Change in the industry slideshare #3
- 1. The Change in Psychology Alyssa Proehl
- 2. “The Changing Face of Psychology”by Chris Chambers The article starts off discussing a huge change to the face of psychology in 1959, when Ted Sterling noticed that articles that resulted in negative results, where the findings were not statistically significant, were not published.(Chambers) This was a huge revelation. So much of today's progress in psychology has been from looking at previous studies, that had negative results. This is a reoccurring theme, 36 years later Sterling looked again and found that yet again, negative results were being filtered. 15 years later Danielle Fanelli had confirmed the same thing.(Chambers) According to the article, now, things are finally changing, and our generation is fed up with malpractice and is eager to make scientific discoveries, starting with publishing negative results.
- 3. “The Changing Face of Psychology”by Chris Chambers The article then listed five things to look out for in the near future/recent past. The article then listed all of the problems with these things currently and the problems that they have had in the past and how they are changing for the better. These five things to look out for are: Replication - which is crucial for credibility and advancement. Open Access - according to the Open Access Movement, all research funded by the UK must be freely viewable to public. Most journals are expensive and difficult to access. Open Science - sharing data to reduce statistical errors. Bigger Data - It's near impossible to test the whole population, but the internet is making that a bit closer to possible.
- 4. “The Changing Face of Psychology”by Chris Chambers Limiting Researcher “Degrees of Freedom” - Using “Degrees of Freedom” is inaccurate and to help to prevent this you can pre-register. The article very thoroughly covers the big changes currently happening within the psychology field currently. It shows the progress that is being made, even if it seems slow. It needs to be kept in mind that psychology is a relatively new science. Psychology has been a field of experimental study since 1879. Compared to chemistry and biology and the other sciences, psychology is brand new!
- 5. Organizational Change Planned change is deliberate change, i.e. changed on purpose. Implementation is not simple, There may be unintended consequences, No process is straightforward. Factors that have a negative impact on organizational change: Lack of management support, Top managers forcing change, Unrealistic expectations, Lack of meaningful participation, Poor communication, Purpose was not clear, Responsibility for change was not properly identified. Reactions to change: Resistance - this can be because of political behavior in organizations or because there may be something important to gain or at risk through the change.
- 6. Organizational Change Uncertainty - employees prefer negative information to no information, because they would rather know. Success can’t be based just on the change implementor’s initial desires. All stakeholders must be considered. Participation can be: Symbolic: creating the impression of support and buy-in during the change process. Participation as a resource: information gained through participating is actually used in the change initiative.
- 7. Organizational Change Unplanned change can also occur in an organization. There are three stages organizational crisis can evolve: Precrisis Crisis Postcrisis Through these stages, communication must deal both with internal and external constituencies. A crisis can be a natural disaster, terrorism, foodborne illness, a financial crisis, or an industrial accident.
- 8. Where the Psychology Field is Changing From the article that I read and the research that I was able to gather in a short period of time, I found that the area of psychology that seemed to be changing the most is within its research. I may be biased because that is what my article was on, however, I searched for hours and couldn’t find data that convinced me that any other area of psychology is changing any more rapidly. The specific areas within psychology research would be the ones specified in the article, being, replication, open access, open science, bigger data, and limiting “degrees of freedom”. Geographically speaking, the UK passed a law that all research funded by the UK must be freely viewable to the public.(Chambers). This is a huge step.
- 9. Why the Psychology Field is Changing Replication - Why is this changing? “The best evidence for a genuine discovery is showing that independent scientists can replicate it using the same method. If it replicates repeatedly then we can use it to build better theories. In psychology, attempts to closely reproduce previous methods are rarely attempted. Psychologists tend to see such work as boring, lacking in intellectual prowess, and a waste of limited resources. Some of the most prominent psychology journals even have explicit policies against publishing replications”.(Chambers) Open Access - Why is this changing? Most psychology research isn’t really “published”, it is printed within journals that expressly deny access to the public. Why is taxpayer-funded research invisible to the taxpayers that funded it? That is that problem, and that is why it is changing.
