C&H 2 Final Project

am
ARCHITECTURE MALAYSIA
WISMA ANGKASAPURI
R T
M
ARC 60203 / ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II / PROJECT 2 : REPORT / TAYLOR’S LAKESIDE UNIVERSITY
Lee Yet Yee 0322328
Lee Kylie 0326655
Lau Hui Ming 0323827
Kyla Ellana Nazrin Diego 0322409
TUTOR: PN.NORHAYATI

3
C O N T E N T
INTRODUCTION
SITE CONTEXT
ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT
ARCHITECTURE STYLE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,
STRUCTURE & MATERIALS
ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS
CONCLUSION
LIST OF REFERENCES
BY . LEE KYLIE
BY . KYLA ELLANA
BY . LAU HUI MING
BY . LEE YET YEE
4 - 5 6 - 11
12 - 15
16 - 21
22 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 43
44 - 45

4
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Angkasapuri is the main governmental
building for Malaysia's Ministry of
Information. It is the headquarter of
Wisma Radio Television Malaysia where it
is the main iconic building of the area.
The building incorporates international
modern style with a twist where the
implementation of local influences are
applied in designing the building. It
embraces the Malaysian culture which
characterised the building itself to be
special and unique compared to the
other buildings built during the post-
independence period.
F A S T F A C T S
G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N
B U I L D I N G N A M E
B U I L T Y E A R
L O C A T I O N
A R C H I T E C T
Wisma Radio Television
Malaysia
Modernism Period 1968
Pantai Dalam, Kuala Lumpur
Ronald Pratt ( BEP Architect )

5
H I S T O R Y
A R C H I T E C T
The history of radio in Malaya began in the year 1921 when an electrical
engineer from the Johor Government, A.L. Birch, brought the first radio
set into the country. Then in the early 50's, broadcasting activities in
Malaya were carried out at a temporary studio located in Jalan Young
which is known as Jalan Cenderasari nowadays in Kuala Lumpur. The
studio was then moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur during the
year 1956. At the year 1963, television services were introduced which
brings about the rapid development of broadcasting. Broadcast
operations moved their office to Angkasapuri Complex which began its
telecast on 6th October 1969. Rangkaian Satu the first channel,
encouraged the second channel to be established on 17th November
1969.
Expeditious development in broadcasting for both radio and television
began after moving to Angkasapuri. On 20th June 1975, Radio Muzik was
launched which provides entertainment in the form of songs which
covers listeners of all ages. 1st April 1996 marked RTM's 50 years
anniversary and 2 years later, (1998 ) world class sporting events were
brought to Kuala Lumpur where the International Broadcasting Centre
(IBC) became the centre of broadcasting excellence during the
Commonwealth games and RTM is the Host Broadcaster.
TV Malaysia started its early telecast on 1st March 1994. TV2, The Golden
Channel, later followed by launching "Moving On Two" in December
1996. At 1995, RTM's website was formed and launched by the Prime
Minister, Dato' Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamed which enables listeners to tune
to the TV and Radio stations via the Internet.
The architect in charge of the design of Wisma Angkasapuri is Ronald Pratt from BEP Arkitek -
Booty and Edward’s Partnership. However, a Canadian architecture and engineering consulting
firm is involved where Nicholas James Pappas and his associates is in charge in designing the
building as well as the equipments and facilities needed for broadcasting. The design approach
of the building focuses more on the function than the form which encourages the form to be
majorly affected and influence by the function. Therefore , the equipments and facilities were
first designed then the designed came in later. Today, the Pappas organisation is in charge of a
wide range of construction departments which travels across the globe including Malaysia.
2004 - Now
1963
1969
1978
1987
1957

6
S I T E C O N T E X T A N A L Y S I S
Accessibility in this context is how reachable the building
is. In this analysis, accessibility is measured by options of
transportation and highway routes. The most popular
forms of transportation in the city of Kuala Lumpur, where
the RTM building is located in, are road vehicles and
public transport namely the train.
The following diagram illustrates the entry point and the accessible routes to the Angkasapuri
compound, which houses the RTM building.
The Angkasapuri compound is bounded by two major highways
Federal Highway (north side) and the
New Pantai Expressway, NPE (east side)
B U I L D I N G A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

