Research methods ppt 3
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The document discusses research methods in psychology. It explains that psychology relies on empirical research using observation and experimentation. There are two main types of research - applied research which has practical applications, and basic research which explores questions out of curiosity. Some key research methods discussed include descriptive research using surveys and case studies, correlational research which examines relationships between variables, and experimental research which tests causal relationships by manipulating the independent variable. Important concepts like hypotheses, variables, sampling, ethics are also covered.
Research methods ppt 3
- 2. Research The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
- 3. Psychology-research- empirical Psychology as a science, so psychologists embraced empiricism as the means to advance understanding about human behavior. The empirical approach emphasizes direct observation and experimentation as a way of answering questions. It is perhaps the most important characteristic of the scientific method. Using this approach, psychologists focused on behaviors and experiences that could be observed directly
- 4. goals of research to describe behavior, to explain its causes, to predict the circumstances under which certain behaviors may occur again, and to control certain behaviors
- 5. Applied V. Basic Research Applied Research has clear, practical applications. YOU CAN USE IT!!! Basic Research explores questions that you may be curious about, but not intended to be immediately used.
- 7. Applied Research Examples How to cure Obsessive Compulsive Disorder How can bullying be prevented? Ways to market products Over population/ causes to increase poverty? What changes are necessary to create jobs? How to reverse or manage global warming Does the marriage prevent certain mental or physical illnesses?
- 8. Basic research examples A study looking at how caffeine consumption impacts the brain A study assessing whether men or women are more likely to suffer from depression
- 11. Methods of research descriptive research designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior. . These methods include archival research, naturalistic observation, survey research, and case studies.
- 12. c correlational reseach Experimental research
- 14. Problem statement Topic of interest Clear Precise To the point Unambiguous Relevant to the topic Feasible
- 15. Example Trends of joint families and causes of decline the family size in Pakistan. Alcohol may lead to sundry health problem in the consumer. Development of transgender and perceived role of socializing agents Effects of new packaging and sale of the product
- 17. Hypothesis hypothesis: an educated guess about the relationship between two variables Every experiment has a hypothesis, or an educated guess, about the expected outcome; the researcher has some evidence for suspecting a specific answer. In a hypothesis, a psychologist will state what he or she expects to find. The hypothesis also specifies the important variables of the study.
- 19. Example: Eating low fat diet improve physical health. High quality of nursing education leads to high quality of nursing practice skill. Socializing agents play a vital role the development of Transgender In Pakistan mainly in cities, join family system is declining
- 20. Operational Definitions • Explain what you mean in your hypothesis. • How will the variables be measured in “real life” terms. • How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is valid and reliable. Let’s say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior. • What do you mean by chocolate? • What do you mean by violent behavior?
- 21. Sampling • Identify the population you want to study. • The sample must be representative of the population you want to study. • GET A RANDOM SAMPLE. • Stratified Sampling
- 22. sample: the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies Random sample so that each individual has an equal chance of being represented. For example, a psychologist might choose every twentieth name on school enrollment lists for a study of school children in a particular town. Random sampling is like drawing names or numbers out of a hat while blindfolded.
- 26. Descriptive research method Description , explanation, elaboration of behavior Not cause and effect Tool used in descriptive research to collect data Case studies…Interview/ flexible… not possible on large scale observation, formal or informal,,,, zoo Survey…Questionnaire to know attitudes which movie. Close ended, Inflexible can apply on large scale Check list yes or no… know but unable know how much good….. rating scale ….. Can apply on large scale …..here we know how much child is good Try to use all tools to get good result
- 27. Case Studies A detailed picture of one or a few subjects. Tells us a great story…but is just descriptive research. Does not even give us correlation data. The ideal case study is John and Kate. Really interesting, but what does it tell us about families in general?
- 28. case study: research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants Victor: the wild boy who was raised by wolves as well as living in isolation Phineas Gage: who had a steel rod blow through his brain and survived
- 30. survey: research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions One of the most practical ways to gather data on the attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of large numbers of people is through surveys. A survey may consist of questionnaires,
- 32. Types of Correlation Positive Correlation The variables go in the SAME direction. Negative Correlation The variables go in opposite directions. Studying and grades hopefully has a positive correlation. Heroin use and grades probably has a negative correlation.
- 38. Lung Cancer and Smoking Very compelling, strong positive correlation between smoking and lung cancer. Tobacco companies still claim for years that there was no scientific support for the fact that smoking causes cancer as a correlation between variables might not be
- 39. Scientists use the word correlation to describe how two sets of data relate to each other. , there is a positive correlation between IQ scores and academic success. High IQ scores tend to go with high grades; low IQ scores tend to go with low grades.
- 40. Association between class attendance and class grade: positive correlation—when one goes up the other goes up and vice versa
- 41. Experimental Method Looking to prove causal relationships. Cause = Effect Laboratory v. Field Experiments Smoking causes health issues.
- 42. variable any factor that is capable of change There are two types of variables: independent and dependent
- 43. The independent variable is the one experimenters change or alter so they can observe its effects. For example, the number of hours you study (the independent variable) affects your performance on an exam (the dependent variable).
- 44. Independent Variable Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment. Hopefully the independent variable brings about change. Because drug is the cause not the effect If there is a drug in an experiment, the drug is almost always the independent variable.
- 45. Dependent Variable The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug. • Whatever is being measured in the experiment. • It is dependent on the independent variable.
- 48. Beware of Confounding Variables If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues, what are some confounding variables? The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B, that is not A. Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart.
- 50. Participants who are exposed to the independent variable are in the experimental group. Participants who are treated the same way as the experimental group, except that they are not exposed to the independent variable, make up the control group A control group is necessary in all experiments.
- 58. Ethics Research is very Nobel act Confidential Voluntary participant Willingness Participant can withdraw any time No harm
- 59. Assignment survey perception towards psychology as subject and as profession Theoretical background Hypothesis Sample Collect data Analyze data Present result