Montreal protocol1
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The document summarizes the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone depleting substances. It discusses how the protocol has been amended over time, identifying several ozone depleting compounds and setting timelines for their phase out. Key achievements of the protocol include worldwide participation, elimination of most ozone depleting substances, support for developing countries, and expectations that the ozone layer will fully recover by 2050 if compliance continues. The document also notes that without the Montreal Protocol, significant depletion of the ozone layer and increased health impacts from UV radiation would have occurred.
Montreal protocol1
- 1. Submitted to: Prof. A.A.Napolean Submitted by:- Akash Chandwani – 12BCE0133 R.V.Kartick – 12BME0357 Deepak Kumar Singh – 12BCE0534 Milan Manjunath Sehnai – 12BCH0059 EVS Project on -
- 2. 1. Introduction 2. Adjustments and Amendments 3. Ozone layer 4. UV-Radiations 5. Discovery and Research 6. Ozone Depleting Substances 7. Montreal Protocol 8. Provisions of Montreal protocol 9. Management Plans 10. Impact on CFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan 11. Impact on HCFC’s and it’s Phase out management plan 12. Implementation in US. 13. What if there were no Montreal Protocol??
- 3. Introduction Montreal Protocol popularly known as Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. It is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Main aim is to eliminate the substances that are responsible for the ozone depletion.
- 4. Adjustments and Amendments Montreal Protocol has been either adjusted and/or amended in – London 1990 Copenhagen 1992 Vienna 1995 Montreal 1997 Beijing 1999
- 5. Position of Ozone layer
- 6. Antarctica Ozone Depletion: Formation of the hole near the south pole in the Ozone layer
- 7. Why is ozone useful? Ozone is a protective layer that absorbs the very energetic radiations (UV) falling on the earth.
- 10. UV-Radiations UV- Radiations capable of penetrating the nitrogen is divided into three categories UV-A ( λ = 400–315 nm) UV-B ( λ = 315–280 nm) UV-C ( λ = 280–100 nm) only extremely short or vacuum UV (10–100 nm) is screened out by nitrogen.
- 11. UV-C It is very harmful to all living beings. It is entirely screened out by a combination of O2 (< 200 nm) and O3 (> about 200 nm) by around 35 kilometres (115,000 ft) altitude. This type of radiation doesn’t reach the earth surface.
- 12. UV-B UV-B radiation can be harmful to the skin and is the main cause of sunburn. Excessive exposure can also cause genetic damage, resulting in problems such as skin cancer. The ozone layer is very effective at screening out UV-B. UV-B, particularly at its longest wavelengths, reaches the surface
- 13. UV-A Ozone is transparent to most UV-A. So most of this type of longer wavelength reaches the surface, and becomes the primary type of UV from the Sun to do so. less harmful to DNA. although it may still potentially cause indirect genetic damage in skin
- 14. Ozone altitude UV graph
- 15. Discovery and Research In 1974-nobel prize winners Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland discover that CFC molecules were stable enough to remain in the atmosphere until they got up into the middle of the stratosphere where they would finally be broken down by ultraviolet radiation releasing a chlorine atom.
- 16. Ozone Depleting Compounds Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Halons Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl chloroform Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Methyl bromide Bromochloromethane (BCM)
- 18. Montreal-Protocol It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty is structured around several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. All of these ozone depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine.
- 19. For each group, including group ST, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be phased out and eventually eliminated It was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. It is also ratified by 197 states and the European Union.
- 20. The Montreal Protocol - Provisions Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform- were to be phased out by 2000 (2005 for methyl chloroform) Freeze at 1986 levels in mid 1989 and 20% cut in 1993 Production and consumption of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC- 115 were to be reduced by 50% of the 1986 levels by 1998 Production of halon-1211, halon-1301 and halon-2402 were to be brought back to 1986 levels by 1992
- 21. Management Plan CFCs Phase-out Management Plan CFC Phasing out plan Regularly checked by bodies Also checks the emission of halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs 13, 111, 112, etc. Carbon tetrachloride was given the special attention.
