Ch02 wrd12e instructor_final
- 1. ing lyz s na on A cti sa ran T r2 pt e ha C c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 2. Learning Objectives 1. Describe the characteristics of an account and a chart of accounts. 2. Describe and illustrate journalizing transactions using the double-entry accounting system. 3. Describe and illustrate the journalizing and posting of transactions to accounts. 4. Prepare an unadjusted trial balance and explain how it can be used to discover errors. 5. Describe and illustrate the use of horizontal analysis in evaluating a company’s performance and financial condition. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 3. Lear ning Obje Desc ctive r ibe the c acco ha u nt an d racte a cha ristics of an r t of acco unts. 1 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 4. Using Accounts to Record Transactions o Accounting systems are designed to show the increases and decreases in each accounting equation element as a separate record. This record is called an account. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 6. THE T ACCOUNT Title The T account has a title
- 7. THE T ACCOUNT Title The left side of the account is called the debit side.
- 8. THE T ACCOUNT Title Debit Credit The right side of the account is called the credit side.
- 9. THE T ACCOUNT Cash (a) (d) Debit Side of Account Balance 25,000 (b) 7,500 (e) (f) (h) 5,900 Balance of the account 20,000 3,650 950 2,000 Credit Side of Account
- 10. Chart of Accounts o A group of accounts for a business entity is called a ledger. o A list of the accounts in the ledger is called a chart of accounts. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 11. Chart of Accounts o Assets are resources owned by the business. Some examples of assets follow: Cash Supplies Accounts receivable Buildings Copyrights Trademarks Intangible assets c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 12. Chart of Accounts o Liabilities are debts owed to outsiders (creditors). Some examples of liabilities follow: Accounts payable Notes payable Wages payable Interest payable c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 13. Chart of Accounts o Stockholders’ equity is the stockholders’ right to the assets of the business after all liabilities have been paid. Stockholders’ equity is represented by the balance of the capital stock and retained earnings accounts. o A dividends account represents distributions of earnings to stockholders. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 14. Chart of Accounts o Revenues are increases in stockholders’ equity as a result of selling services or products to customers. Some examples of revenue accounts are: Fees earned Commission revenue Rent revenue c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 15. Chart of Accounts o The using up of assets or consuming services in the process of generating revenues results in expenses. Some examples of expenses follow: Wages expense Rent expense Miscellaneous expense c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 17. Lear ning Obje Desc ctive r ibe trans a nd illust actio ons u tr sing ate jour n the d a oubl lizing acco untin e-entry g sys tem. 2 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 18. Double-Entry Accounting System o All businesses use what is called the double- entry accounting system. This system is based on the accounting equation and requires: Every business transaction to be recorded in at least two accounts. The total debits recorded for each transaction to be equal to the total credits recorded. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 19. Balance Sheet Accounts o The debit and credit rules for balance sheet accounts are: c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 20. Income Statement Accounts o The debit and credit rules for income statement accounts are based on their relationship with stockholders’ equity. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 21. Dividends o The debit and credit rules for recording dividends are based on the effect of dividends on stockholders’ equity (retained earnings). c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 22. Normal Balances o The sum of the increases in an account is usually equal to or greater than the sum of the decreases in the account. Thus, the normal balance of an account is either a debit or a credit depending on whether increases in the account are recorded as debits or credits. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 23. RULES OF DEBIT AND CREDIT – NORMAL BALANCES OF ACCOUNTS
- 24. Normal Balances Increases (Normal Bal.) Decreases Balance sheet accounts: Asset Liability Stockholders’ Equity: Capital Stock Retained Earnings Income statement accounts: Revenue Expense Debit Credit Credit Debit Credit Credit Debit Debit Credit Debit Debit Credit
- 25. Transaction A o On November 1, Chris Clark deposited $25,000 in a bank account in the name of NetSolutions in exchange for capital stock. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 26. TRANSACTION A Step 2 Step 2 Step 3 Step 1 Step 3 Step 4 Assets Step 5 ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT = increase Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (investment) increase
- 27. Journalizing Journalizing requires the following steps: Step 1. The date of the transaction is entered in the Date column. Step 2. The title of the account to be debited is recorded at the left-hand margin under the Description column, and the amount to be debited is entered in the Debit column. Step 3. The title of the account to be credited is listed below and to the right of the debited account title, and the amount to be credited is entered in the Credit column. (continued) c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 28. Journalizing Step 4. A brief description may be entered below the credited account. Step 5. The Post. Ref. (Posting Reference) column is left blank when the journal entry is initially recorded. This column is used later when the journal entry amounts are transferred to the accounts in the ledger. (continued) c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 29. Journalizing o A transaction is initially entered in a record called a journal. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 30. Journalizing o A transaction is initially entered in a record called a journal. o The process of recording a transaction in the journal is called journalizing. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 31. Journalizing o A transaction is initially entered in a record called a journal. o The process of recording a transaction in the journal is called journalizing. o The entry in the journal is called a journal entry. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 32. Transaction B o On November 5, NetSolutions paid $20,000 for the purchase of land as a future building site. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 33. TRANSACTION B ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = Liabilities increase decrease + Stockholders’ Equity
- 34. Transaction C o On November 10, NetSolutions purchased supplies on account for $1,350. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 35. TRANSACTION C ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity increase
- 36. Transaction D o On November 18, NetSolutions received cash of $7,500 from customers for services provided. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 37. TRANSACTION D ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase
- 38. Transaction E o On November 30, NetSolutions incurred the following expenses: wages, $2,125; rent, $800; utilities, $450; and miscellaneous, $275. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 39. TRANSACTION E ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + All four expense accounts increase Stockholders’ Equity (Expense)
- 40. Transaction F o On November 30, NetSolutions paid creditors on account, $950. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 41. TRANSACTION F ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = Liabilities decrease decrease + Stockholders’ Equity
