone & green belt
- Mass plantation at existing sacred grove, urban forests
- Bishnupur, etc. for habitat rehabilitation;
- Mass plantation at government office complexes / lands as per availability of space;
3. Urban Water Body Conservation
- Conservation and Eco-restoration of urban lake, ponds, rivers, etc;
4. Water body Front Development (specially Rivers)
- Setting up of the river or pond front development for environmental conservation &
eco-tourism prospect;
5. Road Median & Road Side Plantation
- Landscaping & tree plantation at road median & road side as per availability of space;
6. Synchronization of existing market structure
- separation of meat & fish shops with proper hygienic condition & effluent treatment plant;
- Proper sitting of commercial units / shops for agro-chemical & toxic chemical products;

54


7. Mini Environment Monitoring Units (only sampling & spot examination)
- Air Sampling stations (at least 5 stations per town / city);
- Macro meteorological station (temperature, rain fall & Relative humidity);
8. Waste Management as per Environment (Protection) Act 1986;
- Scientific management of Municipal Solid Wastes with segregation at the source;
- Proper maintenance & treatment of liquid wastes;
- Proper management & handling of Hazardous Wastes & Bio-medical wastes;
9. Sanitation & Environment programme;
- Provision of low cost toilet / sanitation & community based toilets;
10. Rain Water Harvesting;
11. Urban Women & Environment
- Propagation of traditional, economic & herbal medicinal valued plants at homestead
garden;
- Introduction of domestic based vermin composting practices;
12. Environmental Education & Awareness
- Environment & Human Services;
- Human resource development;
- Capacity Building;

Out of these identified macro EMP components, the following has been incorporated during the
city development plan of Imphal city as immediate EMP of Imphal city

5.4.2 CONSERVATION OF WATER
BODIES

Imphal has very heavy rainfall (1808 mm)
during the rainy season (May to October).
However rainfall is erratic and almost
negligible in the remaining months. Imphal
faces acute shortage of water in the period
February to April. The problem is compounded
on account of:

• Imphal not having any significant numbers of big water reservoirs
• Most of the surface sources of water are dried up during the lean period

In order to supplement the domestic use of water during the lean period, preservation of the
existing Natural Water Bodies such as the Pukhris (Ponds / Tanks) in and around Imphal is an

55


imperative. The renovation of these water bodies will facilitate storage of rainwater which can be
utilized for domestic purposes during the lean / dry period.

Preservation of these water bodies will also help in flood control, ground water recharge and
maintaining eco-system of the city. It has been estimated that after renovation, the existing water
bodies (8 nos of moats and 93 nos of ponds/water bodies) in and around Imphal city will be able
to preserve raw water.

A summary of the project is as given below:
Strategy Action Plan
Conservation of Urban Water Body Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution
from point sources; Creation of Parks
public participation etc.
Socio-economic Improvement Development of Eco-tourism place,
coordination works with unemployed
youths, developing fishing firms etc.
Pollution Control Control of pollution of the water Body
Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc. Timely quality evaluation, research &
development, environment education etc
for better conservation of lake,
Rs 87.26 Crores

Table 5.15: Project Summary for Conservation of Water Bodies

5.4.3 Conservation of Lakes

Objectives
To improve, restore & conserve the Lamphelpat Lake
To control the frequent flash flood in Imphal city
To improve the urban environment condition
To provide social (employment) benefits and Eco-tourism prospect.

a. Lamphelpat Lake (Urban) which has a major impact on the environment of Imphal city.
The total lake area is 450.26 Acres with a catchment area of 4196 Acre

56


Strategy and Management Action Plan
Restoration and Protection Measure Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution
from point sources; catchment area
treatment, public participation etc.
Socio-economic improvement Development of Eco-tourism place,
youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.
Pollution Control Control of pollution of the lake
Total Cost Rs.31.79 Crores

b. Nambul River Phase II
Major drain of the Imphal City, which plays a vital role in controlling in flood in the region. The
total length proposed for conservation is 3.91 Km.

Conservation of River Prevention pollution from point sources;
Public participation, interception &
diversion of polluted inlets, low cost
sanitation, river front development, etc.
Improvement for Socio-economic Development of Eco-tourism place,
youths, uplifting fishing firms etc.
Pollution Control Control of pollution of River
Total Cost Rs. 12.00Crores

5.5 Summary of Key Investments

Name of the Activities under the Investment
Scheme scheme (Rs crs)
1 Development of Environmental Improvement: 2.00

Environmental Plan Preparation of a Plan for future
2 Conservation of Water Environmental 87.26

Bodies Improvement: Conservation
of identified Water Bodies in
poor condition
3 Lake/River Environmental 43.79
Restoration/Rejuvenation Improvement: Conservation

57


Improvement: Conservation
of Lake and control of Urban
Lake
Total 133.05

58


59


60


Chapter 6

Land Use Plan

6.1 Existing Land use

In Imphal, Land was subjected to various uses irrespective of its compatibility to the area of the
surrounding land usage, during the evolution of natural growth. The constraints imposed by the
existing land Uses determine to a larger extent the feasibility of the proposed possible land use
distribution pattern and the structure of the city.

In order to arrive at a rationale for future spatial structure and Land use pattern, it is necessary to
study the existing Land use to identifying the existing spatial structure. As a start, Master Plan
was developed in the year 1981 with the objective of stabilizing Urban Development by 2011. The
Master Plan aimed at effective utilisation of the urban land provide adequate social infrastructure
and public utility services to all and ensured uniform spatial accessibility and equal opportunity to
travel for all while ensuring that the environmental and cultural aspects of the city are not
compromised.

The Master Plan provided policies on space standards, which was based on analysis of the
existing situation and manuals of standards for other similar Indian towns. For the purpose of the
plan the area covered was divided in to 6 zones/land use categories as designated below;
• Residential zone ; Low density, Medium density, high medium density and high
density
• Commercial zones
• Industrial zones
• Public and semi-public zones
• Recreational and open spaces zone
• Agricultural zone

Clear regulations will laid down for each of the zones

The existing urban form of the city is thus the result of natural growth and it has evolved through
the process of accretion. The urban sprawl and its present development pattern is highly guided
by the natural features like Hills, Rivers etc, and the Physiography of the city is low rise city.

61


6.2 Land Use Break up

The existing developed area is substantially low in comparison to the planning area. Therefore a
detailed Land use study is being presented on the basic of total area.
Land use of Imphal (Existing)
Land use Category Percentage
Residential 34.9
Commercial 0.6
Industrial 0.8
Other uses
Special Category/Government 8.0
Recreational and Parks 1.6
Public and semi-public 0.0
Vacant Land 0.0
Transport 4.1
Other developed (Green Belt) 0.0
Unusable (water bodies, Hills etc) 50
TOTAL 100

Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project

As mentioned in the above table it is clear that 50% land out of the total are covered with hills
and water bodies. In the Northeastern region maximum amount of land is under forest and hills
whereas the commercial and industrial land use is concerned the percentage is quite low like
0.6% and 0.8% respectively.

As far as the special category/ govt. lands are concerned, it is 8%. In terms of recreational land
use is concerned it is only 1.6% whereas land for public and semi-public is virtually absent.
Transport is one of the important components, which comes under major Land use category.
However, 4.1% land is only under the use for transportation. This severely restricts easy
accessibility to the region.

Keeping the limited availability of land, it is important that the land use and regulations are clearly
laid down and strictly enforced.

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6.3 Development Strategy

The future desired Urban Form and the development policies are required to be formulated to
achieve a rational and efficient structure of the city. An appreciation of the potentialities of the
existing urban form and the rationality for conceiving the future desired urban form has been
examined here before formulation of development policies for major categories of activities

The Urban form of any settlement or city defines its character, gives an identity and creates an
image of the place. The future desired form of the city could be achieved by careful planning and
decision-making process and by taking positive unified action within in the overall framework.

Decongesting the core area shall be taken up in the right earnest. However, heritage and
cultural aspect of Imphal needs to be protected and developed while finalising the plan.

The building use policies shall be framed in such a way to encourage the decongestion of
the core and include the following components
o Commercial and Mixed Building Norms.
o FSI Norms & Incentives
o Parking Norms
o Specific Regulations-Accommodation and Reservation
o After the current densities of wards and ecologically sensitivity is taken into
consideration categorise the areas into critical and discourage further
development through proper Development Control Regulation (DCR)

Improving more road open space on arterial road structure to improve the traffic flow and
decongest the core area through shifting of the bus terminals from the city, explore
shifting of the wholesale markets.

The potential development areas in the peripheral areas need to be linked through an
efficient arterial structure within /outside the city. These would provide alternatives to
these areas bypassing the core of the city resulting in decongesting the core. The arterial
structure is proposed in such a way so as to take care of future vehicular growth and
hence PMC shall undertake an exercise to widen these roads and connect the missing
links.

Building use regulations are the supporting control mechanisms to achieve a well
balanced growth structure for the city. These rules help in controlling densities,
contributing to the structured urban form for the different types of land uses and also
contribute to the quality of the environment. However it has its limitation in conserving

63


sensitive lands and limiting encroachments if the proper land uses are not planned.
Structure and Building depicting the culture and heritage of Manipur to be encouraged

Area under the open spaces category to be protected

Building up awareness among people and setting up a framework for strong
Implementation of the Development Control Guidelines

Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the
unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and development plans need to
take into account this background. This aspect has also remained one of the most strong feelings
expressed by the citizen at all the consultative meeting and needs to be given due importance.

6.4 Development of a New Master Plan
The present Master Plan has a horizon year of 2011. Keeping the above in mind, the
Government of Manipur is developing a New Master Plan, a draft of which shall be placed
before the people shortly.

The Government shall take into account the feelings and suggestions emerging out of the
consultative process as well as those that shall be expressed by the people in future such
mediums while finalising the master plan.

64


Chapter 7
Housing Stock
7. 1 Vision

The city of Imphal through the designated agencies shall strive to provide appropriate
housing to all its citizens

7.2 Aims and Objectives

The city of Imphal shall strive to carry out the following actions:
• Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for people of all economic
groups including persons with liabilities with a provision of protecting heritage buildings /
sites
• Remove as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to housing
production, maintenance and improvement
• Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderate income households
• Conserve and improve the condition of the housing facilities

7.3 Background
Good quality Housing is intrinsically linked to good health and nutrition, better
employment opportunity, better living and consequently better quality of life.

One of the most important tasks for any Urban body is the provision of Housing to its citizens.
Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. The key elements of a Housing
Plan is provision of housing for poor.

In any urban center with growing demand and increasing prices, the urban poor are deprived of
adequate housing. It is thus the imperative of the state to provide Housing to the low-income
group. Slum improvement has to be done through an appropriate programme of slum eradication,
slum clearance and rehabilitation.

7.4 Situation Appraisal
The increasing population of Imphal has resulted in an immediate need for construction
of more houses to meet the needs of the additional population. A shortage of around
70000 houses has been projected by 2011.

65


To augment the shortage of housing, schemes such as the Cash Loan Housing Schemes
for advancing housing loans to employees of Govt and local bodies with Financial
assistance from HUDCO, New Delhi have been instituted. Around 13 phases have been
implemented under the aegis of this scheme involving Rs 48.43 crores which has
benefited around 8000 employees out of whom 4000 are in the Greater Imphal area.
Another scheme that has also been taken up is the Social Housing with financial
assistance from LIC / GIC.

7.5 Action Points
The recommendation made in the Master Plan to meet the shortage of housing within
Greater Imphal is as under:

• 30% to be taken up by the State Govt
• 15% to be taken up by Co-operative Housing Scheme
• 65% to be taken up by private entrepreneurs and individuals

The number of houses constructed under various schemes till date is 5300 units which
implies that about 15000 houses would need to be constructed by 2011.

The targeted economic grouping as per the Master Plan is as under:

• EWS: 6%
• LIG: 40%
• MIG: 42%
• HIG: 12%

This would entail an investment of about Rs 118 crores.

Keeping the above perspective in mind, the following recommendations have been
suggested:

• Projects may be structured so that townships can be developed covering all sectors
with the principles of cross-subsidy
• The issue of slum Upgradation and rehabilitation would need to be addressed
• Imphal Municipality would need to develop specialized and dedicated teams to
leverage on available land

66


• Housing development should be planned as per the overall norms of the city keeping
in mind the past historical and cultural legacies of the Manipuri people
• Housing development projects must also provide for essential infrastructure such as
roads, parking space, drains, street lights, water supply, drainage and sewerage
network etc as per the Master Plan norms
• A proper mechanism has to be in place to ensure that there is no misuse of the
subsidies provided for LIG housing development

67


Chapter 8
Tourism & Heritage
8.1 Background

The state of Manipur a land wrapped in velvety silence literally means 'the land of
jewels'. Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with gently undulating hills,
emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests, is the gateway to the North-
Eastern Region.

Imphal, the capital of Manipur looks almost like a painting-clouds hanging low
over long stretches of lush green fields and numerous small hills of the green-
blue Koubrou and Namaijing ranges forming a garland around the valley. Adding
a riot of colours are hundreds of orchids.

Imphal has all the fine, merged, tints of a watercolour. Faiths and traditions and
life styles flow into each other with a soft-edged grace so that it is impossible to
know where one ends and the other begins.

The Ciiity has a verry sttrong herriitage and culllturralll backgrround... IIIt iiis rrecogniiised tthatt
The C tty has a very strrong herit age and cu ttura backgro und tt s re cogn s ed th at
The C y has a ve y s ong he age and cu u a backg ound ecogn sed ha
prreserrvattiion off tthe uniiique culllturre & herriitage off tthe ciiity iiis verry iiimporrtantt and allll
pre serv atio n of th e un q ue cu tture & herittage of th e c tty s very m porttant and a l
p ese va on o he un que cu u e & he age o he c y s ve y mpo an and a
prrojjjectts and acttiion plllans need tto ensurre tthe same
pro e cts and actio n p a ns need to ensure th e same
p o ec s and ac on p ans need o ensu e he same

68


8.2 Present Scenario

The citizens of Imphal have retained the ancient ritual based dances and folk dances
along with the later developed classical Manipuri dance style. Among the classical
categories, 'Ras Leela' - a highly evolved dance drama, choreographed on
'Vaishnavite Padavalis' composed by mainly eminent poets and some Gurus, is the
highest expression of artistic genius, devotion and excellence of the Manipuris.