7
An alternative way to arrive at the RTM building would be to take the
KTM Komuter. This is because there is a KTM station located within walking
distance from the building. Based on google maps, the duration taken to
walk from the Angkasapuri KTM station to the destination only takes
about 9 minutes.
The diagram shows the KTM Komuter route
map in relation to the Angkasapuri
station.
Source: Land Public Transport Commission
ANGKASAPURI KTM STATION
Located right opposite the main
entrance of the Angkasapuri compound
leading to Wisma RTM
Connected over the NPE via an
overhead pedestrian bridge

8
Wisma RTM is a prominent
administrative office building
w h e r e h u n d r e d s o f
employees frequent every
day. To accommodate to
the various needs of the
people visitingthe building,
several facilities are placed
surrounding the wisma.
R E L A T I O N S H I P O F W I S M A R T M T O S U R R O U N D I N G S
The diagram shows the important buildings and facilities within the Angkasapuri
compound.

9
C O M P A R I S O N W I T H S U R R O U N D I N G B U I L D I N G S
Similarities:
International style of architecture
Echoes the surrounding structure in
terms of the international style of
architecture.
Circulation atop the compound :
Linear spatial sequence
Encompasses all the buildings and
facilities within the vicinity of Wisma RTM
R E S P O N S E T O C L I M A T E
Effective shading using louvers
Wisma RTM is not only shaded on
the facade but also on either
sides facing direct sunlight.
As part of its unique architectural
style, spade-like louvers are
installed.
These louvers provide effective
shading to the building’s internal
space.
Buildings as Blockage
Wisma Radio is placed in such a
way that it partially blocks sunlight
during sunrise rom Wisma RTM
Strategic placement of building
Direction of sunlight is favourable
Wisma RTM faces north, away
from the immediate direction of
sunlight

10
C A S E S T U D Y C O M P A R I S O N
Basic information
Name: King Fahad National Library
Location: Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Client: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Architect: Gerber Architekten
Construction: 2008 - 2013
Completion: November 2013

A R C H I T E C T U R A L L A Y O U T
Two buildings are connected
by the entrance hall ; 10 Storey
Administration Block and 3
storey Television House.
A D M I N I S T R A T I O N B L O C K
Located on the right side of the building
from the entrance hall. There are stairs
and 3 elevators visible from the entrance
floor, connecting every 10 floors in the
building. The purpose of these stairs are
to fulfil the fire escape requirements, and
these stairs can be found on the end of
the building and the other one are found
opposite the elevator.
To provide a maximum flexibility for
subdivision into standard government
sizes of private, semi-private and general
offices, this is where the seven floors are
designed for those purposes.
Providing all standard of offices, each
floors are co-ordinated with ceilings, air-
conditionings and lightings so that
partitions that are able to reassemble
can be constructed in any number on
predetermined locations. However,
whole level of floor may be left
unpartitioned or fully partitioned with
equal economic usage of space while
s a m e l e v e l o f l i g h t i n g a n d a i r -
conditioning are maintained.
1 2

1 3
E N T R A N C E H A L L
Recognized by its barrel-
vaulted roof, the entrance
hall is a connecting link to
the administration block and
the television block. It’s main
purpose serves as a meeting
point for visitors and a
starting point to tour through
the television house with fully
equipped as a studio in the
Centre for telecasting
interviews with visitors.
The entrance hall is a 2
storey building with air-
conditioning and the first
floor suspended with bridge
that connects the two main

1 4
T E L E V I S I O N H O U S E
Hierarchy
The elevation viewing from the
entrance hall shows the hierarchy
of each buildings where the
administration block placed on top
of hill with its unique and iconic
design facing the busy highway,
the entrance hall with its unique
facade and roof, the barrel- vault
which functions to provide natural
lighting and serves as a transition
between two buildings of different
departments. The Television House
may not have a significant exterior
design besides, simple patterns
vertically arranged. However, it is
tall enough to house studios.
O R G A N I Z A T I O N A N A L Y S I S

1 5
Locating on the south
of the Administration
Block is the Television
House. It consist of 3
floors with space within
organized according to
its needs. To allow
better pathing within
t h e s p a c e , e a c h
d e p a r t m e n t s a r e
separated by wide
corridors.

