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cell_cycle_phases_control_points presentation1. Phases of the Cell Cycle & Their
Control Points
Understanding how cells grow,
divide, and stay in check
2. Overview of the Cell Cycle
• • The cell cycle is the sequence of events
preparing a cell for division.
• • Main stages: Interphase, M-phase,
Cytokinesis
• • Control points ensure accuracy and proper
sequence of events.
3. Interphase
• Definition: Longest phase where the cell grows
and prepares for division.
• Sub-phases:
• - G1: Cell growth, organelle production
• - S: DNA replication
• - G2: Preparation for mitosis, DNA check
• Control Points:
• - G1 Checkpoint: Cell size & DNA quality
• - G2 Checkpoint: DNA replication accuracy
4. M-phase (Mitosis)
• Definition: Division of the cell’s nucleus into
two identical nuclei.
• Stages:
• 1. Prophase – Chromosomes condense,
spindle forms
• 2. Metaphase – Chromosomes align at
equator
• 3. Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate
• 4. Telophase – Nuclear envelopes reform
5. Cytokinesis
• Definition: Division of cytoplasm into two
daughter cells.
• - Animal cells: Cleavage furrow
• - Plant cells: Cell plate
• Usually overlaps with telophase.
6. Summary Table
• Phase | Main Events | Control Point | Purpose
• G1 | Cell growth | G1 checkpoint | Prevents
improper division
• S | DNA replication | - | Genome copy
• G2 | Prep for mitosis | G2 checkpoint | Error
detection
• Mitosis | Nucleus divides | Spindle checkpoint
| Proper chromosome separation
• Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm divides | - | Daughter
cells formation
7. Importance of Control Points
• • Prevent uncontrolled growth (e.g., cancer)
• • Ensure genetic stability
• • Maintain proper timing of cell events