Imphal has several places of historical interest, religious and tourist attractions such
as Shree Shree Govindajee Temple, Bishnu Temple, Koina Temple, Kangla Fort,
Cheirap Panchyat Court, etc. there are various heritage centres which could be
developed as places of tourist attraction.

An indicative list of some of the potential places in and around Imphal, which are
of tourist interest are as follows:

The Kangla Fort

Located in urban Imphal, has been the focus of many social discontent among the
Manipuris ever since its occupation by the British forces in 1891.
For about 2000 years, the Manipur Kings ruled from the Kangla Fort (which the
British referred to as the Manipur Fort). In Kangla, the history of Manipur is
embedded and the Manipuris love and revere this place. For the citizen of Imphal,
the Kangla is not only a historical treasure but an embodiment of the social,
cultural and religious life of the people, also.

The entire Fort area is measuring approximately 236,84 acres.

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Some of the waterfronts in Imphal are as follows:

Loktak Lake :

48 kms. from Imphal, is the largest fresh water lake in eastern India and this lake
is like a miniature inland sea. Sendra Island, about 50 odd kilometres from
Imphal, offers a bird's eye view of the park and its occupants. One can explore
the park by traveling around in tiny small boats and also climb up the watchtower
located on the hillock of Pebet Ching.

Singda

At an altitude of 921 metres, Singda is a beautiful picnic
spot 16kms away from Imphal. The scenery is inviting.
There is an Inspection Bunglow to convenience visitors.
Greeted by a breeze-ruffled artificial lake, every visitor
is tempted to revisit with packed lunch and friends.

Phubala: - A Charming resort on the western fringes of the loktak lake is situated
40kms south of Imphal. It is joined to the mainland by a low causeway. From
there, life in and around the gigantic expanse of the loktak lake can be viewed
vividly.

Some Religious Places -

Shree Shree Govindajee Temple

Manipur's pre-eminent Vaishnavite temple
adjoining the palace of the former rulers of
Manipur. It is a great historic centre and is a
simple and beautiful structure with gold
domes and a large raised congregation hall.
During Holi, which is known in Manipur as
Dolijatra or Yaosong when boys and girls do
the Thaba Changba folk dance, all night. In
the center of the temple stands the presiding deity, Lord Vishnu flanked by the shrines of
Balarama and Krishna on one side and Jagannatha on the other. The temple also has a
paved court and a large raised congregation hall The presiding deity, Lord Vishnu in the

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centre of the temple stands flanked by the shrines of Balarama and Krishna on one side
and Jagannatha on the other.

Lord Vishnu Temple

Bishnupur is a quaint town situated at the foot of a hill, to the
south west of Imphal. This town has been named after a
famous and historical temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
This Vishnu temple was built in this town in the 15th
century by King Kiyamba.

Architecturally, this temple has lot of significance since it is belived to have been
Mahabali Temple
influenced by the Chinese. This is evident from the fact that very thin bricks were used in
its construction. Bishnupur is also well known for its stoneware industry and is located at
a distance of 27 Km. from Imphal.

Moirang

Moirang is located 45 kms away from Imphal city on Tiddim Road. The
ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity, Lord Thangjing stands there. It was
from the village of Moirang that the graceful, Khamba Thoibi dance
originated. It was also at Moirang that flag of the
Church in
Mantripukuri
Indian National Army was first hoisted on Indian soil on April 14, 1944 at
Moirang. There is an INA Museum exhibiting letters, photographs,
badges of ranks and other articles associated with INA. A bronze statue
of Netaji in uniform stands proud in the lawn.

Keibul Lamjao National Park

It is the only floating National park in the whole world and is 53 kms. from Imphal. This is
the last natural habitat of the marsh-dwelling brow-antlered deer of Manipur called
"Sangai". Many waterfowl and migratory birds visit the lake during November and March.

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Andro: - Andro lies 27Kms east of the state capital Imphal. The small town is an
ancient Scheduled Caste village of the state. A cultural Complex was established
there by the Mutua Museum, Imphal. It exhibits potteries and hadicrafts of the
North-eastern region of India. There also is a Doll-house wherein dolls of
recognized Tribes of the State are displayed. standing tall in the eastern tall in
the eastern side of the Imphal Polo ground of the state’s capital commemorates the

Saheed Minar: - The imposing Minar of Bir Tikendrajit park
standing tall in the eastern side of Imphal Polo Ground
commemorates indomitable spirit of Manipur martyrs who
sacrificed their lives while fighting against the British in 1891.
The eye-catching Minar also serves as an ideal background
for photo shoots.

Manipur Zoological Gardens

6 kms to west of Imphal city, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on
the Imphal-Kanchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an
opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest
species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.

Manipur State Museum

This interesting museum near the polo ground has a
fairly good display of Manipur's tribal heritage and a
collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers.
Particularly interesting items are costumes, arms and
weapons, relics, historical documents and ancient
Manipuri coins.
Nupi-lal Memorial

Nupi-lal Memorial is located at the heart of Imphal city next to Imphal
Head Post Office. The memorial is constructed to remember the rise of Manipuri
women against British rule on 12th December, 1939, and the rise continued for
14 months. The event is still commemorated as Nupi-lal (Women's war).

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8.3 Vision and Action Plans

Imphal shall be one of the most beautiful and richest eco-friendly spiritual and
heritage centres and shall develop its rich culture and heritage in all its actions.

It has been proposed to develop inter and Intra district tourist circuits based on the
unique cultural and natural heritage of the area. This can be achieved through formation
of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan.

The plan needs to include identification of various packages, schemes and tourism
Circuits. Proper structuring of Tourism Projects is critical and the same would enable
Public Private Partnership Projects.

• Development of river cruises connecting the nearby tourist spots and other areas

• Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along riverfronts. In
addition to revenue generation, these activities will help in maintaining the
riverfronts.

Different action plans facilitating package touring of Imphal and the neighboring Capital
cities like Guwahati Shillong, Kohima, Meghalaya, Dimapur and other places in
Arunachal Pradesh etc would also enhance the Touring culture.

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From a long-term perspective, to encourage tourism, there is a need to prepare an
Integrated Tourism Plan. The Plan will include measures to develop tourist spots on a
holistic basis coupled with enhanced connectivity. Steps need to be taken to market
Tourist Destinations besides developing and publicizing Tourism Products.

Despite an important place in the tourism map of the region, the city’s infrastructure
relating to tourist amenities is at best far less than adequate and at worst appalling.
There is an absence of quality accommodation in the city and there is a general lack
of enthusiasm to cater to this growing tourism segment.
Some of the observations in this regard are as follows:

• No 5 star hotel facility in the city

• Switzerland to the northeast

• Tremendous demand for quality accommodations and facilities;

• ‘Look east policy’ of the centre bringing a boom in corporate traffic.

• Northeast being positioned as ‘paradise unexplored’ would promote tourism.

• Paucity of high-end accommodations

• Insufficient Communication from other cities both by Air and Rail

8.4 Development of Kangla Fort into the Kangla Fort Heritage Park
Kangla is located at the heart of the city and covers an area of 237.62 acres. Kangla is a
wonderful synthesis of unique cultural resources, which include the Manipuri and British
periods. Diversity of the two resources ranges from architectural, archaeological, natural
and secret. The Fort exemplifies bravery and sacrifice of Manipuris and witnessed many
of battles British authorities who wanted to capture and conquer the state. The Fort is
presently managed by the Kangla Fort Board under the president ship of Hon’ble Chief
Minister, Govt of Manipur.

It is now a protected area under the Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments
and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976. In addition to the religious
importance of the place, the area also has patriotic significance. It is a vision of
the city that Kangla should become one of the most beautiful and richest eco-
friendly heritage park of India and it qualifies as a World Heritage Site in the near
future.

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Accordingly, a development plan has been prepared which consists of the
following eight important points:

1. Restoration & reconstruction and Development of important Historical
monuments.
2. Development of important sacred places and waterbodies such as Nungjeng
Pukuri Achouba & Macha, Chingkhei Pukuri, to develop gardens around holy
places like Soraren Wangbren & Koubru, Main Surung, etc;
3. Reusing of important /beautiful European type buildings/bunglows as museums &
offices. For example, former A.R. Unit Hospital as Kangla Museum and office of
the C.O.A.R. AS natural History Museum, etc;
4. Plantation of trees specially medicinal plants and indigenous trees to transform
Kangla a Bio-diversity Centre/Ecological Park and to provide fresh air to the
inhabitants of Imphal city;
5. To preserve/protect important historical places and memorials;
6. To convert open spaces in Kangla as recreational Centre since Imphal city does
not have any big park;
7. To construct an Aquatic Pond and Unity Park model houses of different ethnic
groups of Manipur;
8. Creation of a Team to protect Kangla from encroachment;

Other Identified Heritage Sites for Protection, Restoration and Rejuvenation
1. Hump Bridgekhwairaumb and Thoug
2. Hanuman Thakur & Mungba Hamba Temples
3. Thangal General Temple
4. Leimapokpam Keirungba MSRT Complex
5. Lainingthou Khaba near Cheirap, Uripok
6. Luwang Ningthou, Punshiba
7. Cheirap & Panchai Court
8. Hapta Kangjeibung
9. Sanamahi Temple

The vision for improving the heritage centres particularly the Kangla Fort is
a longstanding aspiration of the People of Manipur. This was repeatedly
stressed during the consultative workshops.

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Name of the Activities under the Investment
Scheme scheme (Rs crs)
1 Kangla Fort Development Beautification, Development and 145.00

Heritage Protection
2 Protection of Heritage Centre City Beautification, 50.00

Development and Heritage
Conservation
195.00

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77


Chapter 9
Urban Poor
9.1 Background

As per 2001 population Census, 283.35 million people reside in Urban Area. It
constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In post independence era, while
population of India has grown three times, the urban population grown five times. The
rising urban population has also given rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As
per 2001 census the slum population is estimated to be 61.8 million the ever
increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic
services and infrastructure.

The Government of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are
unfit for human habitation (Slum Area Act, 1956). Physically, slums consist of clusters
of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building materials where each
room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine without arrangement for water
supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart
from degrading environmental conditions, slums in the urban settlements are also
characterized by almost total absence of community and recreational facilities.

In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum
pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an
industry or near a well-established residential area.

Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and
thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of
these areas lack in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste
disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation inimical to the
maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities are most at
risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from diarrhea
disease as is observed in most developing countries. Inadequate solid waste
collection has also led to contamination of surface water and groundwater
resources and of the ambient air from waste burning.

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9.2 Present Scenario

A compilation of poverty estimate of
various states of North-East has been
carried out by the NERUSP Project. As
per the report among the north-eastern
states, Imphal and Kohima showed the
highest level of the people living below
the poverty line.

While there are no notified slum area in the
region, it is estimates that as much as 26% of
the people live below the poverty line.

As all other centres people living in this condition do not have access to the basic infrastructure
services. Brief status of existing infrastructure facilities is as follows:

Sector Status
Water Supply & Sanitation 23% 0f population below poverty line is dependent on
stand posts and 3% on tankers water supply;
Health Status 59% of those below poverty line do not have access to
toilets;
Housing 66% below poverty line live in Kutchha Houses;
Gender 18% of household below poverty line are headed by
women;

9.3 Key Interventions

It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective development
programme of the urban poor, specific programs need to be developed and implemented.
The key areas that will be focused are discussed below:

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Land, Housing and Infrastructure

Despite poor housing conditions no areas in the city have been identified as slums.
However a large number of people (around 26% of the population) in the city live in
shanty dwellings without access to basic services. Land ownership and housing are
critical for poverty alleviation and slum development. IMC shall thus endeavour to
provide housing facilities to this deprived section of the population.

Community Institutions and Structures

Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly
community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area
compared to other cities in the country. Therefore it will be necessary to create
self-help groups in order to educate people and create awareness among them
so that they can take help of various government programmes for their economic
and social development. Community infrastructure: provision of community
centres to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult
education, recreational activities etc.

Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector
It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under implementation
by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods but there is no
convergence and coordination across them. There are several programmes for
promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these programmes. So a
communication strategy should be devised for increasing the awareness among
the public. Social amenities like pre-school education, adult education, maternity,
child health, and primary health care including immunization etc.

Construction of Community Toilet

Number of people using open space for the purpose of defecation in the region is
a major environmental concern apart from being a health hazard. A major initiative like
construction of Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers
do not use “open space” as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for
conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall be
implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative technologies,

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and health education and social marketing to change community- and house hold level
behaviours.

Construction of Child Care Centres

Again health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and ignorance of
the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation. Ignorance and
superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and related problems.

There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and improved
over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number of populations, but
this has not been able to cover the entire population. Primary Health Centres located in
rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of manpower, transportation,
medicine and modern equipments. On the other hand, modern scientific treatments
available are concentrated in urban areas and these are beyond the reach of most of
rural and urban lower middle class population. Therefore, until the Governments through
its institutions provide subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will
remain beyond the reach of large part of the population.

The children living in the slums are one of the worst affected due to the lack of availability
of basic facilities including access to proper and immediate health care. This has resulted
in the mortality rate among the children being very high in the slum areas. So it is
necessary to construct child care centres in different areas of the region so that people

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from the weaker section of the society can have proper care for their children at lowest
possible cost.


Projects Cost (Rs crore)
Community Hall 20
Health Care & Education 20
Development Programmes 25
Operation & Maintenance 10
Housing Projects 50
Total 125

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Chapter 10
Urban Infrastructure: Situation Appraisal

10.1 Introduction

In order to develop an overall vision for the region as well as to develop sector wise vision it is
necessary to carry out a broad appraisal of the existing situation. Accordingly a situation appraisal
is carried out and broad results are as follows.

This section profiles the state of infrastructure of the city. It examines the adequacy of the various
urban services and attempts or inadequacy services in terms of coverage, quantity, and quality
and attempts to identify the factors responsible for inadequate development of infrastructure
services. It measures the gap between demand and supply of different infrastructural services,
and examines the factor that explains the gap.