A R C H I T E C T U R E S T Y L E
1 6
H I S T O R Y O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T Y L E
The specific style adopted by Wisma RTM building is
International Style. International style has started in the
early of 1920s to begin the modern architecture. During
1920s, this style has mainly develop to Germany, Holland
and France before spread to America. With the founders
Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson a modern
movement in architecture has started in Europe.
International Style was suitable to the skyscraper
architecture. It seems like "modern" look, zero decoration
and use of steel and glass which has become synonymous
with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70. It
also became the important style of 20th century
architecture for institutional and commercial building,
schools and churches. Side view of Wisma RTM building
-Picture taken by Yet Yee (23/11/16)
In addition, the International Style having
a huge argument between some
architects at the beginning of the 20th
century. It was because this has to
neutral, functional style, without any of
the decorative features of historical
architecture. Then, the modern buildings
should also reflect a clear harmony
between appearance, function, and
technology for the future. Le Corbusier
(1887) had said that “To create
architecture is to put in order. Put what in
order? Function and objects.”
There are some common characteristics
of International Style. Firstly, the building is
in flat and doesn’t have much ornament.
Second, it usually used bright colour and
which is in white colour. Third, it mainly
used concrete, steel and glass as
construction materials. Fourth, the
repetition can be shown throughout the
arrangement of windows and doors. Fifth,
it has opened interior space.

1 7
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F I N T E R N A T I O N A L S T Y L E
Although Wisma RTM building was built in International
Style , it has adopted by local climate and cultural
influence. In the middle of 18 century, local architect
have make an effort to convey Malaysia identity into
architecture by using structures and elements of
traditional architecture. Most building in the KL in the
post-independence period using strong symbolism
and boldness to create a national image. Therefore,
RTM Building play an important role to reflect Malaysia
characteristics and also national identity.
Here are some features of Wisma RTM building. Firstly,
it has flat roof which is the common symbol of
modernism in this century. Second, it has
asymmetrical floor plan and façade. It has
rectangular geometric form. It contains horizontal
glass with curtain. Its design has clean lines and very
functional because it is used for government working
purpose. Therefore there is almost absence
ornamentation and decoration. It has lots of repetitive
elements such as shading panels. However, the
design also need to suit the local climate and
environment. Unlike Western style, they mostly used
glass or steel for building façade which doesn’t seen
in Wisma RTM building. There is less transparency to
shade the sunlight towards interior.
This is the view of Wisma RTM building.
-Picture taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)

1 8
L O C A L I N F L U E N C E A N A L Y S I S
When accessing the staircase area
there are the strip openings behind the
sun shading device. The small openings
are used to provide of ventilation and
natural sunlight through the staircase.
The repetitive element of shading panel. The
shading devices become a key element to
define the building’s architectural identity. It is
dubbed as a mimicry of the shape of pineapple
skin, but some people said it also looks like one of
the Dayak tribal shield.
Another repetitive element also
can be found on the exterior of
lobby building. The barrel vault
roof is located in the entrance of
lobby. The curved shape has
replace the boring flat roof. This
h a s b e c o m e o n e o f t h e
significant style of the building.
U s e d t o r e d u c e s u n l i g h t
penetrates inside the space.
Provide maximize the cooling
effect to the building. It can
block the sun glare entering the
interior.
The façade shape is arranged uniformly.
-Picture taken by Yet Yee 06/11/16
Zoom in of Shading panel
Image of Dayak Tribal Shield
-Picture taken from Pinterest (2013)

1 9
The ornament under the
c u r v e d s h e l l i s f o r
decoration purpose. The
metal frame that attach
the middle of the roof had
repetitive in different size
which has given shielding
effect to interior. It give an
attraction and pleasant
look. From the interior view
t o o u t s i d e v i e w h a s
blocked by it. It also
provide light and shadow
purpose when the sunlight
pass through.
The view from lobby and behind the lobby.
- Picture taken by Yet Yee (06/11/16)
There is a lot of repetitive circular shape but in different size.
-Taken by Christine (06/11/16)
The staircase can be found behind the lobby
-Picture taken by Christine (23/11/16)

20
In the main entrance of Wisma RTM
building, there are some Malay wood
carvings before entering the interior
s p a c e . I t h a s a d a p t e d t h e
philosophical meaning of peaceful
environment. This elements has
contemporary with the building to
make a unique identity of the
traditional Malay design.
As the symbolic of Islamic country
Wisma RTM building also combine
with Islamic architecture pattern in
certain area. Islamic architecture
also well spread in Malaysia since
most of Malaysian are Muslims. The
local flora also influence from Islamic
ornamentation. The pathway is
located behind the lobby once pass
by the counter area. Only staff
members can access the area. It
decorated with Malay culture
elements on the simple arches.
The Malay element wood carvings has attached
on the door and office counter as decoration
These are some detail of Islamic ornamentation. It is beautifully
design with floral patterns.
View of pathway behind the lobby. It can be easily identify by the
floral pattern carvings.
-Picture taken by Christine (23/11/16)

