Changing work
- 1. IT and the changing working environment Lesson 1 1 Change, the digital workplace and disruptive technology
- 2. Slide 1.2Slide 1.2 Learning outcomes • After the completion of this session, a student should understand the core ideas of a changing working environment by; – Understanding change from an organisational perspective – Understanding Sustaining versus Disruptive technology – Understanding the concept of a digital working environment – Understanding the idea of disruption and disruptive technology
- 3. Slide 1.3Slide 1.3 IT and Information Work
- 4. Slide 1.4Slide 1.4 Change over time CumulativeChange TIME Target State To be Discovered State Current State Developmental (incremental) change Transformative change Transitional (reform) change
- 5. Slide 1.5Slide 1.5 Types of change - simplified Scope of Change Realignment Transformation Natureofchange Incremental Adaptation Evolution Big Bang Reconstruction Revolution
- 6. Slide 1.6Slide 1.6 Types of organisational change - simplified •Employee performance •Skills, attitude, behaviour •Enhance manager- subordinate relationship •Group cohesion and employee sense of achievement •New technology •New operating procedures •New skills •Overall goals, purpose, strategy and mission of an organization •Organization's hierarchy •Chain of command •Management systems •Job structure •Administrative procedures Structural Strategic PeopleTechnological
- 7. Slide 1.7Slide 1.7 Innovation as change IMPACTONTHEMARKET SUSTAINING A significant improvement on a product that aims to sustain the position in an existing market DISRUPTIVE Technology or new business model that disrupts the existing market INCREMENTAL Gradual, continuous improvements on existing products and services RADICAL Technological breakthrough that transforms industries, often creates a new industry. TECHNOLOGY NEWNESS Innovation is commonly defined as the "carrying out of new combinations" that include "the introduction of new goods, ... new methods of production, ... the opening of new markets, ... the conquest of new sources of supply ... and the carrying out of a new organization of any industry"
- 8. Slide 1.8Slide 1.8 Sustaining Incremental Innovation • A sustaining technology / innovation is a technology or innovation employed to improve a company’s product or service to better meet their customers’ needs. • Innovation that doesn’t create new markets or value networks, but simply grows pre-existing ones • Sustaining innovations can be: – evolutionary as it evolved and improved over time – revolutionary as it creates change – incremental and gradual as there is / has been development over time – The distinction is not about the innovation itself but rather what it is used to do. 8
- 9. Slide 1.9Slide 1.9 Disruptive Radical Innovation • A disruptive technology / innovation is a technology or innovation employed to appeal to or even create a new market. • Disruptive technologies and innovations are often characterized (at least at first) by: – inferior performance because they are still new and unknown – lack of appeal to established customer base due to newness – lower profit margins due to low sales volumes and newness – convenience as it provides several improvements – appeal to a select group of potential customers (early adopters) – lower costs associated with improved processes 9
- 10. Slide 1.10Slide 1.10 IT complexity is rising for more employees Movement towards integrated digital workplace
- 11. Slide 1.11Slide 1.11 Sustaining Innovation - The digital workplace…. • …….is the collection of all of the digital tools provided by an organization to allow its employees to do their jobs. • ……. is meant to be a virtual equivalent to the physical workplace, which requires strong planning and management due to its fundamental role in people’s productivity, engagement and working health. • ……. consists of a holistic set of tools, platforms and environments for work, delivered in a coherent, usable and productive way. • ……. is a modern work environment where employees are more engaged to make faster decisions and achieve greater results. They are fully empowered by contextual analytics and mobile technologies, and engage in online communities to find and disseminate needed information and foster employee-led innovations.
- 13. Slide 1.13Slide 1.13 Framework for Digital Workplace
- 14. Slide 1.14Slide 1.14 Context is required
- 15. Slide 1.15Slide 1.15 However …… Disruption still happens • Disruptive Innovation – a disruptive innovation is an innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. • Disruptive Technology – Disruptive technology refers to any enhanced or completely new technology that replaces and disrupts an existing technology, rendering it obsolete. It is designed to succeed similar technology that is already in use. – Disruptive technology applies to hardware, software, networks and combined technologies. – Because disruptive technology is new, it has certain advantages, enhancements and functionalities over competitors. For example, cloud computing serves as a disruptive technology for in-house servers and software solutions. It has slowly been adopted by organizations and individuals with the main objective of completely removing traditional computing. – As an unused, unapplied and untested alternative, it takes time for disruptive technology to be dominantly deployed, ultimately degenerating existing technology.