10.2 Water Supply

10.2.1 Background

Water supply for Imphal was introduced 70 years back in a skeleton form and initially it was
restricted to stand post only. However with growth in population several augmentation schemes
was introduced.

At present, the water is supplied from the Singda Dam and some water reservoirs built in and
around Greater Imphal areas. But the state of some water reservoirs particularly beyond the
Greater Imphal area is very poor. Some reservoirs, which use electric motors do not function due
to the want of power supply while some reservoirs, which use diesel engine motors, lay idle for
want of fuel. There is a requirement for organized water management system as well as better
utilization practices by the public as well.

There is a haphazard flow of water at the pipes resulting in inequitable distribution and water tariff
is not linked to utilization, therefore it does not give any incentive to water preservation.

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The present water supply system is largely gravity fed from the reservoir, which has been located
over hills, which are fed by water treatment plant either by gravity or through pumping. However
the reservoir have not been able to provide an equitable distribution of water to the various
regions. With growth in population and urbanization the water treatment plant have become
inadequate to service the growing population. The distribution losses have been found to be large
and need to be controlled on a urgent basis.

10.2.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water

Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031
Population as per
census 250234 275257 302783 333061
Floating population at
10% 25023 27526 30278 33306
Total 275257 302783 333061 366368
Present Supply (lpcd) 80
Supply norms (lpcd) 135

Shortfall (lpcd) 1376287
In MGD 0.30

Cummulitative
Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031 Shortfall
Population including
floating population 275257 302783 333061 366368
Increase in population
in past decade 27526 30278 33306
Supply Norms (lpcd) 135 135 135 135

Shortfall (lpcd,
considering UFW 15%) 4371735 4808909 5289800
In MGD 0.303 0.963 1.059 1.165 3.490

Year 2001 2011 2021 2031
Cumulative Shortfall
in MGD 0.303 1.266 2.325 3.490

Table 10.1 Computation of Water Requirements

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Cummulitative Shortfall in MGD

4.000
Cummulatative in MGD

3.500
3.000
2.500
Cummulitative
2.000
Shortfall in MGD
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
2001 2011 2021 2031
year

10.2.3 Source

The source of water supply in Imphal city is mainly through the rivers. The major river supplying
water through the city is River Imphal, River Iril and the River Leimakhong, the Polak stream is
also been tapped. In addition some amount of water is sourced through ground water. The
sources of water are reliable and sufficient.

10.2.4 Storage Capacity

The storage capacity of water is one of the key indicators of the level of services. The storage
system of water covers the entire Greater Imphal area.

Storage and Distribution Details, (Greater Imphal)
1. Ground Level Storage Reservoir
• Number
• Total Capacity 11
6.3
2. Elevated Storage Reservoir
• Number 13
• Total Capacity 18.81

Total 25.11

Table 10.2: Storage and Distribution Details

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The above storage capacity works out to be around 34% of the water supply, which is in line with
CPHEEO norms. However with expansion of water generation and treatment the storage capacity
needs also to be augmented.

10.2.4 Water Treatment Facility
The water treatment facility in Imphal covers the domestic population, institutions, para-
military/army establishments, and also cover en route other areas of Greater Imphal and fringes.
Installed Source Present
Name of Year of
Location Capacity of production
Schemes commission
(MLD) water (MLD)
Kangchup I) Leimakhong
Kangchup 14.53 1965 11.62
Hill ii) Polok river
Kangchup Kangchup Singda
9.08 2000 6.81
(Extension) Hill Dam
Imphal Imphal
Minuthong 1.14 1977 0.57
West river
Chinga
Hilock, Imphal
Chinga 1.14 1978 0.7
Imphal river
West
Kanchipur,
Imphal
Kanchipur Imphal 2.27 1979
river
West
Porompat,
Porompat 2.27 1979 Iril river 1.1
Imphal East
Koirengi, Imphal
Koirengi 2.27 1979 0.91
Imphal East river
Imphal
Ningthempukhri Imphal East 4.54 1983 2.27
river
Singda Dam
near Singda
Singda 18.16 1983 18.16
Kangchup, Dam
Imphal West
Augmentation Porompat,
6.81 1989 Iril river 4.77
of Porompat-I Imphal East
Augmentation Kanchipur, Imphal
4.54 1992 3.1
of Kanchipur Imphal West river
Augmentation Porompat,
6.81 1992 Iril river 4.77
of Porompat-II Imphal East
Ground
Potsangbam Imphal East 6.81 1997 2.72
Water
Khuman Imphal
Imphal East 0.45 1999 0.45
Lampak river
Total 80.82 Total 57.95

Table 10.3 Details of existing water treatment plant

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Installed
Name of Year of Source of
Location Capacity
Schemes commission water
(MLD)

Irilbung Imphal Targeted by
6.81 Iril river
(NLCPR) East Dec. 06
Confluence
Kanchipur-II Imphal Targeted by point of
6.81
(NLCPR) East Dec. 06 Imphal &
Iril river
Postsangbam- Imphal Targeted by Ground
6.81
II East Dec. 06 Water
Grand
20.43
Total

Table 10.4 Details of existing water treatment plant

The capacity of the existing water treatment plant is 80.82 MLD. However at present only
57.75 MLD has been produced from the installed capacity. The water is supplied to public
at the rate of 80 lpcd on a average 2 to 4 hours per day. Some of the Water Treatment
Plant’s electrical and mechanical machineries are showing machineries are showing sign
of ageing and needs immediate renovation for optimisation of capacity installed.

Particular Situation
Source Availability Surface water mainly rivers.
146.23kms of distribution network covering
Coverage of distribution
Imphal City including Greater Imphal, en-route
system
inhabitation and urban fringe area.
PHED (Planning, Survey, Design,
Organizational responsibility
Construction, Operation & Maintenance)
Per Capita Supply 80lpcd (average)
Supply duration 2 to 4 hours per day

Table 10.5 Summary of present situation

10.2.5 Obsolete and Insufficient distribution network

One of most critical problems being faced in this sector is the present condition as well as
management of the existing distribution network, which is well over 40 years old. Both the
primary and secondary networks are suffering from heavy corrosion and consequent
heavy leakages. At the same time pipes have been designed over 50 years back and
therefore are grossly inadequate to handle the present demand. With the expansion of

87


road, most of the pipes are situated right in the middle of roads. Leakages from the
distribution of network are not only results in distribution loss but also severely damage
the condition of the roads.

One of the clear indicators of the severity of problem is the level of present water
loss is over 50%.

Supply levels and connectivity is poor. As per city record the distribution network/ road
network is to tune of 0.8 and the ratio of household to number of household connection is
3.5. However, the existing condition of the distribution being very poor, actual coverage is
far lower.

It is thus concluded that there is a need for comprehensive upgradation of the existing
distribution network on an integrated basis.

10.2.6 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances

In the absence of strong a Operation and Maintenance program, there is huge loss of
water in transmission/distribution. Water treatment plants are also presently performing at
sub-optimal level of efficiency. Moreover the leakages are not identified in time, so there
is a loss of revenue.

10.2.7 Sustainability

The present trend of recovery vis a vis the actual cost incurred by the ULB is extremely
poor as it is evident from the following table/ graph.
(Rs in Lakhs)
Year 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006

Cost
Incurred for
Operation &
Maintenance 218 277 210 232 281
Direct
Recoveries 58 69 69 76 80
Aggregate
Investment 728 992 323 375 393
Percentage
of cost
recovered 27% 25% 33% 33% 29%

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Cost & Recoveries
300

250
Rs in Lakhs
200

150

100

50
Cost Incurred
0 for Operation &
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Maintenance
Direct
year Recoveries

Table 10.6Cost Recovery Profile
Source: As per IMC record

As per data available the present water charges is flat Rs75 per month per connection. In
such a situation the water tariff is not linked to utilization and dose not provided sufficient
for saving water. Water metering is almost non-existent and there is a requirement to
install metering.

Access to safe drinking water is a critical factor determining the livability of urban center
cost. There is a need of augmentation of water generation, distribution as well to improve
the quality of services. At the same time there is need of recovery of cost. These aspects
have been dealt in Chapter 11.

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10.3 Transportation

10.3.1 Background
Imphal is experiencing rapid growth in urban population triggered by growing urbanization. Imphal
presently has one of the highest population density among the Urban centers in Northeast region.
The growth has been largely characterized by densification of the central core, ribbon
development along the main transportation corridor and inadequate internal link roads. The
geographical structure of the region makes access difficult.

The Region is connected by a network of pucca and Kutcha roads. The Imphal Dimapur Road
(National Highway No. 39), National Highway 150 (Aizwal-Jessami) and Imphal Silchar Road
(National Highway No.53) are the three national highways, which connect Imphal the capital of
Manipur with neighbouring States of Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram. These roads have an
average carriageway of 7mts and grossly overloaded both in terms of commercial as well as
passenger traffic.

10.3.2 Hierarchy of Roads
National Highway 20.21km
State Highway 58.45 km
Major District Road 44.86 km
Other District Roads 23.90 km
Inter Village Road 129.01 km (PWD) + 192 km (IMC)= 321.01
TOTAL 468.43 km

Table 10.7; Hierarchy of Roads
Source: Transport Department, Imphal
Capacity augmentation by means of widening is difficult except some selected stretches in
Greater Imphal Area which implies that decongestion needs to be done by shifting some of the
conflicting functions from the City core areas where both the National Highways NH 39, NH 150
and NH 53 passes through the city and creates congestion in the core market areas.

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10.3.3 Assessment of Key Infrastructure and Gaps

10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-39 and NH-53

National Highway (NH 39) aligned in North-South direction, National Highway (NH 53) coming
from West direction (Badarpur-Imphal), and National Highway (NH 150) coming from South
direction intersects each other at Kangla Junction, which lies on the core areas of Imphal city. All
the major trip destinations are located along this link. The Kangla junction has thus become on of
the centre of commercial activities and a major congestion point. This junction houses Kangla
fort, which is one of the most Historical and Cultural centers of the region. Decongestion of this
region needs to be a major priority area.

Fig 10.1: Road Map

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The National Highway thus acts also as one of the most important artery of the city transportation
system. It is thus important to differentiate intercity and through traffic which can be achived by
creation of by pass. NH 39 passes through old Secretariat building, the police headquarters up to
CM’s Bungalow, and passes through Kangla area up to Assembly Hall via Raj Bhavan and the
Museum.

The crossing of Tiddim Road and Mayang Imphal road located just to the west of the Keisampat
bridge on the river Nambul is a very busy and caters only 2 lane of traffic. The crossing is a
perennial source of Traffic congestion.

In order to ease the traffic situation a fly over along B.T Road has been proposed at Maharani
Bridge location, which is already under construction. Further a sub-way has been proposed at this
bridge site, which will connect the upcoming Laxmi Market and Thangla Bazar.

The area between Maharani bridge and, the existing pedestrian bridge and Paona bazaar road is
in practice working as an interchanging junction for the traffic from New Cachar road and the road
in the market area. The second Khwai Bridge will add an excellent relief road and this will act as a
part of a rotary in this area.

10.3.3.2 Markets in the heart of the city

Trade and commerce is one of the major economy base of the area. As mentioned in the earlier
section Imphal is the only class one city in the region. In view of this the city handles virtually the
entire trade and commerce activities of the State. Therefore heavy vehicles are being operated in
the city on the National Highway as well as other arterial roads. The National Highway in
particular also handles through traffic connecting the rest of the State as well as Nagaland,
Mizoram and Myanmar.

Additionally, loading and unloading of goods take place along the National Highway due to the
linear urban pattern of the region and high centralization of activities on NH.

The markets such as Thangla Bazar and Pauna Bazar are spread over the cities causing
congestion in the roads inside the city. In view of this wherever possible, wholesale market should
be shifted out side the CBD area.

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10.3.3.3 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads

The Imphal Municipal area suffers from inadequacy and
poor condition of roads. Ideally a city should have at
least 20% roads in its total area, the percentage covered
by the city is not sufficient. Considering the rapid growth
in the population in coming years, the pressure on
existing roads will increase causing congestion in the
region.

The State of both the State Highways as well as the district highways are quite poor. One of the
areas of concern is the state of the IVR which provide connectivity to the adjoining villages. In the
absence of good connectivity, the residents of the villages who earn livelihood in the city are
required to reside in the city itself causing more pressure to the existing infrastructure, which is
already in stress.

In terms of road width is concerned, some of the State Highways crossing through Imphal
municipal area are 18mts, 10mts and some are very congested like 5.5 mts etc. The width of
Paona Bazar, Thangal Bazar road up to Khoyathang is 14 mts, where as the average width of the
Major District roads is 5-7 mts. In case of Other District Roads the average road width is 3-5 mts.
The capacity of the road needs to be thus augmented.

One of the critical elements of the transportation plan needs to be identification and resolution of
critical bottleneck points that exist in the different nodes and crossings.

It is important to note that Imphal has generally poor accessibility and quality of the roads is most
critical for movement of both people and goods. In view of the stress on the relatively small area
under the Municipal Council, there is a need to develop the fringe areas and other parts of
Greater Imphal, which would not be possible without developing a network of quality roads with
smooth traffic movement.

The Government has already taken the initiative of the moving some of the conflicting structures
from the Core Area with its decision to move the Secretarial to a new location outside the CBD.
These measures to be successful needs to have a strong transportation plan.

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10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads

Again the density of population along the major roads is very high as most of the commercial
activities takes place on the main road of the city core. This is due to the fact that interior roads
are not developed to that extent that they can take load of urban growth. This is causing
congestion along the major roads also as is evident from the following table there is an increase
in the number of accidents that occurring in the region.

Number of Accidents Occurred
Year No. of Accidents No.of Persons Killed No.of Persons Injured
2001 409 72 713
2002 520 119 927
2003 523 127 988
2004 468 115 1090
2005 600 137 1325
Average 410 114 1009
Table 10.8; No of Accidents occured
Source: Directorate of Transport

In terms of the surface condition of the roads are concerned in Imphal Municipal area, 84.60% of
the roads are Black Top/Tar roads and 10.62% roads are Water Bound Macakdom (WBM) roads.
Others are concrete roads. There is a need to improve the roads as well as to identify the
bottleneck points and resolve the same at the earliest.