2 1
International Building with International Style
The building which I would like to compare with
RTM building is King Fahad National Library. It was
designed by Gerber Architekten. Its façade look
similar as RTM building which means that it has
interesting façade that can attract people
attention. It also has repetitive form and also used
as ventilation and shading purpose.
King Fahad National Library located in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was completed
in November 2013. This project is important
for urban development in the country. Its
design functions as the main head to
accelerate behind the urban development.
They also need to rearrange the city. At first
it is quite challenging for the architect to
design within the existing building and
express with Arabian culture. In addition, the
façade is also part of the art technology.
Side & Front view of King Fahad National Library.
- Picture taken from Arch Daily (2014)
SIMILARITIES
DIFFERENCES

B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N
2 2
C O N C R E T E
S T R U C T U R E & M A T E R I A L S
C U R V E S H E L L R O O F
S U N S H A D I N G PA N E L S
-Taken by Hui Ming (23/11/16)
Concrete is shaped into
curve structure form.
- BY LAU HUI MING
One of the main materials
used to construct Wisma RTM
building is reinforced concrete
which is one of the dominant
materials used by modernism.
It is widely used because it is
cheap and durable compare
to other building construction
materials. It also can be easily
pre-fabricated and mass
produced. The concrete is
reinforced to improve the
concrete’s weak tensile
strength.
Detail of reinforce concrete
The sun shading panels is used
pre-cast concrete “shield-
like” form to be installed at
the façade. It attach to the
reinforcement bar for the
structure to sit on it.
Shading panels of Wisma RTM building.
Joint details of shading panels.

2 3E X T E R I O R WA L L
Exterior wall is constructed by
using brick. It is a unit composed
to clay and in rectangular
shape. Brick is one of the
components of durable masonry
construction in which uniformly
shaped individual units are laid in
courses with mortar and act as
binding materials. They consist of
high mass materials with. It has
good compressive strength
formed into units. Brick can lifted
and handled by a single worker.
A L U M I N I U M S T R I P C E I L I N G
Brick construction detail.
- BY LEE KYLIE
Strip suspended ceiling description:
Advantage:
Different sound-absorbing cloth
meet different requirement
Function: Acoustical, Fireproof,
Waterproof, Washable, Light reflect
Surface color can be stable for
12-20 years
Flexible suspension system makes
each ceiling tile easily installed and
Surface smooth and easy cleaning
- aluminium strip ceiling is used as the
outdoor ceiling of Wisma RTM

2 4
G Y P S U M B O A R D C E I L I N G
Gypsum board is the generic name for a
family of panel products that consist of a
noncombustible core, composed primarily
of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the
face, back and long edges. Gypsum board
is one of several building materials covered
by the umbrella term “gypsum panel
products.”
The diagram illustrates the construction and
installation details
W O O D C A R V I N G S
On the interior space of the building, mainly the
lobby area is where designed Malay elements of
wood carvings can be found. The lobby has the
most hottest spot for human circulation.
Therefore, more ornamentations were placed in
the lobby. This also serves as a welcoming space
as for visitors would be fascinated by its detailed
and significant carvings. Malay ornamentation
can usually be distinguished by the carvings of
floral patterns where it was inspired by local
florals and influenced by islamic ornamentation.
- BY KYLA

2 5
Interior walls of the building were mostly
made up of timber with certain thickness. As
a broadcasting building, the walls were built
to considerate sound filtration, preventing
disturbance to or from any rooms. Therefore, it
function to insulate the sound system for
privacy purposes.
W O O D F I N I S H E S

