Chapter 01
- 1. What Is Chemistry? What chemists try to do is discover the relationships between the particle structure of matter and the properties of matter we observe. Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying what atoms and molecules do.
- 2. Why Aren’t the Philosophers Considered Scientists Philosophers: Observe nature. Explain the behavior of nature. Communicate and debate ideas with other philosophers. Truth is revealed through logic and debate. Scientists: Observe nature. Explain the behavior of nature. Communicate and debate ideas with other scientists. Truth is revealed through experimentation.
- 3. The Scientific Method A process for trying to understand nature by observing nature and the way it behaves, and by conducting experiments to test our ideas. Key characteristics of the scientific method include Observation , formulation of Hypotheses , Experimentation , and formulation of Laws and Theories.
- 4. Observation A way of acquiring information about nature. Also known as Data . Some observations are simple descriptions about the characteristics or behavior of nature. “ The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.” Some observations compare a characteristic to a standard numerical scale. “ A 240-mL serving of soda pop contains 27 g of sugar.”
- 5. Hypothesis A tentative interpretation or explanation of your observations. “The bubbles of soda pop are due to the presence of carbon dioxide.” A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be right. Falsifiable. One test may invalidate your hypothesis.
- 6. Experiments Tests of hypotheses, laws, or theories. Can you think of a way to test whether the bubbles of soda pop are due to the presence of carbon dioxide? Results either validate (confirm) or invalidate (deny) your ideas. Invalidate = Discard or Modify Many times experiments invalidate only parts of the hypothesis or theory, in which case the idea is modified. Validate ≠ Proof your idea will always hold
- 7. Laws Summary of observations that combines all past observations into one general statement. Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” Lavoisier Allows you to predict future observations. So you can test the law with experiments. Unlike state laws, you cannot choose to violate a scientific law. 1743 – 1794
- 8. What’s the Difference Between an Observation and a Law? An observation tells you what happened in a single event. A law summarizes all the observations, effectively telling you what you will observe in future events.
- 9. Theories General explanation for the characteristics and behavior of nature. Models of nature. Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties 3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms. 4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms. Can be used to predict future observations. So they can be tested by experiments. Dalton 1766 – 1844
- 10. What’s the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory? A hypothesis is an explanation of a small number of observations. A theory is an explanation that extends beyond individual observations to an understanding of the underlying causes for the way nature is or behaves.
- 11. What’s the Difference Between a Law and a Theory? Laws answer the question “ What” will happen. Theories answer the question “ Why” does something happen. This allows you to predict what will happen!
- 12. Scientific Method The careful noting and recording of natural phenomena. A test of a hypothesis or theory. A tentative explanation of a single or small number of natural phenomena. A general explanation of natural phenomena. A generally observed natural phenomenon.
- 13. Relationships Between Pieces of the Scientific Method theory hypothesis Explains why things happen law observation Describes what happens Applies to all events Applies to single or small number of events