10.3.3.5 Inadequate Operation & Maintenance

Lack of adequate maintenance of the roads in the Imphal Municipal Area areas is also quite
prominent. Improvement or strengthening is necessary for some of the major corridors in the
region. It maybe noted that as Trade and Commerce and Service sector occupies major role in
the Imphal city and are concentrated in the Central Business District, the roads attract substantial
traffic facilitating movements of goods and other Commercial activities.

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10.3.3.6 Street Lighting
The number of streetlights in the region is not found to be sufficient and most of them use tube
light or bulbs, which is obsolete nowadays and has high power consumption.

The present status of Street Lighting in Imphal City is as follows :

Aspects Imphal
High Mast Lamps -
Mercury Vapour Lamps -
Sodium Vapour Lamps -
Tube Lights -
Others 1166
Total 1166
Table 10.9 : Status of Street Lighting
Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report

10.3.3.7 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities

As there is no centralized warehousing facilities all the wholesale activities take place inside the
city. It causes major problems of loading and unloading along the interior roads. That further
narrows the interior roads as all the trucks are parked in the roads. This is a major cause of slow
movement of vehicles in the city.

10.3.3.8 Absence of parking areas
With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has grown sharply.
Both in Imphal East and Imphal West, the commerce and
trade facilities are concentrated in specific zones. These
zones attract substantial amount of cars, two wheelers and
other slow moving vehicles. In the absence of off side
parking facilities, the vehicles are parked on the street
leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic
This problem is further aggravated by high population
densities, large number of pavement hawkers, side walk
encroachments and heterogeneous nature of traffic and
commercial area development along all the major roads.
There is a substantial under provision in the parking space as compared to the requirement of the
city.

In terms of vehicular population, the maximum number is the two wheelers. Based on the data for
the year 2004-05, around 72% is occupied by the two wheelers, which is followed by Cars and

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Jeeps. The town level auto rickshaw stand and taxi stand are also located along this arterial. At
some locations on-street parking is provided for two-wheelers and four wheelers. Off street
parking facilities are few and grossly inadequate. All these factors act cumulatively during the
peak hours and chokes the major urban arterial of Imphal urban area causing severe congestion
in the heart of the city.

10.3.3.9 Bus Terminus at heart of the city
The existing bus terminuses in the region are situated mostly
at the heart of the city. Ingress and egress of large buses
interfere with the local traffic operations – leading to severe
congestion. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do
not provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers
and conductors.

10.3.3.10 District Connectivity
Connectivity to District and rural areas are through narrow Leikai roads, which are mainly Kutcha
in nature and are poorly maintained.

10.3.3.11 Land use Category

It is observed that the Land use category in the Imphal Municipal area is mixed in nature. The
impact of this development is clearly visible in the existing haphazard pattern of development.
The central area has become a crowded and densely built single or four storied mixed use pucca
buildings accommodating all the major state level administrative functions, town level central
functions and commercial activities. Therefore commercial activities along the road and
residential activities creates a congestion in those areas. In terms of population density is

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concerned, it is over 7000 persons per Sq.Km in the Imphal Municipal Area. One more important
factor to be noticed is that in these areas lack of parking facilities also creates congestion. The
major wholesale trade centres are also located in the central area. The development
surroundings the central area is mainly residential and mainly having medium density and low-
rise development with single to double storied pitched roof structure. Therefore the future
expansion or redevelopment of the central area is practically impossible without shifting some of
the major activities

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Fig : 10.2 Road Network

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10.4 Drainage

10.4.1 Background
Manipur valley is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards south, surrounded on all sides by
hillocks (about 1500 – 2000 m high) and constituting a closed basin with an outlet to the south.
The average elevation of the valley is 763 mtrs above the mean sea level.

The most important physiographic feature is Loktak lake situated in the central part of the valley
having a total water spread area of 275 Sq Km during the monsoon and 47 Sq Km during the dry
season. The lake has a catchment area of about 6000 Sq Km. The Manipur river, also known as
Imphal river flows through the valley in southerly direction with numbers of tributaries joining it
from the surrounding hill ranges.

Nambul and Kongba rivers as well as Naga Nullah passes through the center of the town. Iril and
Thoubal rivers are other important tributaries of the Manipur river. These rivers have narrow
channels with low bed and there is high silting due to accumulation of slush mud. During the rainy
season, there is a back flow of water from Loktak lake to the Manipur river. Lampelhat, Porompat,
Khuman Lampak, Takyelpat and Akampat are the low lying areas.

The Imphal Master Plan area covers 13,528 Hectares of the Greater Imphal area where its
topography is generally flat with a gentle slope from North to South. The rivers Nambul, Kongba,
Waishel, Iril and Naga nullah are the principal drainage channels of Imphal town and these drain
into the Loktak lake and Manipur river.

The average annual rainfall of Manipur is 2050 mm The Greater Imphal area does not have much
of a planned drainage system. The coverage of roadside drainage is not considered to be
spatially adequate. Small lengths of main drains in Greater Imphal are of open masonry. These
are mostly along the National Highways and some State Highways. The rest are kutcha drains
mostly in the residential areas. Most of the drains are inadequate in capacity. There is thus
frequent overflowing of drains in the rainy season. These drains carrying dirty water from various
users pollute the areas through their overflows.

Chronic water logging is a serious problem particularly in the low-lying areas. These results in
inconvenience for the people, high possibility for spread of diseases and damage to roads.

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10.4.2 Current Status
The table below indicates the drainage basins for the entire planned area:

Sl. No. Basins Core Area (Hectares) Non-Core Area
(Hectares)
1 Nambul River Basin 2120.52 3700.93
2 Waishel River Basin 798.20 1647.90
3 Turel Amanbi (Chandranadi Basin) 180.25 986.78
4 Imphal River Basin 187.51 1237.61
5 Kongba River Basin 498.52 1048.99

A major issue is the improvement of Leikai roads, Leikai drains, construction of culverts etc. The
Leikai roads are naturally narrow and the approximate width of these roads is about 3 metres.
Many of the Leikai roads are not black topped or cemented. The Leikai roads do not have proper
side drains and are prone to waterlogging. The normal course of the drains is from residences to
shallow drains to minor drains to medium drains and finally to the main drainage channels.

The table below indicates the ward wise details of the roads and the drains:

Total Road Total Drains
Coverage
length (Kms) length (Kms)

Ward No. 1-27 144.2 769.5

Note
50% drains are kutcha
80% of the balance 50% require new construction

There is not much of a planned drainage system at present. It is thus necessary to draw up an
integrated drainage and sewerage system for the city. Thus the city is designing and
implementing an integrated system in a phased manner. The drainage plan shall be worked out
on the basis of Master Plan, GIS, Land Use and Control Plans factoring in the existing drainage
channels.

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Drains shall generally be provided along the existing and proposed roads / rails. The cost of the
Integrated Drainage System shall be worked out through Detailed Studies and Assessment and
will be taken up for implementation thereafter.

However the present situation merits urgent attention and requires implementation of immediate
improvement schemes. In view of the same, immediate Action Plans have been worked out for
implementation.

10.5 Sanitation

10.5.1 Present Status

Imphal town does not have any modern sewerage system. It has been assessed that about 60%
of houses have septic tanks and the balance 40% have dry / wet latrines.

The effluent of the septic tank and human excreta from those houses, which do not have septic
tanks, are directly discharged to nearby nullahs, which join ultimately with the Naga Nullah,
Nambul and Imphal rivers. The outfall of the Nambul river is the Loktak Lake which is the biggest
fresh water lake in India. This leads to an ecological imbalance in the main lake of Manipur. This
also pollutes water sources and results health hazards for the citizens.

The methods commonly used for disposal of wastewater from households and commercial units
are as indicated below:
• Treatment through septic tanks
• Disposal into natural streams with / without septic tank treatment
• Disposal in storm water drainage system with or without treatment
• Disposal of waste water through open channels or storm water drainage system
• Open defecation

The table below indicates a baseline assessment of the present sewerage system in Imphal:

Present Service Effect Proposals for
delivery improvement

• Septic tanks and • Soil and water • Public sewerage
pit latrines used contamination system required in
the city
• Open defecation • Septic tanks
by low income drained in the • Community toilets
groups natural drainage need to be
channels constructed

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10.5.2 Service Indicators for Sewerage and Sanitation in Project Cities

Component Imphal
Sewerage
Quantity of Sewerage (MLD) 24
Sewer Length (Km) 0
Treatment Capacity (MLD) 0
No. Of Connections 0
Sanitation
% Of Holding Covered by UGD Network 0
% Of Households Using Public Shared Toilet 31.2
% Of Households Having Individual Toilet 64.5
% Of Households practicing Open Defecation 4.2
% Of Households dissatisfied with existing Sanitation 56.4
System

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10.6 Solid Waste Management

10.6.1 Background

Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Imphal Region is found
to be highly inadequate. The drains on either side of existing roads are overflowing and also are
open. Plastic materials have created a nuisance blocking the natural flow
of drains, which eventually leads to overflowing of the drains.

10.6.2 Present Institutional Structure of Solid Waste
Management at Imphal

The responsibility of managing solid waste generated within the city is
vested on the engineering division of IMC. No separate solid waste
management department exist in the city, the whole process is controlled
and supervised by the engineering division directly. The engineering department address
major programmes such as – Construction and maintenance, Building licensing, and
SWM activities including drain cleaning.

10.6.3 Service Level Indicators for Solid Waste Management in
North – Eastern States:

Indicators Agartala Aizawal Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima
Total waste
Generated
137 104 59 373 100 38 33
per day
(Tons)
Waste
Generated
350 400 250 460 450 457 414
per
capita(Gms)
Waste
collected 114 40 16 314 73 8 10
(Tons)
No of
Collection 52 NA 65 220 55 90 65
Bins
Vehicle
adequacy 75 136 81 169 50 55 84
ratio
% of waste
80 40 30 80 70 20 30
collected
Number of
29 15 7 75 14 4 7
vehicles
Number of 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
Trips/ Day
Dust bin
133 NA 2240 190 290 900 650
spacing (m)

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One
One Two
One (15 One
Disposal One One (10 (8-
(7K Kms (2K
sites 20Kms) (15Kms) Km 10Km
ms) ) ms)
s) s)
Open
Type of Open Open Open Open Open Open
dumping &
Disposal dumping dumping dumping dumping dumping dumping
composting
Conservancy
203 209 50 1100 Na Na 38
staff
Frequency of Twice a nce in 2 – Twice a
Daily Twice a week Daily Twice a week
collection week 3 days week
Agencies Municipalty & Municipalt Town
LAD UDHD GMC UDHD
involved NGO’s y & NGO’s committee
Source: ADB report.
10.6.4 Sources of Solid Waste in Imphal
The major sources of waste generation in Imphal are Domestic(79.65%), Construction(14.03%)
and Agriculture(5.26%) activities. The Bio-medical waste contribute to less than 1%. The sources
of waste generation in Imphal are given below table:
Sl No. Waste Source % Generation
1 Domestic 79.65
2 Construction 14.03
3 Agriculture 5.26
4 Bio-medical 0.06
Total 100

10.6.5 Composition of Waste
The compostable waste constitute about 60% whereas non-compostable constitute 40%. The
break up of the composition is given below:
Sl No Type % By weight
1 Organic Waste 60
2 Paper 10
3 Plastic 5
4 Glass 2
5 Leather 1
6 Textile 5
7 Rubber 1
8 Wood 5
9 Porcelain, Stone, Clay 3
10 Metals 1
11 Fine Fraction (<10mm) 7
Total 100

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10.6.6 Quantity of Waste Generation

Based on the survey conducted by National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited- NBCC,
the present quantity of waste generation of Imphal, with a per capita contribution of 0.300
kg/person/day is estimated to 70.20 tonnes per day. The waste generation per day from other
sources such as markets, hotels, lodges, restaurants and other commercial areas is estimated at
25.66 tonne per day. The cumulative total waste generation thus works out to 95.86 tonnes per
day. The assessment is based on analysis carried out by National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute.

10.6.7 Present System

The Imphal Municipal Counclis responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid
waste.

An analysis of the present situation is as follows:

Functional Details
element
Segregation
& Storage at Generally absent. Waste is deposited in community
bins /thrown on the streets/drains / rivers
source
Primary
Collected through street masonry corner bins.
collection
Waste
storage Very unscientific. Waste is stored on open
sites/masonry enclosures
depot
Transportati
Manual loading in open trucks
on
Frequency of
Regular along major roads. In by-lanes and
removal other areas-Irregular
Processing No processing is carried out
Disposal Site available however large scale Instances of
dumping of water into drains and rivers seen

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Chapter 11
Action Plan: Water
11.1 Vision

The City of Imphal shall provide safe and sustainable water to all its citizens at a
competitive and affordable price with the ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7 situation in a
phased manner within the scheme period.

11.2 `Action Plans

It will be thus the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people in the region have access to
efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation services. In achieving the objectives,
the City shall provide resources and support to encourage and implement approaches that are
people-centered, market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be made on creating
facilities, which are self-sustaining.

The following components constitute the Proposed Plan:

11.3 Creation of Water Treatment Plants

The supply is presently insufficient to meet the full drinking water demand and there is a gap
between demand and supply. However, with the increase in demand, creation of a new water
treatment plants are necessary.

The existing plants supplying water to the Imphal, is primarily situated in the Greater Imphal Area.
The new Water Treatment Plant will be situated in the Greater Imphal Area due to technical
feasibility as well as fact that the land is not available in the Imphal area. In view of this, the
proposed plant will require to take in account a part of additional water requirement of en route
area. The Gap identified for Imphal as detailed out works out to 3.5 MGD.

Based on discussion with the Government Department, the same is estimated at 1.5 MGD and
hence the total plant under this head is at 5 MGD.

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Cumliative
Particular 2001 2011 2021 2031 Shortfall
Population including floating
population 275257 302783 333061 366368
Increase in population in
past decade 27526 30278 33306
Supply Norms (lpcd) 135 135 135 135

Shortfall (lpcd, considering
UFW 15%) 4371735 4808909 5289800
In MGD 0.303 0.963 1.059 1.165 3.490

Demand for en route area 1.500
Total (in MGD) 5

11.4 New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps

Construction of collector well, reservoir, overhauling and adding new pipelines to the areas, which
are presently not being served, and also to the areas where there is a huge amount of
transmission loss. The network to supply water should be increased to cover all the required
areas.