2 6
T I L E S - BY LEE YET YEE
C E R A M I C T I L E S
Ceramic tiles are used as the paving material for the
walkway from the main entrance of Angkasapuri to the main
building- Wisma RTM. It also can be seen at the landscape
area right before the entrance of the main building. Both
area made use of unglazed ceramic which has slip resistant
as the surface is rougher compared to the glazed tiles. In
addition, unglazed ceramic tiles are resistant to scratch
which is very easy to maintain as it only requires simple
cleaning. Moisture resistant is one of the major benefit of
ceramic tiles therefore it is vastly suitable to be used as the
flooring for the outdoor area as it is exposed to rain water.
Ceramic tiles used for the floorings of the walkway which leads to the building and the landscape area.
-Source: Lee Yet Yee (2016)
Besides being used as flooring material, ceramic tiles are
also wisely used on the wall of the building as well as
designed framings for the windows. The ceramic tile used
are blue in colour where it is glazed after an additional firing
process in kiln which adds a layer of liquid glass to the
surface of the tiles. Glazed ceramic tiles are good stain
resistant as it has an additional top coat to protect the
surface of the tile. The size of blue ceramic tiles can be
commonly seen in swimming pools or as flooring for toilets.
Instead of using mere blue ceramic tiles, black ceramic tiles
are incorporated to form a simple yet interesting design on
the walls.
Blue ceramic tiles used on wall
Blue ceramic tiles as framings for windows
Black ceramic tiles form a square for design purposes

2 7
T E R R A Z Z O T I L E S
Most of the tiles used for the interior
part are glazed Terrazzo tiles. It is widely
used during the late 19th century and
20th century. Terrazzo tile are
aesthetically appealing to the eye as it
has a idiosyncratic appearance where
the composition could be visible. It has
a grainy appearance where tiny bits of
gravels could be seen. This is due to the
composition of terrazzo tiles which
consist of ground up particles like
granite, marble or quartz.
Terrazzo tiles are widely used due to its
durability as it uses the same polymer
which binds all the composition
together compared to concrete. Thus
achieve extreme durability which can
withstand great load. Furthermore, it is
easy to maintain as the surface of the
tiles are sealed compactly which
prevents chemical elements from
entering that could stain the tiles.
Terrazzo tiles used as the material for interior flooring

2 8
Stones are used as the material for
outdoor pavements which can be
seen in the courtyard area, walkway
and retaining wall. Terra cotta
cobble stones are used for the
courtyard area where it provides a
sense of sturdiness. It is arranged to
create a repetitive semi-circular fan
shape which enhances the are by its
rhythmic appearance. Cobble
stones are very durable and able to
last for a few decades despite being
exposed to extreme temperature
changes. It is maintenance-free and
only need minimal cleaning efforts.
Therefore it is suitable to be used at
the courtyard as it is open to the
weather.
P A V I N G S
S T O N E
Clay brick pavers are used at the
walkway next to the entrance of the
main building. Clay gives out an earthy
appeal which causes it to be a perfect
material for outdoor pavements. Clay
bricks comes in many shapes and
colours. Octagon shaped clay bricks
with a designed arrangement
consisting of both red and grey colour
is used for the walkway.
C L AY B R I C K

2 9
F L A G S T O N E
Flagstones are used to build a
retaining structure which
gradually increase in inclination
along with the stairs.

A R C H I T E C T U R A L E L E M E N T S
C O M P O N E N T S A N A L Y S I S
F A C A D E
&
30
The shading panels are made from pre-
cast concrete where it is designed to
look like the dorsal view of a horseshoe
shell crab, where it consist of
cephalothorax and abdomen part with
an additional telson at the end. It also
resembles a shield The concrete panel
structure creates a contemporary
ambience to the building where the
material itself is reduced to its bare
essential without any furnishing touches.
The rawness of the texture and colour of
the concrete is perfectly celebrated by
appreciating the very true nature of
concrete itself. Beside shading the
building from direct sunlight, these
panels act as grilles which provides
protection and at the same time
improve the ventilation of the building.
A discreet view and vistas is also
created through these panels where
only certain view is visible where it act
as a visual barrier to block away
unwanted sights.
The main feature of the building is the repetition of shading
panels on all facades of the building. The usage of
horseshoe crab shell like shading panels makes the building
stands out from the other contextual building which
creates a different ambience. The aesthetic value of the
building is elevated to be visually pleasing and satisfying
but at the same time, functional. These panels provides
sufficient shading to the building which suits the weather
and climate in Malaysia - tropical rainforest climate which
is usually hot and humid throughout the year.
Horseshoe shell crab
Traditional
Dayak Shield
Facade of Wisma RTM building with the usage of horseshoe shell crab shaped sun-shading panels.
-Source : Lee Yet Yee ( 2016 )