- 16. Slide 1.16Slide 1.16 Disruptive Technology Market (Disruptive –vs- Sustaining) PRODUCT (Incremental–vs-Radical) RADICAL SUSTAINING A significant improvement on a product in an old market RADICALLY DISRUPTIVE Sales arguments are fundamentally changed through new innovations INCREMENTALLY SUSTAINING Constant steady progression that happens in every business INCREMENTALLY DISRUPTIVE May incremental improvements that eventually lead to a market disruption
- 17. Slide 1.17Slide 1.17 Disruptive technology and disruptive innovation trends Only going to cover some of the following: – Mobile-first to AI first – Personalisation and customisation – Growth in the “as-a-service” model – Voice based virtual assistance – Moving to Industry 4.0 (sensor integration, complete automation, IoT and AI integration and connectivity) – Blockchain – cryptocurrency and transaction transparency – Prescriptive Analytics – Gene Sequencing – Convergence – Commercial drones and Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) – Digital Twins – Virtual reality, spatial computing and augmented reality
- 18. Slide 1.18Slide 1.18 Mobile-first to AI-first • Companies are demonstrating a willingness to use AI and related tools like machine learning to automate processes, reduce administrative tasks, and collect and organize data. • Understanding vast amounts of information is vital in the age of mass data, and AI is proving to be a highly effective solution.
- 19. Slide 1.19Slide 1.19 Personalisation & Customisation • In consumer goods, life sciences, aviation and financial services in particular, businesses will continue to personalize products and services to satisfy individual consumer needs without unduly increasing costs or waste. • This will positively impact end to end supply chains, data flows and encourage capital investments. Personalization has become a key customer requirement that companies need to offer in order to remain competitive.
- 20. Slide 1.20Slide 1.20 Voice based virtual assistants become ubiquitous • The wide uptake of home based and virtual assistants like Alexa and Google Home have built confidence in conversational interfaces, familiarizing consumers with a seamless way of interacting with tech. • Amazon and Google have taken prime position between brand and customer, capitalizing on conversational convenience.
- 21. Slide 1.21Slide 1.21 Industry 4.0 • The installation of smart sensors and the application of data analytics will deliver further steps towards the factory of the future. • The wider use of automated processes powered by AI, advanced robotics, and Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity will contribute to Industry 4.0. • Otherwise known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0 promises a more connected world in which machines carry out mundane tasks. • Many companies, such as Amazon and Tesla, have taken tangible steps to implement this in automated warehouses and automated factories.
- 22. Slide 1.22Slide 1.22 Convergence • As emerging technology and new business models transform sectors, the lines are blurring between what were previously seen as distinctly different industries. • The convergence of industries opens up huge opportunities for organizations to evolve, offering new products and services to their customer bases. • Automotive companies, for example, are investing in ride sharing apps as they look to reinvent themselves as mobility solutions, and banks are working to evolve alongside consumer needs.
- 23. Slide 1.23Slide 1.23 Commercial drones and UAV • Moving beyond the hobbyist and warfare applications, commercial drone use has begun to grow across a wide range of industry sectors. • Drones are a relatively cost effective solution for surveying physical processes, whether they are happening on a construction site, in a field, or to aid security control in urban centers.
- 24. Slide 1.24Slide 1.24 Digital twins • A digital twin could be used to simulate a piece of complex machinery, for example, predicting how it will respond in certain scenarios and how best to optimize performance. • Digital twins will provide businesses with the ability to respond to changes, improve operations and add value to the Internet of Things. A digital twin is a simulation model that updates and changes in accordance with real world assets to enable better decision making and improve understanding of the state of systems.
- 25. Slide 1.25Slide 1.25 Increased work complexity - Impact on work (1) • Cognitive competence – Increase complexity at work requires greater cognitive competence – Continuous development required from employees – Promotion of different ways of thinking between teams • Social and interactive competence – Increase teamwork and collaboration – Critical importance of relationship development and working – Focus on learning and growth
- 26. Slide 1.26Slide 1.26 Increased work complexity - Impact on work (2) • The new "psychological contract" between employees and employers – Corporate indifference versus growing need for participation – Reduced loyalty and commitment – Increased time burden – more time working – Flexible work arrangements • Changes in process and place – Increased use of teams and cross unit work – Greater use of dispersed work groups – Continual reorganization and reconstruction – Reduced costs / more efficient space use – Improved quality of work life and attraction of new workers
- 27. Slide 1.27Slide 1.27 Review questions • How has work changed over time between the industrial age and the digital age? • How does change occur over time? • What is the difference between transformative and transitional change? • What are the different types of general change? • When it comes to organizational change, what types of structural, strategic, technological and people changes do organizations experience? • What different types of innovation changes do we find and how does it relate to technological change? • What is sustaining or incremental innovation? • What is disruptive or radical innovation?
- 28. Slide 1.28Slide 1.28 Review questions • What is the relationship between markets and technological innovation? • What role does the digital workplace play as a sustaining innovation? • What is the scope and focus of the digital workplace? • When referring to the framework for the establishing a digital workplace, what is the main focus areas? • What are some of the critical information structures that is needed for a workplace to be considered a digital workplace? • What is disruption, disruptive innovation and disruptive technology? • What is the relationship between the market and related products and different types of disruptive technologies? • What are some of the possible disruptive innovations and technologies that are currently growing in interest and popularity? • What impact does all of the changes brought on by sustain and disruptive technology has on the working environment?