11.5 Operation and Maintenance

It is noted from the available statistic that the cost incurred by the Government department is low
in many years. One of the reasons for the same is that expenditure in maintaining plants have
been kept at very low levels. As a result of this the assets created are not well maintained and
gradually loose their efficiency.

Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is necessary to meet
the future demand of water. The above strategy will fail if there is no proper operation and
maintenance. All the pipelines leakages are need to be identified to prevent loss of water. While
the ULB’s shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the
revenues, there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets
created under this scheme are properly maintained. A reserve is proposed to be created till the
point the projects are self-sustaining.

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11.6 Upgradation Of Distribution Network

People of the area are forced to experience shortage of water, for which they have to depend
partly on deep masonry wells, which unfortunately get dried up during summer. Due to geological
condition, ground water is scarce in the area.

Based on the location of the water treatment plant, zonal reservoir and to ensure an
implementable and seamless distribution of the network the supply area has been divided into 25
zones. The distribution network improvement program for each of the zone has been prepared
accordingly. Implementation of the project could go a long way in reducing the distribution losses
that are presently affecting the sector.

11.7 Capacity Building & Workshop

A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the overall
management performance of the existing agencies through capacity building, induction of
professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and induction of HR techniques. In
nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically and technically oriented.

11.8 Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness

A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public awareness on the
importance of water as a national resource and the severe consequences of wasting and
polluting of water.

The low level of cost recovery should be taken care and the following steps need to be taken.
• Rationalization of User charges so that revenues exceeds cash O&M expenses over the
period of the mission;
• Reach full cost recovery (O&M, depreciation and financing costs) through a realistic and
sequential approach through a combination of efficiency gains and increased revenues;
• 100% metering of commercial and industrial users and different slab of water charges
need to be maintained. For drinking purposes the charges have to be minimum and for
industrial use the charges have to be maximum;
• Water connection to be made a compulsory requirement for approval of Building Plans

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11.9 Affordability

• Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization

• Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in addition to financial
objectives;

• Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban poor. Poverty
targeted projects shall be given due attention.

11.10 Improvement in Performance and Reliability:

It is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services. Apart from the reliability the
performance in Water Services must also be improved. It is this performance and reliability which
will bring confidence among the citizens and which will induce them to pay more.

11.11 Structured Public Private Participation

Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that there is a balance
between the risks and responsibilities between the Government Agencies and the Private Sector.

In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on the following
possible benefits:
• Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting them to the poor;
• Induction of greater technical and management expertise;
• Provision of a more responsive service to the customers;
• Sourcing of additional financing;

Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial activities through
Management Contracts to professional and reliable operator shall be done This would greatly
facilitate induction of technical and system knowledge and pave the way for future larger private
Sector Involvement. At the same time it is recognized that while private investment and
management shall play, a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual
and regulatory framework, which would be carried out simultaneously.

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Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores
1 5 MGD Water Treatment Plant 40.00
2 Pipelines for fringe area 11.00
3 Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant 12.00
Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water
4 Supply Scheme 5.40
5 Upgradation of Distribution network including metering 120.00
Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal
6 reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution 46.00
Community awareness project for all region and capacity
7 building. 2.00
Total 236.40

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Chapter 12
Action Plan: Transportation
12.1 Vision

The City aims to provide its citizens a integrated pro-active transportation system and
infrastructure which would provide comfortable, reliable and affordable transportation options
covering the felt needs of the various strata of the society. One of the critical requirements of the
system shall be to facilitate de-congestion in the Central Business District and provide equitable
growth in the entire Imphal Urban Area.

12.2 Background
.
It is recognized that an efficient and easily accessible transport system is necessary for both
social and economic development for the region. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the
growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and economic integration with
the rest of the country, which is particularly important in a large country like India. Imphal being
the only class one city in the region plays an important role in the development of the entire state.
Additionally Imphal provides a critical connectivity to Myanmar.

The transport system plays an important role of promoting the development of the backward
regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and
investment. In a liberalized set- up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important
in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the economy in the
world market.

2
Route Length (km) and Route density (Per 100 km ) in North Eastern Region
States Route length Route Density
Manipur 1.4 -
North Eastern Region 2435.2 1.1
All India 63140 2
Table Source 12.1: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report

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12.3 Action Plan & Strategic Options

12.3.1 Overall Plan

The Plan shall address the requirements in three phases, Short Term, Medium Term and Long
Term. The following table represents the strategy:

Short term measures including bringing about immediate improvement and developing and
implementing a Transportation System Management (TSM). Components of TSM include actions
such as junction improvements, signalisation, lane markings, delineators and signs to be taken up
regularly. These measures shall be taken up on a continuous basis as the travel characteristics
and loading of different links, intersections etc. change very frequently owing to natural growth
and changes in land use. Further, planning development of access areas to public transportation
systems and Intermediate Public Transport (IPTs) need to be looked at under this head.
Enforcement of lane discipline and traffic rules needs to be addressed urgently.

Medium term action plan is aimed at development of transport infrastructure over the perspective
plan period to bring about coordinated development among different components and enhance
carrying capacity of entire system. These measures include development and implementation of
various infrastructure projects, which will be directed at network improvements such as By
passes, parallel roads, link roads, slip roads, corridors for cycle moovment, Grade separations,
alternate transport systems, restructuring of bus based transportation systems to a direction
based strategy in the place of multiple destination based approach.

Long-term action plan is aimed at development of structure plan for the Urban Area with Transit
as one of the lead components, which will direct the Urban Growth so as to bring about a
structural fit between transit infrastructure and Urban Growth. This will examine a comprehensive
multi-modal public transit system to bring about the most optimal mix of commuting within the
Urban Area and thus providing a sustainable transit solution. New facilities will be created to
improve level of service and to cater to the increased population growth.

The above plans needs to be translated implementable action points which needs to be taken up
during the mission period so as to translate the vision of the city in to reality. Keeping this in mind
a package of action plans has been identified and enlisted below. It is envisaged that these action
plans shall be taken up for implementation and completion within the mission period.

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12.3.2 Key Individual Priority Components

12.3.2.1 Improvement along NH-39, NH-53

One of the critical focal point for any transportation needs to address decongestion of the NH-39
and NH-53. NH39 and NH53 is virtually acting as internal Road and presently caters to both local
and through traffic. One of the critical areas of congestion is NH39, NH53 and NH150. Similarly
NH150 is facing a sever congestion. The steps proposed to be taken up in this regard to resolve
the severe congestion are follows:
Creation of Ring Road
Development of Bridge and Flyovers over critical Bottleneck on NH
Relocation of commercial establishments
Proper development and implementation of Traffic Management System on the highways
Improving Accessibility to NH39, NH 150 and NH53 by improving and augmenting the
existing roads and construction of missing links.

12.3.2.2 Improvement of Roads and Resolution of Bottlenecks on Crossings

Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of accidents can
be reduced. Steps recommended to be implemented are as follows:
Improvement of quality of existing roads
Identification and resolutions of bottlenecks and accident points
In this connection the following points have been identified for implementing Traffic
Management/Improvement Projects
NH 39 crossing leading to Old Thumbuthong
Thangmeiband Road crossing leading to Watham Leirak
Krishna Premi oil city crossing
Pandon, Khuman Lampak, Minuthong crossing
Lamlong bazaar crossing
Palac Gate Crossing leading to Govindjee Temple
Singjamei Chinga crossing
Kwakeithel Bazar crossing
Khoyathong Traffic Point connecting Thangmeiband Road
Khoyathong Traffic Point leading to North AOC
In front of Directorate of Transport and Imphal West District Police HQ
Wahengbam Leikai/Nupa Keithel Traffic Point
MinuthongHatta crossing

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Sangakpham Bazar/NH 39
Maharani Bridge Crossing
IM road from 0-2 k.m
RIMS road connecting Nagampal road
Paona Bazaar road & Thangal bazaar road
MG Avenue
Khoyathong crossing from Nagampal road to NH-150
North AOC Junction of NH 150 and NH 39

Some of the identified critical projects which needs to be implemented on a priority basis so as to
resolve the severe bottlenecks are as follows:

• 4-Lane Flyover At Keishampat,

Keishampet junction is one of the important intersections in Imphal city. At this intersection road
coming from Raj Bhavan side and going towards Kwakeithel meets the State highway No 1. As
two important arterial roads are meeting at this intersection, traffic going to different directions is
conflicting here. In order to solve the traffic problem, Government. of Manipur proposed to
construct a 4-Lane Fly over to divert the traffic. For this the survey was conducted in the peak
hours to study the traffic volume and the project has been designed on the basis of the assessed
needs.

Fig 11.1 Proposed Flyover at Keshampet

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• Ring Road

NH39 and NH53 has also started as internal arterial roads and presently catering to both local
and through traffic. This is resulting in thru traffic moving through the city and creating bottleneck.
In view of this, a Ring Road has been proposed. The alignment of the proposed ring road is as
given below:

Fig 11.1 Proposed Ring Road

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Other projects include development of 2nd Khwai Bridge other wise called as B T Road Flyover,
which is accessible to Kangla West gate, and Khuyathon.

12.3.2.3 Construction of Bus Terminal and Truck Terminals

The major problem of the region is the mixing of intercity and intra city vehicles, which causes
various traffic problems in the area. Constructing new logistic hubs outside the cities can solve
this problem.

The logistic hub will include both truck and bus terminal for inter city vehicles. This will ensure that
the inter city vehicles do not enter the city causing trouble for intra city vehicles. A logistic centre
is proposed on both ends of the city on the Highway.

The present bus terminals handles both inter city and intra city bus routes affecting traffic
movement in the cities. So it is better to have separate bus terminals for inter city and intra city
bus terminals. The inter city bus terminal can be constructed in the logistic hub only. On the other
hand the bus terminals inside the cities should handle only intra city routes. Also options of Bus
bays shall be explored at appropriate locations.

11.3.2.4 Creation of Parking Facilities

Parking lots are be proposed to be constructed in Imphal city at identified locations. 10 Off-street
parking sites have been identified so as to eliminate parking on the roads which have been a
major obstacles for free movement.

An Appropriate parking pricing methodology shall be developed so as to enable the projects to be
implemented with Private Sector Participation.

For Imphal, the existing bus terminus can be converted into parking cum commercial complex,
taking care of illegal parking and small time traders on pavement in the vicinity to some extent.

Entry of Trucks may be banned from 8 a.m to 8 p.m, with strict enforcement will assist in solving
the problem of congestion in the daytime in the core areas of Imphal city.

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12.3.2.5 Proposal for Cycle track

It is observed that bicycles are used in large number in Imphal city of which substantially used by
women and children. Cycle track can be proposed in side the city level and in those areas entry
and exist of heavy vehicles may be restricted, to maintain an eco-friendly transportation and
maintain a clean and green environment. Plantation of trees can be proposed along with the cycle
track in terms of environmental point of view. A pro bicycle policy will not only access
decongestion in the city, but also help in preserving the ecological balance in the city. The project
has been strongly appreciated by the consultative workshops.

12.3.2.6 Pedestrian Facility in City Core

As mentioned above earlier that Pedestrian facility is not adequate enough the cater the demand
in the Imphal municipal area. Therefore this facility needs to be provided in the Central Business
District areas of the city where entry and exist of heavy vehicles needs to be restricted

12.3.2.7 Traffic Management Plan

Above all an effective Traffic Management Plan needs to be implemented for smooth and free
flow of Traffic. One-way entry and exist of Traffic could solve the problem. Proper signalling
facilities needs to implemented for functional flow of traffic. Computerised Traffic signals needs to
be provided in all the major Junctions of the city. Training of traffic personnel is one of the
important components of an effective Traffic Management Plan.

12.3.2.8 Improved rural connectivity

To improve the connectivity with the rural areas of the region the following measures can be
considered.

Conversion of LTM roads to Black Top Roads

In the region most of the roads are of LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction. So it is an urgent
need to develop the roads to black top so that the roads can handle the pressure of increasing
number of heavy vehicles in the region.

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Developing Roads Linking to Villages

In this region the density of roads is not same in all the areas. This is a major reason for under
development in the villages of the region. This plan aims at constructing roads linking major
villages of the region with concrete roads of at least two lanes. This will help farmers to sell their
produce in the city markets, which will ultimately help the economy of the villages.

Given the complexity of the problem, it is evident that isolated solutions directed at one or two
facets, such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best assuage the problem temporarily
but will not be able tackle the problem comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly
integrating land use with transportation at the planning stage as a long-term measure to
structurally integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban area will be able to give best
benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained campaign duly addressing
issues as under will be able to address transportation related problems comprehensively.

12.3.2.9 Other Important Measures

• Intersection improvements

One of the major contributors for reducing the efficiency of free flow of traffic is the performance
of intersections. This is an area of immediate intervention that can be implemented with marginal
investments and where improvement in the performance can be felt. It is observed that several
intersections in Imphal do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing and
diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays are occurring due to
in disciplined behaviour of 2- wheeler traffic not obeying the yield principle.

Since junction improvement is a constant process, and also loading at intersection depend to a
great extent on the land use along the corridor, it would be difficult to pin point those
intersections, which would require improvement in the coming years. However based on the
available information and observing the delays, major intersections will be identified, that would
need immediate attentions.

• Street Lights

Minimum spacing required between successive lampposts is dependent on the road width, traffic
volume and land use on a particular road. For formal 2-lane road, preferred spacing is about
30mt. The existing fixtures in all the project towns are mainly restricted to major spines. In many
cases the streetlights are malfunctioning.

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As far as study made by LASA in 2003 the additional street lightning requirements are as follows
Particulars Units
Tube light 5024
Sodium Vapour Light 90

• Isolated Traffic Signals and Traffic Management Measures

While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area, they function only
when the volume are low in nature and has large time and space headways in the cross traffic,
sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease the volumes of flows thereby necessitating physical
stoppage of one of the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. In view of this
Signal system optimization and Area traffic control measures needs to be identified and
implemented commensurate to the growth of traffic.

The traffic in the city being mixed in nature and the carriageway being a non-standard format, all
the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for
disciplined and safe driving. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings,
median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic delineators, and traffic signs and
implemented on all important travel corridors.