3 1R O O F
The roof located at the entrance hall is also
one of the significant element which
creates a harmonious contrast with the
main facade of the building. Due to
environmental factors, the roof is designed
to be a barrel vaulted roof so as to limit the
heat from the sun as well as prevent glare
from reaching the window. Harmonious
contrast is created between the roof and
the facade of the building as the design
principle - repetition is used in both
features.
Repetition can be again seen through the design
of circular metal framing which consist of circles in
2 different sizes, repeated in a vertical axis where it
achieves symmetry in design.These circular metal
frame act as an ornamentation to the barrel
vaulted roof where it creates different view from
the exterior and interior of that particular area of
the building. On the other hand, it also limit the
light penetration through the building and creates
a pattern of light and shadow when sunlight
passes through the circular openings.
The barrel vaulted roof which portrays an
organic and dynamic form it breaks the
dullness of the flat roof of the entire building. It
provides a new spatial experience where
curved shape is introduced in the building. A
contrast in shape and form can be visually
seen through the exterior of the building when
walking through the walkway. This reflects the
potential in modern architecture where rigid
and dynamic form can be designed to fit in a
same building in achieving a harmonious and
visually pleasing contrast. The viewer’s eyes is
enlightened as there is a change in form which
happens to be unexpected.
Aluminium circular openings which act ac an ornamentation to the
barrel vaulted roof
Barrel vaulted roof of the building
Harmonious contrast between the barrel vaulted roof and flat roof

C E I L I N G
3 2
The barrel vault ceiling of the main hall
creates happens to form a clerestory.
T h i s a l l o w s v i e w e r t o h a v e a
pleasurable spatial experience due to
the high ceilings which indirectly
creates a spacious feeling. A huge
amount of natural lighting enters from
the openings of the barrel vaulted roof
where it creates a majestic ambience
when viewing from the interior as the
sunlight shines its way through the
openings of the entrance hall.
Chandeliers are hung form the ceiling
for decoration purposes as the
amount of natural light is sufficient to
brighten up the main hall. Therefore
the use of artificial light is not needed
when the sunlight shines through the
building from morning till evening.
Barrel vaulted ceilings formed due to the shape of the roof

3 3
W A L L S
The main building consists of areas like
theatre rooms, recording rooms,
broadcasting room and etc. Each of
t h e s e a r e a s a r e s e p a r a t e d b y
soundproofed stud walls with timber
finishes. The timber walls not only act as a
partition to indicate different spaces with
their respective functions but also act as
a sound insulation device where sound
from the exterior would not cause
disturbance to the ongoing activities in
each spaces.
Interiors walls which act as an indication and separation of spaces

3 4
F E N E S T R A T I O N
Openings are designed to be in a grid-like arrangement where the
repetition of geometric shape can be seen. These grid-like openings
are located along the stairway which serves as a single vertical
circulation for the whole building. The purpose of the openings are to
provide ventilation purposes which allow air flow from the exterior to
the stairway and vice versa. Despite being a stairway that is located
beside the exit which is not visible from the main spaces, the openings
are designed to enhance the aesthetic value of the user experience
when using the stairs.
The walls are painted in white but
the inner part of the openings are
purposely painted in orange. This
has immediately meliorate the
humdrum ambience of the
stairway with the play of light and
shadow as well as the bright and
plainness in colour when the light
rays shine through the openings.
Openings at the stairway which allows ventilation

3 5
C I R C U L A T I O N - S T A I R S
Terrazzo, a material used specifically for
flooring consisting of either marble chip or
granite set in concrete and polished to
achieve a smooth and unadorned surface is
used in the design of the stairs in the building.
It was adapted in Art Deco’s design concept
which represents the characteristic of
international style in neo-classical theme.
However, floor tiles were used for the steps of
the stairs for the ground floor and first floor.
The replacement of tiles over terrazzo is due
to the change of interior of the space where
it has to suit the contemporary style of the
surrounding.
In contempt of the rigid geometric shapes
used for the openings for the stairway, the
openings on the facade of the courtyard is
designed to be peculiar. The windows are
designed with a border made of ceramic
tiles. For the interior facade of the courtyard,
the window is designed to be in a pentagon
shape whereas for the exterior, the
rectangular shaped window is wrapped by
an oval border. Contrast in shape could be
seen through the openings which creates
different visual experience for the viewers.
Designed windows which incorporate geometric shapes
Terrazzo tiles used for the steps of the stairs
Tiled stairs used for the ground floor and 1st floor

