cfc and its protocol to reduce its usage
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This document summarizes information about chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), their effects on the ozone layer, and international protocols to reduce CFC usage. It discusses that CFCs do not occur naturally and were widely used as refrigerants and propellants until their ozone-depleting effects were discovered. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to set a schedule for reducing CFC usage to protect the ozone layer. Substitutes have been found for some CFC applications, and market responses are helping exceed the reductions proposed by the Montreal Protocol.
cfc and its protocol to reduce its usage
- 1. CFC’S And its protocol to reduce its usage BY DHANRAJ DESAI UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PROF.(DR.) S R SHUKL SIR
- 2. Introduction A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. The Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made chemicals that exist as gases or liquids. They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon. Thy are non-toxic & non-flammable in nature.
- 3. Cont.… Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. They were first manufactured in 1930 under the trademark Freon. Chlorofluorocarbons have lifespans in the atmosphere of 60 to 110 years.
- 4. Sourcesof cfc’s They do not occur naturally; they are always manufactured. They are currently used as coolants in industrial, home and automobile refrigeration and air conditioning, foaming agent and cleaning solvents. In the past they were commonly used as propellants in aerosol cans. Halons are used in special-purpose fire extinguishers and protection systems in such areas as computer rooms and electronic areas. (Canada is responsible for less than three percent of global chlorofluorocarbon use; and of those used in Canada in 1986, Alberta used about 10 percent or 2000 tonnes.)
- 5. EFFECTS of CFC’s Chlorofluorocarbons have two major, different - and often confused - effects in the atmosphere. 1. Greenhouse effect: chlorofluorocarbons act as greenhouse gases and are considered major contributors to the ozone depleting substances. 2. Ozone-depletion effect: chlorofluorocarbons are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere but waft slowly upward toward the stratosphere where they finally break down. Each of the chlorine or bromine atoms released in that breakdown is capable of destroying tens of thousands of ozone (O3) molecules - thus contributing to the thinning of the protective ozone layer. (Even though chlorofluorocarbons and halon emissions are being stopped today, the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer will still continue, because chlorofluorocarbons and halons already released will move slowly up to the stratosphere and destroy ozone for the next 60 to 100 years.)
- 6. MontrealProtocol Internationally there is commitment to stop compounding the problem and to reduce the use of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. International discussions began in 1981 and led to the 1985 Vienna Convention which establishes monitoring and scientific assessment activities. Most members of the international community agreed in 1987 to The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
- 7. Cont.…. It set a schedule for reducing use of chlorofluorocarbons by 1999 to 50 percent of the levels used in 1986. At a meeting in Helsinki in 1989, participating nations agreed to accelerate that timetable to 85 percent reduction by 1999. More recently Canada announced that it was prepared to end their use by 1997 and urged other nations to agree to meet earlier targets.
- 8. Cont.…. Canada played a key role in the Vienna Convention and The Montreal Protocol, and is encouraging a national objective to completely eliminate ozone-depleting substances. Alberta supports the national objective and, in consultation with the federal government, is developing regulations and plans for the recovery, recycling and destruction of these substances.
- 9. Substitutesforcfc’s Substitutes already have been found for certain uses of chlorofluorocarbons. In 1980 Canada banned their use as propellants in consumer items such as hair sprays, deodorants and antiperspirants. Major producers of polystyrene insulation were to switch to a chlorofluorocarbon substitute by the end of 1989 and the world's largest manufacturer of chlorofluorocarbons is to phase out their manufacture by the year 2000. A major automobile manufacturer has announced that it will equip its auto dealers with chlorofluorocarbon recovery and recycling systems for servicing vehicle air conditioners. Market responses are proceeding so quickly that the reductions proposed by The Montreal Protocol will be exceeded.
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