As a significant proportion of the trips of up to 2 km in length are performed on foot and since
pedestrians are more vulnerable in being in being involved in accidents, it is necessary to protect
them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade
separations. Warrants for pedestrian crossings are as follows:

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12.4 Summary of Key Investment Requirements

Sl.No Name of the Scheme Activities Under Scheme Cost Cr.
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 kms incl
Improvement of Road (State 0.3 km for rigid pavement under Sate Highway has been
1 Highway) identified for Improvement 64.56
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms
Under MDR and ODR has been identified for Improvement
2 Improvement of MDR and ODR 69.96
Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13
kms under Internal Village Roads has been identified for
3 Improvement of IVR immediate attention 115.93
A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction
of Outer Ring road to decongest the City Road
4 Ring road 17.40
Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads
5 Keshampat where to decongest, fly over is necessary 42.42
Development around Maharani Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the
6 Bridge and Khwai Bridg important junction for decongestion 24.44
7 Cycle Track for 10 kms Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages 1.00
decongestion, environment friendly atmosphere and
8 Pedestrian for 10kms keeps away from slow moving vehicles. 0.40
Street lightning can be a major component of city
9 Street Lighting beautification and safety of the citizens. 3.10
7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which
needs to be improved for decongestion
10 Junction Improvement (7 Nos) 2.10
This is one of the major component of public transport
system which needs to be improved for inter and intra
11 Bus Terminus (10) regional connectivity. 10.00
Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy
12 (1 Nos) vehicles which creates traffic congection 5.00
This is a major activity under which traffic system can be
13 Traffic Management System improved and accidents can be controlled. 5.00
Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety
14 Sub-way movement. 8.00
TOTAL 379.31

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Chapter 13
Action Plan: Drainage & Sanitation

13.1 Vision

Universal access to healthy and hygienic conditions of sanitation and drainage to all citizens of
Imphal with a special focus on provision of safe sanitation to the urban poor through accessible
household and community models keeping in view the special conditions of the North Eastern
region in general and Manipur in particular.

13.2 Background

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the
center of all cultural, commercial and political activities. It is a small and picturesque city and is a
tourist attraction.

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Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur river and is surrounded by the northeastern hills. Manipur,
also known as the “land of jewels” is naturally divided into two parts namely the hills and plains.

The town is in an alluvial plain at an altitude of 785 mtrs above the mean sea level. The cardinal
location of the place is 24o 48.5’ N and 93o 57’ E. It is the biggest urban area in the state and is
also the focal point of the road network in Manipur. The valley around Imphal town constitutes the
central region of the Manipur state.

The Greater Imphal area is about 33,429 acres, out of which the existing developed area is about
11,773 acres (35%). The Municipal area is around 4,320 acres which constitutes 12.9% of the
total area of Greater Imphal. Residential area constitutes about 63% of the total land area of the
town.

Agricultural and hilly land constitutes about 65% of the total area of Greater Imphal while
residential area is about 22%. The central area of the town comprises of the commercial / market
area and areas for public and semi=public buildings. Small scale industries are located along the
major roads outside the municipal limits.

Imphal has a salubrious climate with temperatures ranging from 1oC to 41oC. The coldest month
is January while May and June are the hottest months. The annual rainfall in the town ranges
from 825 mm (minimum) to 1808 mm (maximum) with average rainfall being 1309 mm. The
humidity varies from 28.3% to 100%.

Imphal became the capital with the declaration of statehood for Manipur in 1972. It has grown
tremendously but much of this growth has been haphazard.

In Imphal, the open pucca drains are mainly along the major roads such as NH-30, NH 150. State
Highways and other town roads. The residential areas of the town are having kutcha drains or in
many case the road itself is acting as the drain. A few areas in the Core Area have open masonry
drains, while most of the city has kutcha drains. The drainage system is extremely inadequate
and the limited drainage that the city has is silted due to accumulation of slush mucks. Due to
lack of proper drainage system, there is a chronic problem of water logging in the city. This
creates a severe health hazard for the people.

Many of the stakeholders expressed their severe concern on the health hazards that are
faced by the citizens due to coked drains and water logging/flooded city areas. Absence of

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proper drainage carries serious water borne diseases, inconvenience to traffic and
pedestrian movement and also severely damages the road condition.

In respect to the views of the citizens a comprehensive action plan comprising of the
following key action points have been proposed:

Construction of new pucca drains
Upgradation of kutcha drains to pucca drains
Protection of natural drains
Conservation / Protection of Natural drains
Repair damaged drains

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Total Total Cost
Sl
Name of Basin Name of Main Drains Length in (Rs in
No
Rm Crores)
IFCD-PHE Area
1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 7000 7.00
1) Turel Amansi 8383 10.00
2 Chandranadi Basin
2) Chandranadi 6500 4.00
1) Porompat Road 4300 5.00
3 Kongba Basin 2) Takhelkhong 2240 3.25
3) Pemikhong 2930 3.50
1) Nambul River 5960 75.00
2) Naga Nullah 2880 11.00
4 Nambul Basin
3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area
12500 23.88
1) Waishel Main Drain 8500 6.30
5 Waishel Basin
2) Waishel Arteries Drain 19500 19.50
Total 168.43
IMC Area
1. Road side drains of IVRs 690000 151.80
2.Drains which are passing through the
1 IMC
household area 191000 42.02
5000 5
Total 198.82
Land Acquisition 5.00
372.25

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Chapter 14
Action Plan: Sanitation

14.1 Sanitation Schemes: Action Plan

Imphal does not have an underground sewerage system at present. The actions required to
address the issues pertaining to the provision of a sewerage system are indicated below:

Vision Issues Action required
Environmentally safe • Imphal city does not have • Introduce underground
sanitation systems in sewerage system. The sewerage system
Imphal existing methods are
through septic tanks and • Expand sewer connections
soak pits to households

• Launch a community
awareness and information
dissemination programme to
make people aware about
the benefits of sewerage
system

• Laying of primary and
secondary sewer networks
• Most of the sewage from in various parts of the city
the septic tanks and toilets
is disposed off directly into • Construction of sewage
streams and drains treatment plants
polluting the streams

• Provide adequate disposal
systems for septic tank and
• Increased risk of pollution conservancy wastes
of ground water, which is a
major source of drinking • Provide public toilets
water in the city particularly for low income
people
• People living in the
downstream areas are
under the threat of serious
health hazard as the water
is used for household
works

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Three sewerage zones (Zone1, Zone2 and Zone3) have been demarcated for the Imphal
Municipal Corporation area as indicated in the diagram below based on the land use patterns,
topography and natural barriers:

ZONE 1

The surface area of Zone1 is 1552 Hectares. Zone1 in turn has been sub-divided into 11 Sub-
zones. The rate of water supply in Zone1 is around 135 lpcd. The present project is to provide
sewerage facilities to Zone1 of Imphal city covering the areas of Municipal Ward Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 14, 15, 24, 25 and 26. This is expected to benefit a population of 173,245 by treating 27
MLD of waste water. The sewer system will be of separate type.

In the first phase, the sewage of the above areas will be carried to Lamphelpat for treatment. The
type of sewage plant is Extended Aeration process with sludge dewatering using belt filters.

There are two kinds of sewer networks. One is the primary and the other the Secondary network.
The following is the synthesis of the sewer network:

Dia (mm) Primary pipes (mtrs) Secondary pipes (mtrs)
200 - 86,399
300 6048 5849
400 6571 303
500 2087 647
600 1327 339
700 4058 -
1000 4903 -

RCC pipes will be provided for sewer lines of 700 mm and 1000 mm dia. The others will be of
PVC. DI pipes will be used for pressure mains and river crossings.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 135 crores. The project implementation timeframe
is 5 years.

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ZONE 2

The surface area of considered for Zone2 is 932 Hectares. The restitution rate of water
consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 38,000 m3 per
day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone2 in turn has been sub-divided
into 6 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment
site is located at the eastern side of Imphal Airport which is only 5 Kms from the heart of Imphal
city. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of the
treated sewage effluent are:
• Suspended solids: 30 mg
• BOD: 20 mg
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be
discharged to Waishel river through an open channel drainage system.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 126 crores and it is expected to be implemented
over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.

ZONE 3

The surface area of considered for Zone3 is 1291 Hectares. The restitution rate of water
consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 39,000 m3 per
day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone3 in turn has been sub-divided
into 7 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment
site is located at Kyamgei makha Leisangkhong which is around 6 Kms from the Imphal city
center. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of
the treated sewage effluent are:
• Suspended solids: 30 mg / litre
• BOD: 20 mg / litre
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be
discharged to Imphal river through an open channel drainage system.

The estimated cost of the project is Rs 134 crores and it is expected to be implemented
over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.

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Sl. No. Component Cost in crores
Zone-I
1 50
2 Zone-II 126
3 Zone-III 134
Total 310

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Chapter 15
Action Plan: Solid Waste Management

15.1 Background

In, India municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under Environment Protection Act, 1986.
As per these rules, all the biodegradable municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed
by appropriate biological processing method.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made MSWM the Litigation
responsibility of urban local bodies (city corporations and municipal corporations), which asks for
source segregation of waste for cleaner composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of
India, acting on Public interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific
solid waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific solid waste
management system, though a costly proposition for most of the urban bodies, has become a
necessity. Also the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued
the Municipal Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules in the year 2000, which identify
the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the implementation of these
rules.

Another serious concern pertaining to solid waste in an urban area relates to the generation of
bio-medical waste. These wastes, though are generated in small quantities, pose a great risk to
the community due to their potential biohazard.

The disposal of non – hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area and is taken care
of through the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Though these wastes have
low components of hazardous components, the environment is threatened due to the volume of
such waste generated in a city.

With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The
tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development
has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for
example domestic waste, industrial waste etc.

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Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system
capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of
handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to
handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:

Integrated Solid
Waste

Awareness Common
Campaign Solid Waste Landfill facility

Strengthening of
Institutions

15.2 Setting up a Integrated Solid Waste Management

Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its
own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities
have the same alternatives.

The strategy identified by the region is the development of an
integrated waste management system to identify the level or levels at
which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be
recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction — using less
and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource cost,
and energy. At the bottom of the list is ultimate disposal — the final
resting place for waste. Integrated solid waste management includes
all the process shown in the diagram
Figure 12.1 : Hierarchy of
integrated SWM

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Managing Municipal Solid Waste

Existing municipal solid waste management system needs to follow the following strategies for
efficient management in the future.

1. Collection of waste: Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection mechanism.
Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of unhygienic and Open
dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable Components are
also required at source or at primary collection centers.

2. Treatment and disposal: On the basis of availability of land and financial resources with
the service provider, either of the methods — aerobic composting, anaerobic Digestion or
sanitary land filling could be adopted for treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it
appears that land filling would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the
coming few years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary land
filling and not mere dumping of Waste.

3. Managing the industrial waste: To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste
generated in the country, the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management
cycle starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation, treatment
and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste minimization/reduction.

Thus keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management
system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system
capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the
strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:

The Integrated Solid Waste Management Scheme shall be implemented with the following
components. A Project Report based on present costs and requirements have been already
prepared.

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Based on a project report prepared for NBCC a Integrated Solid Waste Management
Schemes proposed, which has been designed in line with the Municipal waste
(Management and Handling Rule, 1999). The scheme has the following components.

Sl No Component Sub-components
MSW Collection and Tri cycle bin
Transportation System
Tri cycle
Mobile bins at secondary collection points
Refuse collector with compacting arrangement
Wheel barrow
Replacement of equipment in future years
MSW Handling, Treatment MSW Composting facility with equipment/
and Final Disposal at
machinery for processing composting MSW
SWDF Site
Sanitary Landfill Unit
Bio-medical Waste Handling Unit
Carcass Handling Unit
Site Infrastructures Site Infrastructures


Integrated Solid Waste Management 34
Land Acquisition 3
Total 37

The project is proposed to be implemented under a PPP format on a self-sustainable basis where
the Private sector shall be responsible for meeting the O&M Costs and running the unit efficiently.

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Chapter 16
Other Activities Envisaged under JNNURM

16.1 Urban Renewal

In conformity with the overall vision of decongestion of the central core city of Imphal, it is necessary to
shift commercial establishment from non-confirming (inner city areas to confirming outer city areas).
Imphal being a old city has developed in a unplanned manner, in order to decongest the city in a
planned manner, certain commercial establishment in the core city have been identified for shifting
outside the city area.

The identified areas for shifting are as follows.

Particular Rejuvenation of CBD Area
Rejuvenation of Identified area 45.31

A study is being made to identify other measures for implementing effective Urban
Renewal Measure.

16.2 Setting of a Crematorium

During the consultative process many of the participants informed that because of want
of fund, several traditional manual crematorium have been operating on the River Bank.
These were not only polluting the environment and destroying the beauty of the
riverbanks. The absence of electrical crematorium was creating hardships for the people.
In view of this, they proposed setting up of electrical crematoriums at suitable location. In
line with this it has been proposed that two crematorium at the city

Particular Cost of Crematorium (in crores)
Setting up of two Crematorium 10
Total 10

16.3 Development of Working Woman Hostel

A substantial number of women are working in the city. Imphal being only class one city
in the state offers employment opportunity in the region. In order to enable women living

133


outside the city the opportunity to avail such employment, it’s necessary to create
workingwomen’s hostel in the city. Accordingly it is proposed to construct two-
workingwomen hostel in the city.

Particular Cost of Hostel (in crores)
Working Women Hostel ( Two units 10
Total 10

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Chapter 17
Profile of Imphal Municipal Council

17.1 Background
The Imphal Municipal Board came into existence in the year 1956 where the Board was formed
with 12 members representing 12 wards. The area originally under its jurisdiction was Babupura
Area, Secretariat Area and Khawai bazaar Area.

n the year 1992 the Manipur Board was converted into Manipur Imphal Council under the
Manipur Municipality Act of 1994.

