Ch 10 and 11 part 5
- 1. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than those of the upper limbs. • These muscles can be divided into three groups • Muscles that move the thigh • Muscles that move the leg • Muscles that move the foot and toes
- 2. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Thigh • Originate on the pelvis; many are large and powerful • Four groups • Gluteal group • Lateral rotator group • Adductor group • Iliopsoas group
- 3. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Thigh • The gluteal group • Gluteus maximus • Posterior extension at the hip • Gluteus medius • Abduction at the hip • Gluteus minimus • Abduction at the hip • Tensor fasciae latae • Abduction at the hip
- 4. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I Gluteal Group Lateral Rotator Group Iliac crest Sacrum Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Gracilis Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris (long head) Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Greater trochanter of femur Iliotibial tract Posterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of the gluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view of the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19. a
- 5. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Thigh • The lateral rotator group • Obturators • Lateral rotation and abduction of hip • Piriformis • Lateral rotation and abduction of hip • Gemelli • Lateral rotation and abduction of hip • Quadratus femoris • Lateral rotation of hip
- 6. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I Gluteal Group Lateral Rotator Group Iliac crest Sacrum Piriformis Superior gemellus Obturator internus Inferior gemellus Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Gracilis Adductor magnus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris (long head) Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Greater trochanter of femur Iliotibial tract Posterior view of pelvis showing deep dissections of the gluteal muscles and lateral rotators. For a superficial view of the gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2, 11.18, and 11.19. a
- 7. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Thigh • The adductor group • Adductor longus • Adduction and medial rotation at the hip • Adductor magnus • Adduction at the hip • Pectineus • Flexion and adduction at the hip • Gracilis • Flexion and medial rotation at the knee • Adduction and medial rotation at the hip
- 8. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I Lateral Rotator Group Iliopsoas Group Adductor Group Psoas major Iliacus Piriformis Obturator internus Obturator externus Inguinal ligament L5 Adductor magnus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Pectineus Gracilis Sartorius (see Table 11.8) Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d
- 9. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Thigh • The iliopsoas group • Iliacus • Flexion at the hip • Psoas major • Flexion at the hip
- 10. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16d Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part I Lateral Rotator Group Iliopsoas Group Adductor Group Psoas major Iliacus Piriformis Obturator internus Obturator externus Inguinal ligament L5 Adductor magnus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Pectineus Gracilis Sartorius (see Table 11.8) Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group.d
- 11. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles That Move the Thigh
- 12. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P Flix: Gluteus Maximus
- 13. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P Flix: Iliopsoas
- 14. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Leg • Extensors of the knee (collectively called the quadriceps femoris) • Vastus intermedius • Extends the leg • Vastus lateralis • Extends the leg • Vastus medialis • Extends the leg • Rectus femoris • Extends the leg • Flexion at the hip
- 15. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.18b Muscles That Move the Leg, Anterior Views Femoral nerve Inguinal ligament Pubic tubercle Femoral vein Femoral artery Anterior superior iliac spine Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Extensors of the Knee Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Iliotibial tract Sartorius Quadriceps tendon Patella Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Diagrammatic anterior view of the superficial muscles of the right thigh b
- 16. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Leg • Flexors of the knee • Biceps femoris • Flexes the leg • Extension at the hip • Semimembranosus • Flexes the leg • Semitendinosus • Flexes the leg • The biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are collectively called the hamstrings
- 17. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.19b Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views Adductor magnus Gracilis Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Biceps femoris, long head Semitendinosus Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Sartorius Tibial nerve Popliteal artery (red) and vein (blue) Medial head of gastrocnemius Lateral head of gastrocnemius Posterior view of superficial muscles of the right thigh b Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Gluteal aponeurosis over gluteus medius Iliac crest
- 18. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Leg • Flexors of the knee • Sartorius • Allows crossing of the lower leg • Popliteus • Flexes the leg
- 19. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.19d Muscles That Move the Leg, Posterior Views Sartorius Gracilis Biceps femoris, short head Hamstrings Semitendinosus Biceps femoris, long head Semimembranosus Sartorius Popliteus Deep muscles of the posterior thigh d
- 20. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.21a Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views Pubic symphysis Sacrum Gluteus maximus Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Patella Gastrocnemius, medial head Medial view of the muscles of the right thigh a
- 21. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.21b Muscles That Move the Leg, Medial and Lateral Views Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Sartorius Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris, long head Biceps femoris, short head Semimembranosus Patella Plantaris Patellar ligament Lateral view of the muscles of the right thigh b
- 22. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P Flix: Vastus Lateralis
- 23. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P Flix: Biceps Femoris
- 24. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. A&P Flix: Sartorius
- 25. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles of the foot and toes • Muscles that originate on the distal end of the femur or on the tibia or fibula but yet move the foot and toes • Intrinsic muscles of the toes • Muscles that originate on some aspect of the foot but yet move the toes
- 26. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles that move the foot • Dorsiflexor • Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexion of the foot
- 27. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Patella Iliotibial tract Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Dorsiflexors Fibularis longus Tibia Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibula Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Inferior extensor retinaculum Anterior views showing superficial and deep muscles of the right leg a
- 28. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles that move the foot • Plantar flexors • Gastrocnemius: plantar flexion of the foot • Fibularis brevis: eversion of the foot • Fibularis longus: eversion of the foot • Plantaris: plantar flexion • Soleus: plantar flexion • Tibialis posterior: inversion of the foot
- 29. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.22a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views Plantaris Plantar Flexors Gastrocnemius, medial head Gastrocnemius, lateral head Soleus Plantaris Popliteus Soleus Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Calcaneal tendon Calcaneus Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the leg; those large muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion. a
- 30. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views Head of fibula Tibialis posteriorTibialia posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior view of deeper muscles of the leg. c Plantar Flexors Digital Flexors
- 31. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Head of fibula Lateral head of gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Soleus Fibularis brevis Extensor digitorum longus Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Inferior extensor retinaculum Calcaneal tendon Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Lateral view of the superficial muscles of the right leg b Figure 11.24b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Medial and Lateral Views
- 32. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs • Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes • Extrinsic muscles that move the toes • Digital flexors and extensors • Flexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 2–5 • Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the hallux • Extensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 2–5 • Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the hallux
- 33. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Posterior Views Head of fibula Tibialis posteriorTibialia posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of fibularis brevis Tendon of fibularis longus Posterior view of deeper muscles of the leg. c Plantar Flexors Digital Flexors
- 34. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.23a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Anterior View Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Patella Iliotibial tract Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Tibialis anterior Fibularis longus Dorsiflexors Fibularis longus Tibia Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibula Superior extensor retinaculum Lateral malleolus Inferior extensor retinaculum Anterior views showing superficial and deep muscles of the right leg a