3 6
O R N A M E N T A T I O N S
Devoid of ornamentations is one of the elements that
reflects the international style. However, during the mid
18th century, traditional architecture is implanted into the
design of buildings elements by local architects where a
character and identify could be recognised. Therefore,
wood carvings are used at the entrances, borders on walls
and doors. The ornamentations are based on floral
patterns and the influence of Islamic ornamentations. A
Malaysian traditional aspect is added to the building which
separates the building from other common international
style buildings.
Ornamentations could be found around the courtyard
where Islamic motifs were implied. There are two wide
classifications of Islamic art which are the interlacing of
patterns namely arabesque and girih. Arabesque is a
manifestation of artistic decoration which consists of
rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing of floral
patterns. This could be seen at the ornamentation used for
the wood carvings. However, unlike the wood carvings, the
courtyard portrayed a different style of Islamic
ornamentations which is called girih. Girih is the opposite of
arabesque as it is made up of geometric line to form
interlaced ornamentations.
Wood carvings on the walls which reflects the Malaysian culture

A same theme of geometric patterns are used for the ornamentations at the courtyard.
The geometric lines are interlaced into star patterns. They tend to be rigidly geometric in
design, and feature star-shaped polygonal regions. According to Craig S. Kaplan (2009),
there is no precise definition of an Islamic star pattern. In fact, the start act as a symbol
that epitomise Islam. Cyril Glassé in his The New Encyclopaedia of Islam (2001 edition,
s.v. "Moon") states that "in the language of conventional symbols, the crescent and star
have become the symbols of Islam as much as the cross is the symbol of Christianity. The
star shape is not only used on the ornamentation but as the shape for the water feature
and flooring of the courtyard area which fully embrace the traits of Islam.
3 7
Islamic motifs of geometric star shape incorporated in grills and floorings.

3 8
C A S E S T U D Y C O M P A R I S O N
G E N E R A L I N F O R M A T I O N
Building : King Fahad National Library
Location : Saudi Arabia, capital Riyadh
Architect : Gerber Architekten
Completion Year : 2013
The King Fahad National Library, plays a prominent role
as a manifestation of cultural buildings in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. The design celebrates and embrace the
Arabian culture where the existing building is remained
with an additional cuboid-structured building encloses
the existing one in it.
S I M I L A R I T I E S
Architectural Style
International Modern
Form
Design Principle - Facade
Facade Concept
Cuboid
Influence
Localised
Malaysian & Arabian
culture
Application of Sun
Shading Structures
Repetition

3 9D I F F E R E N C E S
Facade
RTM King Fahad National Library
Horseshoe crab shell
like shading panels
Cladding of rhomboid
textile awnings
Composition of Building
Open courtyard In
the center
Encloses building in
the center
Light Penetration
Barrel Vaulted Roof
Sky light
Ceiling
Interior Space
Ornamentations
Barrel Vaulted
Flat & High
Complex Spacious
Wood Carvings, Grills
Devoid of
Ornamentations

Wisma Radio Television Malaysia, an iconic
building of Angkasapuri as well as a
representation of international modern style
has act as an eye opener for me. The
creativeness in designing every single aspect
of the building was put into serious
considerations. The building is designed not
only to be visually stunning but functional as
well. The application of local influences to the
building has marked the uniqueness and
character which represents our country,
Malaysia. I am veraciously astound by the
level of considerations in designing and
construction the building. Each part of the
building components like style, function,
ventilation, light penetration, ambience,
spatial experience and many more are taken
into deliberation so as to meet the
requirements of an international modern style
building. In addition, I have also gained
unfathomable knowledge and understanding
of the history of the building in relation to its
architecture style and building components.
Cultural aspects were integrated in the
elements of the building like wood carvings
and Islamic motifs which enhances the
ambience of the area. In a nutshell, I have
benefited through this project where I have
gained the awareness on the importance to
comprehend the architecture culture and
history which will aid and inspire future designs
and projects.
Lee Yet Yee
C O N C L U S I O N
4 0

This project has taught me a lot in terms of the
international modern architectural style and I
couldn’t be more grateful to have the
opportunity to widen my horizon this way.
Throughout the course of research, the
numerous site visits to Angkasapuri and the
compilation process, I have learned that
culture and history of architecture is more than
classroom theories and slideshows. The
essence of it can only be felt through self-
initiatives. Before embarking on this project I
personally have close to zero knowledge on
this module. However, with the combination of
helpful lectures and out-of-classrooms
activities, I have gained so much knowledge
on this particular subject. Also, with the help of
my group members, I have learned the
meaning of teamwork. In a nutshell, this
project has been a wholesome one for me.
Lee Kylie
4 1

