3. Why Do We Classify Living Things?
Humans classify to:
•Organize and study the huge
diversity of life
•Understand relationships among
organisms
•Identify organisms accurately
5. History of Classification
•Carolus Linnaeus →
Binomial nomenclature
•Binomial nomenclature is
the formal system scientists
use to give each living
organism a unique scientific
name made up of two
parts.
6. The scientific name always has two Latin words:
1 ️
1️⃣ Genus name – always starts with a capital letter
2️⃣ Species name – always starts with a lowercase
letter
Example: Homo sapiens
•Homo → genus
•sapiens → species
Both words are italicized (or underlined when
handwritten).
14. What is Taxonomy?
•🧬 Taxonomy
•Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with:
✅ Identifying
✅ Naming
✅ Classifying
•living things into organized groups based on shared
characteristics.
17. DOMAIN
•A domain in biological classification
is the highest taxonomic rank,
which groups organisms based on
fundamental differences in their
cellular and genetic structure.
19. Three Domains:
•Bacteria – true bacteria
•Archaea – ancient bacteria, live in
extreme environments
•Eukarya – organisms with complex
cells (nucleus)
25. KINGDOM
A biological classification is one of the
highest taxonomic ranks, just below
the domain, used to group together all
forms of life that share fundamental
structural and functional
characteristics
26. The Six-Kingdom System
•Archaebacteria – prokaryotes in harsh
environments
•Eubacteria – common bacteria
•Protista – mostly unicellular, e.g.,
amoeba, parameciun
•Fungi – e.g., mushrooms, molds, yeast
33. Phylum
•Phylum is a classification level beneath
kingdom and groups together organisms
with similar body plans or structures,
allowing scientists to further categorize
and study different types of living things.
34. 🧬 Basic (Major) Phyla in Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum Examples Key features
Porifera Sponges
Simplest animals;
porous bodies; no
true tissues or organs
Cnidaria
Jellyfish, sea
anemones, corals
Have stinging cells
(cnidocytes); radial
symmetry
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms (planaria,
tapeworms)
Flat, soft bodies;
bilateral symmetry; no
body cavity
46. 🌱 Common Plant Phyla (Divisions) in
Kingdom Plantae
Plant Group Examples Key Features
Method of
Reproduction
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts
Non-vascular (no
xylem & phloem);
small, simple; need
moist environments
Reproduce by
spores; need water
for fertilization
Pteridophytes
Ferns, horsetails,
club mosses
Vascular (have
xylem & phloem);
true roots, stems,
leaves
Reproduce by
spores; need water
for fertilization
47. Gymnosperms
Pine trees,
cycads,
ginkgo
Vascular;
produce seeds
not enclosed
in fruits (seeds
in cones); no
flowers
Reproduce by
seeds; mostly
wind
pollination
Angiosperms
Flowering
plants: rice,
mango, roses
Vascular;
produce seeds
inside fruits;
have flowers;
most diverse
group
Reproduce by
seeds formed
after
fertilization;
pollination by
wind, insects,
animals
57. CLASS
Class is a classification level
below phylum and groups together
organisms that share even more
specific characteristics. It consist
of several orders.
58. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM CHORDATA
CLASS:
1. Fishes
2. Amphibians (both water and land)
3. Reptiles (dry scaly skin, lay eggs)
4. Birds (feathers, beaks, lay eggs)
5. Mammals (hair, fur, feed their young)
59. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM PORIFERA
CLASS:
✅ Class Calcarea – have calcium carbonate
spicules
✅ Class Hexactinellida – glass sponges, silica
spicules
✅ Class Demospongiae – most common,
usually soft, some have spongin
60. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
✅ Class Hydrozoa – mostly small, often
colonial, e.g., Hydra
✅ Class Scyphozoa – true jellyfish
✅ Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish
✅ Class Anthozoa – corals and sea
anemones
61. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
✅ Class Turbellaria – mostly free-living
flatworms like planaria
✅ Class Trematoda – flukes (parasitic)
✅ Class Cestoda – tapeworms (parasitic)
62. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM NEMATODA
✅ Parasitic roundworms – Ascaris,
hookworms, etc.
(Scientifically, there are classes
Adenophorea and Secernentea, but
not usually needed in Grade 8.)
63. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
✅ Class Polychaeta – mostly marine
worms with many bristles
✅ Class Oligochaeta – earthworms,
few bristles
✅ Class Hirudinea – leeches
64. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
✅ Class Gastropoda – snails and slugs
✅ Class Bivalvia – clams, oysters,
mussels (two shells)
✅ Class Cephalopoda – squids,
octopuses, cuttlefish
66. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
✅ Class Asteroidea – sea stars (starfish)
✅ Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars
✅ Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand
dollars
✅ Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
✅ Class Crinoidea – feather stars, sea lilies
67. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
✅ Class Asteroidea – sea stars (starfish)
✅ Class Ophiuroidea – brittle stars
✅ Class Echinoidea – sea urchins, sand
dollars
✅ Class Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
✅ Class Crinoidea – feather stars, sea lilies
68. ORDER
Order is a classification level beneath class
and further organizes organisms based on
even more specific similarities in their
characteristics and behaviors. It allows
scientists to group together organisms that
are more closely related. It consists of
several related families.
69. FAMILY
Family is a taxonomic classification that groups
together organisms with even more specific
similarities, such as similar body structures
and behaviors. It helps scientists categorize
organisms into smaller, more closely related
groups for further study and understanding.
Consist of several related genera (singular:
Genus)
71. SPECIES
A species is the most specific level of
organism classification in biological
taxonomy, representing a group of
individuals that can interbreed and produce
fertile offspring in natural conditions.
Members of a species share common
characteristics and genetic similarities.
72. SCIENTIFIC NAME
a unique, two-part name given to each species of
organism. It consists of the genus name (the first
part) the first letter is written in capital letter and
the species name (the second part) this is written
in lowercase letter , both written in Latin and
italicized. This naming system, known as binomial
nomenclature, allows scientists worldwide to
communicate effectively about specific organisms.
80. Common Name Scientific Name
Dog
Canis lupus
familiaris
Cat Felis catus
Carabao (Water
buffalo)
Bubalus bubalis
81. Philippine Eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi
Chicken Gallus gallus domesticus
Frog
Rana catesbeiana (American
bullfrog, or you can use Rana
magna for local large frogs)
Goat Capra hircus