- 10. Why the Psychology Field is Changing Open Science - Why is it changing? “Even though ethical guidelines require authors to share data when requested, such requests are usually ignored or denied, even when coming from other psychologists. Failing to publicly share data makes it harder to do meta-analysis and easier for unscrupulous researchers to get away with fraud.”(Chambers) Because sharing information helps to further discovery. Bigger Data - Why is it changing? For decades our research has been statistically underpowered, and as a result of this, when a genuine phenomenon does exist, the sample size isn't always big enough to detect it, but it can also mislead.
- 11. Why the Psychology Field is Changing Limiting Researcher “Degrees of Freedom” - Why is this changing? Whenever experiments rely on inferences from statistics, researchers can exploit “degrees of freedom” in the analyses to produce desirable outcomes. This might involve trying different ways of removing statistical outliers or the effect of different statistical models, and then only reporting the approach that “worked” best in producing attractive results. It's like cheating on your homework.
- 12. How the Psychology Field is Changing Replication - How is it changing? The new generation of psychologists understands how crucial replication is. In addition to this, journals are beginning to respect the importance of replication as well. These are huge steps towards the credibility of psychology as a science. Open Access - How is it changing? The open access movement is growing in size and influence. Since April 2013, all research funded by UK research councils, including psychology, must now be fully open access and is freely viewable to the public. Charities such as the Wellcome Trust have stated similar policies.(Chambers). This is also a huge step forward. Making these research journals accessible to the public for free helps spread knowledge and share information.
- 13. How the Psychology Field is Changing Open Science - How is it changing? Data sharing isn’t yet mandatory, but it is gradually becoming unacceptable for psychologists not to share. Evidence shows that studies which share data tend to be more accurate and less likely to make statistical errors. Some Public repositories now make the act of sharing easy, and new journals have been launched specifically to provide authors with a way of publicising data sharing. Some existing journals are also introducing rewards to encourage data sharing.(Chambers) Bigger Data - How is it changing? As technology advances, and the internet grows, it becomes easier to research and collect data from larger samples closer to the population size. This will help to achieve much more accurate data.
- 14. How the Psychology Field is Changing Limiting researcher “degrees of freedom” - The best cure for researcher degrees of freedom is to pre-register the predictions and planned analyses of experiments before looking at the data. This approach is standard practice in medicine because it helps prevent the desires of the researcher from influencing the outcome. Among the basic life sciences, psychology is now leading the way in advancing pre-registration. Being able to pre-register is such a great advancement for psychology.
- 15. Question: The older generations in psychology who are used to maintaining their ego rather than working for answers and discovery will most likely find it much harder to continue in their careers as they were before, so they will most likely react to the changes that are happening within psychology with resistance. Because they are uncertain of how these changes will result, they will probably react even more poorly. Because, “success can’t be based just on the change implementor’s initial desires. All stakeholders must be considered”. These changes aren’t for any one person. The changes being made in psychology are for the betterment of science and discovery. Who will be affected by the changes that are happening?
- 16. Question: The current generation in psychology who is entering the field will benefit from the change. There is more data, more ways of retrieving data, more freedom to pre-register, replication and a whole bunch more that is helping to further science. The current generation has more concentration on furthering science, and making discoveries. Previous generations were more concerned with prestigious awards and egos. Because of this conflict may arise between the generations. Changes are going to start occurring to further discovery. People. Who knows where what discoveries could be made?! Mental illnesses could be cured from some findings made possible by these changes. Who will be affected by the changes that are happening? (Continued)
- 17. Question: Another change that would be proficient within the field of psychology would be a structural change. More diversity in the field of psychology would do a lot of good. People relate much better with a person who is like themself, how is someone who is african american who is struggling with identity and struggling with problems of white privilege supposed to open up to someone who is white. It is so much more difficult. More diversity in the industry could help reduce suicide rates in men, which has a much higher rate than women, however there are many more women psychologists. What is another change that would be proficient within psychology? Could it happen?
- 18. Question: A way to diversify the field is to attract a more diverse group of students to the field at an early age. Advertisements could cater to this. Showing diverse psychologists in advertisements may attract some. Another way to make it happen is to offer minority scholarship programs for graduate school to make sure that they follow through with their career. Having a more diverse field could help so many people. In research, it could open up all sorts of new ideas and opinions. What is another change that would be proficient within psychology? Could it happen? (Continued)
- 19. Work Cited: Chambers, C. (2014). The changing face of psychology. Retrieved March 20, 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/jan/24/the-changing-face-of-psychology