This project has taught and gain mostly of my
knowledge about different architectural styles
and diagrams. It was a great opportunity to
learn the interesting architecture as well as its
materials of our chosen building. Nonetheless, i
am glad and thankful enough to be teamed
up with my wonderful group members and
hope we'll be as a group again in the future.
Kyla Diego
4 2

4 3
Throughout this project I have learnt more
about the international style of architecture.
International style has bring great effect to the
world. It is simple and modern which is totally
different from the historical architecture such
Greek, Roman, Gothic and Baroque. Malaysia
also adopted this kind of style after
independence. More and more modern
building were built on during the period.
However, it is quite challenge for local
architect to design an identity of Malaysia
building since we are a new country and live
in multicultural and multi-ethnic society.
Wisma RTM is one of the building which
successfully create an identity building in
Malaysia. I was impressed by its unique
façade. The inspiration of façade is come
from the Malay belangkas which mean shield.
In addition the façade is used for ventilation
and shading purpose. Wisma RTM has
adopted the essence of western architecture
and local influences as well as become one of
the landmark in Kuala Lumpur. The style and
component has become further study for
local architect too.
Lau Hui Ming

4 4
L I S T O F R E F E R E N C E S
Alexander, R. (2001). The importance of the Islamic star | the classroom. Retrieved
November 20, 2016, from http://classroom.synonym.com/importance-islamic-star-7798.html
ArchDaily. (2014, January 22). King Fahad national library / Gerber Architekten. Retrieved
November 24, 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-
gerber-architekten
Charlotte. (2015, January 12). The different characteristics of glazed and Unglazed tile.
Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://www.builddirect.com/learning-center/flooring/
characteristics-glazed-and-unglazed-tile/
J.s var. (2034, October 3). Clay Brick Pavers. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from
http://www.paversearch.com/brick-pavers-menu.htm
M. Wyles. (2015, May 19). Detailed 12 pointed geometric star creation Retrieved November
20, 2016, from https://mattwyles.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/detailed-12-pointed-
geometric-star-creation/
Papparelli, F. (2015, July 2). The advantages and disadvantages of terrazzo flooring -
practical do it yourself home and yard maintenance. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from,
http://papparelli.com/2015/07/02/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-terrazzo-flooring/
Unknown. (2016, December 4). Radio Television Malaysia. Retrieved November 20, 2016,
from About Us- Background, http://www.rtm.gov.my/en/about-us/background
Unknown. (2011, January 1). Networx. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from The Benefits of
Ceramic Tile, http://www.networx.com/article/ceramic-tile-benefits
S. Kaplan. (2009). Islamic star patterns. Retrieved November 25, 2016, from
http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/csk/projects/starpatterns/
By : Lee Yet Yee - Building Elements & Components

4 5
Angkasapuri final report. (2016). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 8 November 2016, from http://
www.slideshare.net/JeffOng9612/angkasapuri-final-report
Culture & History 2 (ARC 60203) - Project 2: Web Book. (2016). issuu. Retrieved 8 November
2016, from https://issuu.com/keehuipua/docs/final_3
International Style | architecture. (2016). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November
2016, from https://global.britannica.com/art/International-Style-architecture
King Fahad National Library / Gerber Architekten. (2016). ArchDaily. Retrieved 22 November
2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-gerber-
architekten
King Fahd National Library » Maffeis.it. (2016). Maffeis.it. Retrieved 22 November 2016, from
http://www.maffeis.it/our-projects/container/king-fahd-national-library/
Le Corbusier | The Father of “International Style” Design. (2016). Black Watch. Retrieved 25
November 2016, from https://42ndblackwatch1881.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/le-
corbusier-the-father-of-international-style-design/
King Fahad National Library - Gerber Architekten. (2016). Gerber Architekten. Retrieved 25
November 2016, from https://www.gerberarchitekten.de/en/project/king-fahad-national-
library/
Angkasapuri. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Angkasapuri
King Fahad National Library / Gerber Architekten. (2014). Retrieved November 27, 2016,
from http://www.archdaily.com/469088/king-fahad-national-library-gerber-architekten
King fahad national library by gerber architekten. (2016). Retrieved November 27, 2016,
from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/king-fahad-national-library-by-gerber-
architekten-01-19-2014/
KTM Komuter Route Map. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://
www.spad.gov.my/transport-operators/rail/ktm-komuter-route-map
By : Lau Hui Ming - Architecture Style
By : Lee Kylie - Site Context

Designed & Compiled By Lee Yet Yee

C&H 2 Final Project

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