Chap 11 – transactional analysis
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Eric Berne was a Canadian-American psychiatrist who developed Transactional Analysis in the 1950s. He wrote the influential book "Games People Play" and proposed that human behavior can be understood through analyzing transactions between people on structural, transactional, game, and script levels. A core goal of Transactional Analysis is helping people identify and move away from destructive patterns established in their childhood. Berne introduced concepts like ego states, life positions, and games that have influenced theories of personality and psychotherapy.
Chap 11 – transactional analysis
- 1. Transactional Analysis Eric Berne was born in 1910 in Montreal, Canada. His father was a doctor & his mother was an editor. His father died at age 38, when Eric was 9 Earned an MD in 1935 from McGill Univ Became a US citizen and served in Utah during WWII, practicing group therapy
- 2. Transactional Analysis Was denied membership in the Psychoanalytic Institute in 1956 This brought about his rejection of psychoanalysis and was a turning point in his life Wrote the book Games People Play Died of a heart attack in 1970 at the age of 60
- 3. Transactional Analysis Four methods of understanding & predicting human behavior Structural analysis – within the person Transactional analysis – 2 or more people Game analysis – understanding transactions that lead to bad feelings Script analysis – understand a person’s life plan
- 4. Transactional Analysis Structural analysis – Natural child – spontaneous, impulsive, feeling oriented, self-centered & pleasure loving Adaptive child – compliant, conforms to the wishes & demands of parental figures
- 5. Transactional Analysis Nurturing parent - comforts, praises and helps others Critical parent – finds faults, displays prejudices, disapproves and prevents others from feeling good about themselves A major goal is to figure out which ego state a person is using
- 6. Transactional Analysis Transactional analysis - Transactions between people are seen as having 3 levels: Complementary – both people are operating from the same ego state Crossed – the other person reacts from an unexpected ego state Ulterior – two ego states within the same person but one disguises the other
- 7. Transactional Analysis Game analysis - ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complimentary on the surface but end in bad feelings: 1 st Degree games – minor upset, played socially end up with minor discomfort 2 nd Degree games – more intimate end up w/bad feelings 3 rd Degree games - usually involve physical injury
- 8. Transactional Analysis Very few games have a positive or neutral outcome In these games, people play one of three positions: Victim Persecutor Rescuer http://www.ericberne.com/Games_People_Play.htm
- 9. Transactional Analysis Script analysis – everyone develops a life script by age 5 & these scripts determine how one interacts with others based upon the interpretation of external events A negative life script occurs when the person receives lots of injunctions by the parents that used the word DON’T
- 10. Transactional Analysis Common negative life scripts: Never – one never gets to do what one wants Until – one must wait until a certain time or until something is done to be able to do something they want to do Always – one must continue to do what one has always done
- 11. Transactional Analysis After – a difficulty is expected after a certain event Open-ended – one does not know what to do after a given time Mini-scripts: Hurry up! Try harder! Be perfect! Be strong! Please someone! These drivers allow for temporary escape from life scripts
- 12. Transactional Analysis Four basic life scripts: I’m OK, you’re OK – ideal I’m OK, you’re not OK – get away from me I’m not OK, you’re OK – I’ll never get anywhere I’m not OK, you’re not OK – get rid of each other
- 13. Transactional Analysis Other techniques – TX contract – agreed upon responsibilities Interrogation – speaking to the adult ego state until an adult response is given Specification – identification of the ego state that started the transaction Confrontation – pointing out inconsistencies in behavior & speech
- 14. Transactional Analysis Explanation – teaching about TA Illustration – elaborates a point Confirmation – points out a recurrence of a previously modified behavior Interpretation – explains to the child ego state the reasons for a client’s behavior Crystallization – final step, the client gives up playing games