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17.2 Organization Structure
The Organization structure of the Imphal Municipal Council is indicated below:

IMPHAL MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

CHAIRPERSON

VICE CHAIRPERSON

COUNCIL
27 COUNCILLORS

STANDING COMMITTEE
8 COMMITTEES

EXECUTIVE OFFICER

ESTABLISHMENT ENGINEERING ACCOUNTS REVENUE ASSESSMENT HEALTH & PROJECTS
SANITATION

DY. EXEC. OFFICER EXEC. ENGINEER A/Cs OFFICER REVENUE ASSMT.. OFFICER HEALTH OFFICER PROJECTS
OFFICER OFFICER

S/O ESTABLISHMENT ASST. ENGRS ACCOUNTANT ADDN. REV OFFICERS CLERKS SANITARY OFFICER ASST. PROJ.
OFFICERS

SECTION OFFICER SECTION OFFICERS CLERKS INSPECTORS

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17.3 Assessment of Functions carried our by the Council

The table below indicates suggested functions of Municipal Councils and the current work being
carried out by the Imphal Municipal Council:

Suggested Functions Carried out by Imphal Carried out by
Municipal Council

MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS

Urban Planning including No Town Planning Dept.
Town Planning
Regulation of Land Use No Town Planning Dept.
Regulation of construction of No Town Planning Dept.
Buildings
Planning for economic and No State Planning Dept
social development
Roads and Bridges Partly (Leikai roads) State PWD
Water Supply – domestic, No PHED Dept.
industrial and commercial
Public Health, Sanitation, Yes -------------------
Conservancy and Solid Waste
Management
Fire Services No Fire Services Dept (under
Home Dept)
Urban Forestry No Dept of Forests
Preventive Health Care No Directorate of Health
Provision of urban amenities No Planning and Development
and facilities such as parks, Authority
gardens and playgrounds
Burial and burial grounds, No People of locality
cremations, cremation ghats /
grounds and electric
crematoria
Cattle Ponds Yes ------------------------
Prevention of cruelty to No State veterinary department
animals
Registration of births and Yes --------------------------
deaths
Slum improvement and N/A No notified slums at present
upgradation
Street lighting No Planning and Dev. Authority
and Power Dept
Parking lots Yes --------------------------
Bus Stops and Public No --------------------------
conveniences
Regulation of Slaughter No --------------------------
Houses and Tanneries
Protection of Environment and No Environment wing and State
promotion of ecological Pollution Control Board
aspects
Safeguarding the interests of No Social Welfare Dept

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Suggested Functions Carried out by Imphal Carried out by
Municipal Council
weaker sections of society,
including the handicapped and
the mentally retarded
Urban Poverty Alleviation No Social Welfare Dept
Promotion of cultural, No Directorate of Art and Culture
education and aesthetic
aspects
Primary Education No Directorate of Education
Primary Healthcare No Directorate of Health

It is thus evident that Imphal Municipal Council is not carrying out most of the functions indicated
in the table.

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17.4 Financial Analysis of IMC

Financial Analysis of Imphal Municipal Council
(Rs in lakhs)

2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Receipt

Own Sources (Tax)

Rent from Revenue Taxes 242.28 235.44 179.79
Sub Total (A) 242.28 235.44 179.79

Own Sources (Non-Taxes)
Rent from shops 0.84 2.75 3.72
Rent from stalls 5.67 17.86 7.38
Rent from vendor 10.06 4.27 5.18
Receipt from other charges 5.23 9.24 9.13
Interest from Bank 0.001 0.007
Sub Total (B) 21.8 34.121 25.417

State Transfer and Grants

Grant-in-aid for payment of 3.82 2.97 2.82
Honorarium
Grant-in-aid from 11th Finance 39.80 55.00
Comission Award
Grant-in-aid from NSDP 8.11 28.54
Grant-in-aid thru UBI 2.46
Grant-in-aid thru URIF 16.83
Grant-in-aid from Dumping 27.05
Grant-in-aid from Vehicle Repair 18.85
Sub Total (C) 43.62 68.54 94.09

Total Receipts 307.70 338.10 299.30

EXPENDITURE

Maintenance of Roads / Buildings 3.85 24.09 50.82
Office Expenses 16.09 31.13 58.39
Staff Expenses 270.68 204 180.48
Other Suspense Payment 4.75 0.5 11.78
Grant for payment of Honorariumn 3.82 14.11 16.89
Grant for 11th Finance Comission 23.99 46.05

Total Expenditure 323.18 319.88 318.36

Surplus -15.48 18.22 -19.06

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17,5 State of Readiness of the Council and need for Capacity Building

As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, all urban services are to be provided by the Imphal
Municipal Council. However it has been assessed that the Council in its present form lacks the
capabilities to execute projects of the scale envisaged by JNNURM. This has also been pointed
out by many of the participants in the two consultative workshops.

The following are some of the pertinent issues that would hinder IMC’s efforts to implement
JNNURM projects:

• IMC presently has substantial resource crunch

• There is virtually no computerization of its operations and accounts are still maintained
manually

• Cash based single entry system of accounting is still being followed

• There are no capabilities for E Governance / GIS as envisaged for Municipal Corporations

• Reform of Property Tax with GIS has not been done

• Levying of reasonable user charges for recovery of O & M charges has not been instituted

• Budgets for basic services to the urban poor have not been earmarked

• No significant training initiatives have been taken for the employees

• There is a need to augment the office and other infrastructure facilities

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Capability concerns

Financial Status

The table below indicates the Financials of the Imphal Municipal Council for the last 3 years:

Assessment of past financial performance

Rent from Revenue Taxes

300
250
Rs in lakhs

200
150
100
50
0
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

Analysis of the past 3 years financial performance indicates that:

• Rent from revenue taxes has been declining in the last three years

• Rent from non-tax sources has been exhibiting fluctuations in the last three year

Revnue from Non-tax sources

40
35
30
Rs in lakhs

25
20
15
10
5
0
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

141


• State Transfers and Grants have been exhibiting increasing trends in the last 3 years.

State Transfer and Grants

100

80
Rs in lakhs

60

40

20

0
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

• The total receipts have been exhibiting fluctuating trends in the last 3 years:

Total Recipts

350.00
340.00
330.00
Rs in lakhs

320.00
310.00
300.00
290.00
280.00
270.00
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

• The expenditure on Roads / Buildings have been increasing in the last three years:

Maintenance of Roads / Buildings

60.00

50.00

40.00
Rs in lakhs

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

142


• Office Expenses have been increasing in the last three years:

Office Expenses

70.00
60.00
50.00
Rs in lakhs

40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

• Staff Expenses have been exhibiting decreasing trends in the last three years

Staff Expenses

300.00

250.00

200.00
Rs in lakhs

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06

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17.6 Profile of Institutions

Urban Planning and design Construction Operation and
Infrastructure Maintenance
Water Supply PHED PHED PHED
Sewerage PHED PHED PHED
Drainage PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA
Storm Water IFCD/PHED IFCD/PHED IFCD
Drainage
Solid Waste IMC IMC IMC
Disposal
Municipal Roads IMC/PWD IMC/PWD IMC/PWD
(incldg. Fly
Overs)
Street Lighting - - -

PHED : Public Health Engineering DepartmentPWD :
Public Works Department
IMC : Imphal Municipal Council
PDA : Planning & Development Authority
IFCD : Imphal Flood Control Department

There is a multiplicity of organization in Drainage and Municipal Roads. In line with the
Constitutional Amendment, the responsibility of the services shall be handed over the IMC.
However, as mentioned earlier, this shall required substantial Capacity Building of IMC.

17.7 Action Plan
In view of the above, the following action plan is suggested for the Imphal Municipal Council:

• IMC should formulate an action plan for increasing tax based revenue through conducting
detailed surveys and streamlining tax collection procedures

• IMC should formulate an Action Plan for increasing non-tax revenues by conducting detailed
surveys, creating computer databases and streamlining non-tax based revenue collection
procedures for

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• IMC may consider the options of utilizing the services of private agencies for enhanced
revenue collection

• IMC should adopt an action plan for rationalization of expenses

• IMC should explore the options for additional sources of revenue

17.8 Provision for IMC

In view of the above, it is suggested that a sum of Rs 200,000,000 (Rs Twenty crores) be
provisioned for strengthening and capacity building of Imphal Municipal Council.

The component wise break-up of this amount is indicated in the table below:

Development Initiative Assigned Amount
• Accounting System Changeover Rs 1.00 crore
• Installation of GIS /. MIS Rs 1.00 crore
• Property Tax with GIS Rs 1.00 crore
• Hardware / Software Rs 1.00crore
• Computerisation of Land and Property Rs 1.00 crore
Records
• Training and Development Rs 1.00 crore
• Technical Capability Development Rs 1.00 crore
• Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Rs 3.00 crores
• Procurement of Office/Assets Rs 10.00 crores
Total Rs. 20.00 crores

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Chapter 18
Reform Process
18.1 Background

The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so
that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new Programmes. It is also
envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs,
a stage will be set for PPPs.

The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering Group (NSG) may
add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between
States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the
Central assistance, would spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All
mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.

All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission Period.

18.2 Reform Agenda
Mandatory Reforms

1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies

• Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting in ULBs and
parastatal agencies.

• Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for
various services provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies.

• Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs an
arrangement for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at
least 85 per cent within next seven years.

• Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs and Parastatals with the objective that the
full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years. However,
cities and towns in the North East and other special category States may recover only

146


50 percent of O&M charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full
O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.

• Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.

• Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation. Delivery of other existing
universal services of the government for education, health and social security is
ensured.

2. Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies)

The following optional reforms are expected to be undertaken by ULBs, parastatal agencies
and State governments:

• Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings,
development of site etc.

• Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land from agricultural
to non-agricultural purposes.

• Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.

• Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public
and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.

• Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.

• Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting mandatory in all buildings and
adoption of water conservation measures.

• Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.

• Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary
Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and
achieving specified milestones in this regard.

147


• Structural reforms.

• Encouraging PPP.

148


Chapter 19
City Investment Plan
19.1 Background

The city investment plan for the Imphal Municipal area has been formed, keeping in mind the
following assumptions:
The project cost is proposed to be funded in the following manner:
• Central Government will be providing 90% of the project cost as grants.
• The balance project cost will be funded by the ULB’s own finances, project on PPP, Funding
through State Govt & other funding mechanisms wherever possible.

19.2 Sustainability & Financial Options

It is recognized that the NURM Mission is an important landmark in making the Urban Local
Bodies self-sufficient and financially independent. It is also important to ensure that the assets
being created are adequately maintained and adequate resources are allocated for the same.

As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify opportunities to strengthen
the financial health of IMC. A range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken
up with the objective of generating adequate resources within IMC so it is able to operate and
maintain the projects. The measures include levy of surcharge on holdings used for commercial
purposes, conducting provisional assessment, enforcing collection drives and gradually
increasing tariffs so as to ensure that user charges are adequate to recover at least the operation
and maintenance costs of individual projects. This is particularly relevant for water projects where
present collection is far below the cost.
19.3 Summary of cost Investments in different sectors

Sector Projects Cost (in crores)
Environment Refer-Table A (17.6) 133
Tourism & Heritage Refer-Table B(17.6) 195
Basic Services to Urban Poor Refer-Table C(17.6) 125
Water Supply Refer-Table D(17.6) 236
Transportation Refer-Table E(17.6) 379
Drainage Refer-Table F(17.6) 372
Sanitation Refer-Table G(17.6) 310
Solid Waste Management Refer-Table H(17.6) 37
Capacity Building of IMC Refer-Table I(17.6) 20
Other Activities Refer-Table J(17.6) 66
GRAND TOTAL 1872

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19.4Means of Funding

Sl.No Mode of Financing Source Amount (Rs. % of Total
Crores) Investment
Identified Investments 1873 100%
1 Grants JNNURM 1685 90%
2 Loan / ULB’s Open Market/ 186 10%
FIs

19.5 Investment Pattern

Investment Requirement
66 20 142
195
37 237
100

236
395

447
Capacity Building of IMC Enviroment
Water Supply Transportation
Drainage Sanitation
Basic Services to Urban Poor Solid Waste Management
Tourism & Heritage Other Activities

19.6 Break up of Investment Requirement

Table A- Environment

Name of the Scheme Activities under the scheme Investment (Rs
crs)
1 Development of Environmental Environmental Improvement: Preparation of a 2.00
Plan Plan for future
2 Conservation of Water Bodies Environmental Improvement: Conservation of 87.26
identified Water Bodies in poor condition
3 Lake/River Environmental Improvement: Conservation of 43.79
Restoration/Rejuvenation Lake and control of Urban Lake

Total 133.05

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Table B- Tourism

Name of the Scheme Activities under the scheme Investment (Rs
crs)
1 Kangla Fort Development Beautification, Development and Heritage 145.00
Protection
2 Protects for protection of Heritage City Beautification, Development and 50.00
Centre Heritage Conservation
Total 195.00

Table C- Basic services to urban poor

Community Hall 20
Health Care & Education 20
Development Programmes 25
Operation & Maintenance 10
Housing Projects 50
Total 125

Table D- Water Supply

Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores

1 5 MGD Water Treatment Plant 40.00
2 Pipelines for fringe area 11.00
3 Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant 12.00
Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water
4 Supply Scheme 5.40
5 Upgradation of Distribution network including metering 120.00
Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal
6 reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution 46.00
Community awareness project for all region and capacity
7 building. 2.00
Total 236.40

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Table E- Transportation

Sl.No Name of the Scheme Activities Under Scheme Cost Cr.