- 42. Transaction G o NetSolutions purchased $1,350 of supplies on November 10. Chris Clark determined that the cost of supplies on hand on November 30 was $550 or, stated another way, $800 in supplies had been used. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 43. TRANSACTION G ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 44. Transaction H o On November 30, NetSolutions paid $2,000 to stockholders (Chris Clark) as dividends. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 45. TRANSACTION H ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Dividends) increase
- 46. Lear ning Obje Desc ctive r ibe a nd illust and d po s tr ting ate jour n of tra a nsac lizing tions to acco unts. 3 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 47. Posting Journal Entries to Accounts o The process of transferring the debits and credits from the journal entries to the accounts is called posting. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 48. Posting Journal Entries to Accounts o On December 1, NetSolutions paid a premium of $2,400 for an insurance policy for liability, theft, and fire. The policy covers a one-year period. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 49. POSTING JOURNAL ENTRIES TO ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = Liabilities decrease increase + Stockholders’ Equity
- 50. Steps in Posting o Step 1. The date of the transaction is entered in the Date column of Prepaid Insurance. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 51. Steps in Posting o Step 2. The amount ($2,400) is entered in the Debit column of Prepaid Insurance. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 52. Steps in Posting o Step 3. The journal page number (2) is entered in the account’s Post. Ref. column. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 53. Steps in Posting o Step 4. The ledger account number (15) is entered in the journal’s Post. Ref. column. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 54. December Transactions o On December 1, NetSolutions paid rent for December, $800. The company from which NetSolutions is renting its store space now requires the payment of rent on the first of each month, rather than at the end of the month. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 55. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 56. December Transactions o On December 1, NetSolutions received an offer from a local retailer to rent the land purchased on November 5. o The retailer plans to use the land as a parking lot for its employees and customers. NetSolutions agreed to rent the land to the retailer for three months, with the rent payable in advance. o NetSolutions received $360 for three months’ rent beginning December 1. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 57. December Transactions o The liability created by receiving the cash in advance of providing the service is called unearned revenue. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 59. December Transactions o On December 4, NetSolutions purchased office equipment on account from Executive Supply Co. for $1,800. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 61. December Transactions o On December 6, NetSolutions paid $180 for a newspaper advertisement. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 62. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 63. December Transactions o On December 11, NetSolutions paid creditors $400. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 65. December Transactions o On December 13, NetSolutions paid a receptionist and a part-time assistant $950 for two weeks’ wages. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 66. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 67. December Transactions o On December 16, NetSolutions received $3,100 from fees earned for the first half of December. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 68. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase
- 69. December Transactions o Fees earned on account totaled $1,750 for the first half of December. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 70. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase
- 71. December Transactions o On December 20, NetSolutions paid $900 to Executive Supply Co. on the $1,800 debt owed from the December 4 transaction. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 73. December Transactions o On December 21, NetSolutions received $650 from customers in payment of their accounts. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 74. LO 3 DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = Liabilities increase decrease + Stockholders’ Equity
- 75. December Transactions o On December 23, NetSolutions paid $1,450 for supplies. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 77. December Transactions o On December 27, NetSolutions paid the receptionist and the part-time assistant $1,200 for two weeks’ wages. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 78. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 79. December Transactions o On December 31, NetSolutions paid its $310 telephone bill for the month. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 80. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 81. December Transactions o On December 31, NetSolutions paid its $225 electric bill for the month. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 82. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Expense) increase
- 83. December Transactions o On December 31, NetSolutions received $2,870 from fees earned for the second half of December. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 84. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase
- 85. December Transactions o On December 31, fees earned on account totaled $1,120 for the second half of December. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 86. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets increase = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue) increase
- 87. December Transactions o On December 31, paid dividends of $2,000. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 88. DECEMBER TRANSACTIONS ACCOUNTING EQUATION IMPACT Assets = decrease Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity (Dividends) increase
- 92. Lear ning Obje Prep ctive are a n un and adju ex s sted plain trial how bala it can be u nce disco se d t o ver e rrors . 4 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 93. Trial Balance o The equality of debits and credits in the ledger should be proved at the end of each accounting period by preparing a trial balance. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 95. Trial Balance Errors - Transposition o A transposition occurs when the order of the digits is changed by mistake, such as writing $542 as $452 or $524. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 96. Trial Balance Errors - Slide o In a slide, the entire number is moved one or more spaces to the right or the left by mistake, such as writing $542.00 as $54.20 or $97.50 as $975.00. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 97. Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance o If an error has already been journalized and posted to the ledger, a correcting journal entry is normally prepared. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 98. Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance o Another type of error is a posting error. o Assume that on May 5 a $12,500 purchase of office equipment on account was incorrectly journalized and posted as a debit to supplies and a credit to accounts payable for $12,500. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 99. Errors Not Affecting the Trial Balance o The entry to correct the error is: c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 100. Lear ning Obje Desc ctive r ibe horiz onta and illu s l com analysis trate the pany ’s pe in evalua use of r finan formanc ting a e cial c ondi and t i on. 5 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 101. Horizontal Analysis o In horizontal analysis, the amount of each item on a current financial statement is compared with the same item on an earlier statement. o When two statements are being compared, the earlier statement is used as the base for computing the amount and the percent of change. c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 103. ing lyz s na on A cti sa ran T nd eE Th 103 c. 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.