- 22. Products Containing CFCs Coolants (in refrigerator, AC) Propellants (in Pressurized cans, Rockets) Solvents for cleaning electronics Blowing agent for manufacture of foam
- 23. Why is CFC harmful to us? CFC gas is not at all harmful to humans but its harmful to the Ozone layer. The life time of CFC gas is very long, about 5200yrs. There is no way to destroy them. It has no way to go. It directly goes up to the ozone and damages it.
- 25. Impact of Montreal protocol on CFCs If all parties continue to comply, ozone layer expected to fully recover by 2050. Montreal and subsequent agreements obliged parties to phase out most harmful CFCs (used in aerosols, refrigerants, foams, solvents) by 1996; with phase-out of by 2010 of less active CFCs. Most halons were phased out by 1994. 98% of all chemicals covered by the protocol were phased out by 2009.
- 26. Management plans Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) Freezing time = 2013 Reducing time = 2015 This includes the pase out of CFCl3 (CFC-11) CF2Cl2 (CFC-12) C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113) C2F4Cl2(CFC-114) C2F5Cl (CFC-115)
- 27. Impact of Montreal Protocol on HCFCs. Used as the first major replacement for CFCs, especially in refrigerants for air conditioning. By 2013, all parties must freeze consumption and production of HCFCs, and start reducing by 2015. Developed countries must complete 99.5 phase-out by 2020 nd 100% by 2030. Developing countries must complete 99.5 % by 2030 and 100% by 2040. In U.S., HCFC production down 65% by 1/1/2010. On track to 90% cut by 1/1/2015 and 99.5% cut by 1/1/2020.
- 28. Management plans Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFCs are the substitutes of the CFCs and HCFCs. It’s produced mostly in developed countries. It does not harm Ozone layer. But it is responsible for Green House Effect as it traps huge amount of infrared radiations from the sun.
- 29. Earlier Challenges Cost of replacing CFCs was the key hurdle that parties had to overcome. By 1987 it was less costly for USG, Japan, Canada to ban CFCs, as all three had already banned CFCs in aerosol cans. Harder for Japan and EU, who threatened to veto. Also harder USSR, could not afford to fund research to find alternatives. Also opposed by China, India, Brazil anticipating massive CFC production in coming decade. Keys to compromise were agreement from industrialized countries to help developing countries find alternatives, and agreement on delaying phase-out deadlines for developing countries
- 30. Mechanisms for Implementation Multilateral Fund: 2009-2011 budget = $490 million. Annual reporting obligations Implementation Committee Adjustment provision Grace period for developing countries
- 31. World map showing the countries that have signed the protocol and that have not
- 32. Montreal protocol under action: importance of 1996 phase-out.
- 33. Funds as a challenge to Montreal Protocol.
- 34. Implementation in US U.S. already banned Freon (CFC) in 1978 “Clean Air Act of 1990” implemented Montreal protocol and gave EPA oversight and enforcement role. To support phase-outs, EPA has approved over 300 alternatives to ozone depleting substances. Other measures: tax policy: taxes on production of ODSs and tax incentives to industry to develop alternatives; labeling of ODS-containing products; identifying safer alternatives. EPA allows exemptions to industries facing technical challenges to finding alternatives, e.g. medical inhalers.
- 35. Key Achievements Truly global participation Elimination of ozone depleting substances Healing the ozone layer Supporting the developing countries High rates of compliance Health benefits Climate change benefits Global recognition 2010 phase out milestone
- 36. Achievements It has been adopted and implemented world wide. The two treaties have been ratified by 197 states and the European Union making them the most widely ratified treaties in United Nations history.
- 37. Benefits It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.
- 38. What if there were no Montreal Protocol?? No CFC ban There would have been 50% ozone layer depletion in northern hemisphere, 70% in southern hemisphere, by 2050. 130 million more cases of cataracts; 19 million more cases of non-melanoma skin cancer; 1.5 million more cases of melanoma skin cancer. Which would overall cost $4.2 trillion.
- 39. Thank you let's make earth a better place to live in