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 incl 0.3 km for rigid
pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement
1 Improvement of Road (State Highway) 64.56

Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and
ODR has been identified for Improvement
2 Improvement of MDR and ODR 60.96

Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms Under
Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention
3 Improvement of IVR 115.93

A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring
road to decongest the City Road
4 Ring road 17.40
Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to
5 Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat decongest, fly over is necessary 42.42
Development around Maharani Bridge and Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important
6 Khwai Bridg junction for decongestion 24.44
7 Cycle Track for 10 kms Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages decongestion, 1.00
environment friendly atmosphere and keeps away from slow moving
8 Pedestrian for 10kms vehicles. 0.40
Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and
9 Street Lighting safety of the citizens. 3.10

There are 7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs
to be improved for decongestion
10 Junction Improvement (7 Nos) 2.10

This is one of the major component of public transport system which
needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity.
11 Bus Terminus (10) 10.00
This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which
12 Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre (1 Nos) creates traffic congestion 5.00
This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and
13 Traffic Management System accidents can be controlled. 5.00

Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement.
14 Sub-way 8.00
15 Land Acquisition 10.00
TOTAL 379.31

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Table F- Drainage

Total Total Cost
Sl
Name of Basin Name of Main Drains Length in (Rs in
No
Rm Crores)
IFCD-PHE Area
1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 7000 7.00
1) Turel Amansi 8383 10.00
2 Chandranadi Basin
2) Chandranadi 6500 4.00
1) Porompat Road 4300 5.00
3 Kongba Basin 2) Takhelkhong 2240 3.25
3) Pemikhong 2930 3.50
1) Nambul River 5960 75.00
2) Naga Nullah 2880 11.00
4 Nambul Basin
3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area
12500 23.88
1) Waishel Main Drain 8500 6.30
5 Waishel Basin
2) Waishel Arteries Drain 19500 19.50
Total 168.43
IMC Area
1. Road side drains of IVRs 690000 151.80
2.Drains which are passing through the
1 IMC
household area 191000 42.02
5000 5
Total 198.82
Land Acquisition 5.00
372.25

Table G- Sanitation

Sl. No. Component Cost in crores
Zone-I
1 50
2 Zone-II 126
3 Zone-III 134
Total 310

Table H- Solid Waste management

Integrated Solid Waste Management 34
Land Acquisition 3
Total 37

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Table I- Capacity Building of IMC

Development Initiative Assigned Amount
• Accounting System Changeover Rs 1 crore
• Installation of GIS /. MIS Rs 1 crore
• Property Tax with GIS Rs 1 crore
• Hardware / Software Rs 1crore
• Computerization of Land and Property Rs 1 crore
Records
• Training and Development Rs 1 crore
• Technical Capability Development Rs 1 crore
• Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Rs 3 crores
• Procurement of Assets/Ofice Rs 10 crores
Total 20

19.7 Public Private Partnership Projects

The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as a funding mechanism but also as
an important tool for bringing in efficiencies as well as ensuring proper operation and
maintenance of the assets being created herein. This was also agreed as a priority during
the consultative process as well as by the State Level Nodal Committee during finalization
of the CDP.

A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as community contracts) to
full privatization has been thought about. Five partnership options which are most common are:
• Service Contracts
• Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
• Concessions
• Joint Venture
• Community Based Provisions

However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such as degree of control
desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential
of attracting financial resources form both the public and private sectors.

154


For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for improving solid waste
management practices. PPP options in sectors such as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage
has been generally found difficult because of large investment requirement; long gestation period
and poor cost recovery. However with the JNURM funding and proper structuring, PPP is
possible.

One of the major goals of JNURM is to encourage PPP participation and also to make the ULBs
self - sufficient. Also the ULBs with the help of JNURM may be able to source funds to restructure
their balance sheet.

ULBs Fund Raising:

Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently. In view of the above, the
following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner for strengthening their financial
structure:

Phase I:

• Balance Sheet Restructuring:
Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities which will aim to enhance the financial
strength of the Imphal Municipal Council (IMC)
Revaluation of Assets: In municipalities, the assets are generally not revalued for a long
time and are recorded in the books of accounts at the price at which it was purchased or
bought. So if the assets are revalued at a realistic price, this is expected to have a sound
impact on the balance sheet of the ULB.
Leveraging Idle Assets: The ULBs need to identify idle assets that they can leverage
and earn sufficient revenues.
Escrowable Receivables: Structured Financing against Escrowing of receivables can
also be a good mechanism to attract private players. The private players will feel
confident if the receivables are escrowed.

Phase II:

If the above activities are implemented properly, it will enhance the financial strength of the
Imphal Municipal Council. After the strengthening of the Balance sheet the following activities can
be resorted to:

155


• Balance Sheet Funding: If the above mentioned factors are properly implemented, the
balance sheet of Imphal Municipal Council will become stronger which will help it to raise
funds by leveraging its strengthened balance sheet.
• Stock & Bond issues: Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this way. A municipality
must be credit worthy to conclude deals of this nature successfully. On completion of the
restructuring, balance sheets are expected to be strong to raise resources.

Phase III:

• User Group Fund: ULBs can raise funds from the common usage groups, by showing them
what benefits they will derive if the project is executed. The benefits can be expressed in
monetary terms with the help of cost benefit analysis.
• Creation of infrastructure fund: It is recognized that the above measures shall take some
time for development and implementation. In the meantime in order to ensure that the assets
are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be created. The fund shall be taken as a
part of project cost.

The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual project
proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.

Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for all the sectors have been provided below:

Sources of Finance

The City plans to give the highest priority to provision of Water Services to its citizens, followed by
provision of services to urban poor, provision of drainage and sewerage. The following is the
summary of the sectors identified for implementation. While the individual projects will be
prioritized according the the urgency of the requirements, the following also generally reflects the
sector prioritization.

156


Chapter 20
Financial Operating Plan

20.1 Background

Financial Operating Plan (FOP) is a multi-year forecast of finances of the local body for a medium
term. The investment has been phased out over the mission period according to the priorities as
well as construction period.

The finances of the Imphal Municipal Council has been computed over two scenarios as follows :

Business as Usual: In this scenario, the financial has been computed on the basis that the
council is running as per the earlier trend and there is no major improvement in the collections or
tariff. The scenario shows that IMC shall be in a massive deficit and it underscores the
requirement for IMC to take immediate action to resolve the same. This can be achieved through
a mix of rationalising User Charges, improving collection and coverage.

Improved Case Scenario: In this scenario, the performance of the council is improved though
better collection and tariff regime and higher efficiencies. It is then checked whether the surplus
can improved and utilised for the additional O&M expenses for the new assets being procured
under the JNNURM.

It will be observed that given the poor condition of the Municipal Council, low per capita of the
local people and the extent of investment required for developing the infrastructure as the present
level is very low, the Council will still require support from the State Government for covering the
O&M Expenses. However, the Council will have surplus on its own without taking into account the
O&M of the new assets.

The Government of Imphal & Imphal Municipal Councl shall be executing the Memorandum of
Understanding with the Government of India confirming rationalisation of the user charges,
improving organisation and developing institutional capacity to achieve self-sufficiency..

157


Projections: Business as Usual
F in a n c ia l O p e r a tin g P la n o f Im p h a l M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il

(R s in la k h s )
P R O J E C T IO N S

2003 - 04 2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 0 0 6 -0 7 2 0 0 7 -0 8 2 0 0 8 -0 9 2 0 0 9 -1 0 2 0 1 0 -1 1 2 0 1 1 -1 2 2 0 1 2 -1 3

R e c e ip t

O w n S o u rc e s (T a x )

R e n t fro m R e v e n u e T a x e s 2 4 2 .2 8 2 3 5 .4 4 1 7 9 .7 9 1 8 5 .1 8 1 9 0 .7 4 1 9 6 .4 6 2 0 2 .3 6 2 0 8 .4 3 2 1 4 .6 8 2 2 1 .1 2
S u b T o ta l (A ) 2 4 2 .2 8 2 3 5 .4 4 1 7 9 .7 9 1 8 5 .1 8 1 9 0 .7 4 1 9 6 .4 6 2 0 2 .3 6 2 0 8 .4 3 2 1 4 .6 8 2 2 1 .1 2

O w n S o u rc e s (N o n -T a x e s )
R e n t fro m s h o p s 0 .8 4 2 .7 5 3 .7 2 3 .8 3 3 .9 5 4 .0 6 4 .1 9 4 .3 1 4 .4 4 4 .5 8
R e n t f r o m s t a lls 5 .6 7 1 7 .8 6 7 .3 8 7 .6 0 7 .8 3 8 .0 6 8 .3 1 8 .5 6 8 .8 1 9 .0 8
R e n t fro m v e n d o r 1 0 .0 6 4 .2 7 5 .1 8 5 .3 4 5 .5 0 5 .6 6 5 .8 3 6 .0 1 6 .1 9 6 .3 7
R e c e ip t f r o m o t h e r c h a r g e s 5 .2 3 9 .2 4 9 .1 3 9 .4 0 9 .6 9 9 .9 8 1 0 .2 8 1 0 .5 8 1 0 .9 0 1 1 .2 3
In te re s t fro m B a n k 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7 0 .0 0 7
S u b T o ta l (B ) 2 1 .8 0 3 4 .1 2 2 5 .4 2 2 6 .1 8 2 6 .9 6 2 7 .7 7 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .4 6 3 0 .3 5 3 1 .2 6

S ta te T ra n s fe r a n d G ra n ts

G r a n t - in - a id f o r p a y m e n t o f 3 .8 2 2 .9 7 2 .8 2 2 .9 0 2 .9 9 3 .0 8 3 .1 7 3 .2 7 3 .3 7 3 .4 7
H o n o r a r iu m
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m 1 1 t h F in a n c e 3 9 .8 0 5 5 .0 0
C o m is s io n A w a r d
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m N S D P 8 .1 1 2 8 .5 4
G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U B I 2 .4 6
G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U R I F 1 6 .8 3 17 .3 3 17 .8 5 18 .3 9 18 .9 4 19 .5 1 20 .1 0 20 .7 0
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m D u m p in g 2 7 .0 5 27 .8 6 28 .7 0 29 .5 6 30 .4 5 31 .3 6 32 .3 0 33 .2 7
G r a n t - in - a id f r o m V e h ic le R e p a ir 1 8 .8 5 19 .4 2 20 .0 0 20 .6 0 21 .2 2 21 .8 5 22 .5 1 23 .1 8
S u b T o ta l (C ) 4 3 .6 2 6 8 .5 4 9 4 .0 9 67 .5 2 69 .5 4 71 .6 3 73 .7 8 75 .9 9 78 .2 7 80 .6 2

T o ta l R e c e ip ts 3 0 7 .7 0 3 3 8 .1 0 2 9 9 .3 0 2 7 8 .8 8 2 8 7 .2 5 2 9 5 .8 6 3 0 4 .7 4 3 1 3 .8 8 3 2 3 .3 0 3 3 3 .0 0

E X P E N D IT U R E

M a in t e n a n c e o f R o a d s / B u ild in g s 3 .8 5 2 4 .0 9 5 0 .8 2 5 2 .3 4 5 3 .9 1 5 5 .5 3 5 7 .2 0 5 8 .9 1 6 0 .6 8 6 2 .5 0
O f f ic e E x p e n s e s 1 6 .0 9 3 1 .1 3 5 8 .3 9 6 5 .4 0 7 3 .2 4 8 2 .0 3 9 1 .8 8 1 0 2 .9 0 1 1 5 .2 5 1 2 9 .0 8
S ta ff E x p e n s e s 2 7 0 .6 8 204 1 8 0 .4 8 2 0 2 .1 4 2 2 6 .3 9 2 5 3 .5 6 2 8 3 .9 9 3 1 8 .0 7 3 5 6 .2 4 3 9 8 .9 8
O th e r S u s p e n s e P a y m e n t 4 .7 5 0 .5 1 1 .7 8
G r a n t f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m n 3 .8 2 1 4 .1 1 1 6 .8 9 1 8 .9 2 2 1 .1 9 2 3 .7 3 2 6 .5 8 2 9 .7 7 3 3 .3 4 3 7 .3 4
G r a n t f o r 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n 2 3 .9 9 4 6 .0 5

T o ta l E x p e n d itu r e 3 2 3 .1 8 3 1 9 .8 8 3 1 8 .3 6 3 3 8 .8 0 3 7 4 .7 4 4 1 4 .8 6 4 5 9 .6 4 5 0 9 .6 5 5 6 5 .5 1 6 2 7 .9 1

S u r p lu s -1 5 .4 8 1 8 .2 2 -1 9 .0 6 -5 9 .9 2 -8 7 .4 9 -1 1 8 .9 9 -1 5 4 .9 0 -1 9 5 .7 7 -2 4 2 .2 1 -2 9 4 .9 1

158


Rs lacs
2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Receipt

Revenue Taxes 242.28 235.44 247.21 259.57 272.55 286.18 300.49 315.51
Sub Total (A) 242.28 235.44 247.21 259.57 272.55 286.18 300.49 315.51

Own Sources (Non-Taxes)
Rent from shops 0.84 2.75 2.89 3.03 3.18 3.34 3.51 3.69
Rent from stalls 5.67 17.86 18.75 19.69 20.68 21.71 22.79 23.93
Rent from vendor 10.06 4.27 4.48 4.71 4.94 5.19 5.45 5.72
Receipt from other charges 5.23 9.24 9.70 10.19 10.70 11.23 11.79 12.38
Interest from Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.25 5.51 5.79 6.08
Sub Total (B) 21.80 34.12 35.83 42.62 44.75 46.99 49.33 51.80

Grant in Aid 43.62 68.54 27.01 26.50 26.75 27.01 27.26 27.53
Grant in Aid from Finance Commission 33.76 33.12 33.44 33.76 34.08 34.41
Sun Total ( C) 43.62 68.54 60.76 59.62 60.19 60.76 61.35 61.93

Total Income (A+B+C) 307.70 338.10 343.80 361.81 377.49 393.93 411.17 429.25

Expenses 323.18 319.88 318.36 337.46 357.71 379.17 401.92 426.04

Cash Flow before JNNURM Projects -15.48 18.22 25.44 24.34 19.78 14.76 9.25 3.21

O&M Costs (JNNURM Projects) ` 2142.27 4199.01 5548.35

User Charge Recovery (JNNURM Projects) 798.39 1707.78 2977.66

O & M Funding/Addl Govt Support 1343.88 2491.24 2570.70

Financial Operating Plan with JNNURM Assets and State Govt. Support

159


2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Income
State Grants
General Transfer 15%
Grant in aid Rs 10 per capita
Finance Commision Grant Rs 12.50 per captia

User Charges Recovery
Water Supply 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60%
Drainage 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60%
Sanitation 10% 15% 25% 45% 50% 60%
Solid Waste 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

O&M Charges
Water Supply 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Drainage 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Sanitation 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Solid Waste 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12%
Urban Poor 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

Other Income Growth p.a. 5%

Expenses Growth p.a. 6%

Projected Population 264961 267498 270060 272646 275257 277393

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Cdp imphal

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