Central nervous system introduction
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The document summarizes the anatomy and divisions of the nervous system. It notes that the nervous system is divided anatomically into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system, and functionally into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The hindbrain contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to the L1/L2 vertebrae and contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The meninges are the protective layers surrounding the CNS.
Central nervous system introduction
- 4. Nervous system is dividedAnatomically into: 1. Central Nervous System. 2. Peripheral Nervous System. Functionally it is divided into: 1. Somatic Nervous System . 2. Autonomic Nervous System .
- 5. 1.Brain and 2.spinal cord Parts of brain Forebrain or prosencephalon Midbrain or mesencephalon Hindbrain or rhombencephalon
- 7. Parts of hindbrain ▪ Pons ▪ Medulla oblongata ▪ Cerebellum
- 8. 2.spinal cord Starts at foramen magnum and ends at L2 level.
- 9. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves Thirty one pairs of spinal nerves ▪ Cervical – 8 ▪ Thoracic – 12 ▪ Lumbar – 5 ▪ Sacral – 5 ▪ Coccygeal – 1
- 10. Composition of a spinal nerve ▪ Sensory fibres ▪ Motor fibres ▪ Autonomic fibres
- 11. Brain stem Cranial nerves Spinal cord
- 12. Dura mater---outermost Arachnoid mater---middle S2 LEVEL Pia mater---innermost----coccycx Also cover the spinal cord after passing through foramen magnum
- 13. 1.Falx cerebri 2.Tentorium cerebelli 3.Falx cerebelli
- 14. Falx cerebri
- 19. Central sulcus parietoocipital sulcus Lateral sulcus
- 23. Ant cerebral Middle cerebral Post cerebral
- 24. Foramen magnum to lower border of L1 or upper border ofL2
- 25. DURA MATER ARACHNOID MATER PIA MATER
- 27. Anterior and posterior spinal artery
- 28. Ventral ramus and dorsal ramus Spinal nerve Divides into anterior and posterior rami Anterior --- -- body nerve plexus Posterior rami—sensory innervation to a skin segment known as a dermatome
- 29. Ventral Roots The ventral (motor) roots consist of efferent fibers that convey output from the spinal cord. There are two components: (1) innervate voluntary striated muscles, (2) influences to involuntary smooth muscles,cardiac muscle, and glands
- 30. Ventral spinal root Muscles innervated C5–6 Biceps brachii (flexes elbow) C6–8 Triceps brachii (extends elbow) T1–8 Thoracic musculature T6–12 Abdominal musculature L2–4 Quadriceps femoris (knee jerk, patellar tendon reflex) L5–S1–2 Gastrocnemius (ankle jerk, Achilles tendon reflex
- 31. Dorsal spinal root Body region innervated C2 Occiput C4 Neck and upper shoulder T1 Upper thorax and inner side of arm T4 Nipple zone T10 Umbilical girdle zone L1 Inguinal region L4 Great toe, lateral thigh, and medial leg S3 Medial thigh S5 Perianal region
- 35. Two parts ▪ Sympathetic ▪ Parasympathetic Functions of autonomic N S Involuntary Controls activities of heart, smooth muscles of GIT, blood vessels & glands
- 37. Smallest functional unit is neuron It consists of cell body and cell processes
- 38. Unipolar Bipolar Pseudo uni polar Multipolar
- 45. BONES ATTHE BASE OFTHE BRAIN