ch_5_carbohydrates.ppt
- 3. AP Biology Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar C6H12O6 (CH2O)x
- 4. AP Biology Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH OH H H HO CH2OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H HO H Ribose CH2OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH OH O C C C 6 5 3
- 5. AP Biology Functional groups determine function carbonyl ketone aldehyde carbonyl
- 6. AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Carbons are numbered Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells!
- 7. AP Biology Numbered carbons C C C C C C 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds
- 8. AP Biology QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch OH OH H H HO CH2OH H H H OH O Glucose
- 9. AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharides disaccharide | maltose H2O
- 10. AP Biology Building sugars Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) disaccharide Let’s go to the videotape! H2O QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
- 11. AP Biology Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
- 12. AP Biology Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage What does branching do? Let’s go to the videotape! slow release fast release
- 13. AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function isomers of glucose structure determines function… in starch in cellulose
- 14. AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme enzyme cellulose hard to digest
- 15. AP Biology Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!
- 16. Regents Biology Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
- 17. Regents Biology Q u i c k T i m e ™ a n d a T I F F ( U n c o m p r e s s e d ) d e c o m p r e s s o r a r e n e e d e d t o s e e t h i s p i c t u r e . Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Ruminants QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Tell me about the rabbits, again, George! I eat WHAT! Caprophage
- 18. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Let’s build some Carbohydrates! EAT X