Chapter 04
- 1. Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition Chapter 4 Requirements Modeling
- 2. Phase Description • Systems analysis is the second of five phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC) • Will use requirements modeling, data and process modeling, and object modeling techniques to represent the new system • Will consider various development strategies for the new system, and plan for the transition to systems design tasks 2
- 3. Chapter Objectives • Describe systems analysis phase activities and the end product of the systems analysis phase • Explain joint application development (JAD), rapid application development (RAD), and agile methods • Understand how systems analysts use a functional decomposition diagram (FDD) 3
- 4. Chapter Objectives • Describe the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and explain use case diagrams and sequence diagrams • List and describe system requirements, including outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and controls • Explain the concept of scalability 4
- 5. Chapter Objectives • Use fact-finding techniques, including interviews, documentation review, observation, questionnaires, sampling, and research • Define total cost of ownership (TCO) • Conduct a successful interview • Develop effective documentation methods to use during systems development 5
- 6. Introduction • This chapter describes requirements modeling techniques and team-based methods that systems analysts use to visualize and document new systems • The chapter then discusses system requirements and fact-finding techniques, which include interviewing, documentation review, observation, surveys and questionnaires, sampling, and research 6
- 7. Systems Analysis Phase Overview • The overall objective of the systems analysis phase is to understand the proposed project, ensure that it will support business requirements, and build a solid foundation for system development • You use models and other documentation tools to visualize and describe the proposed system 7
- 8. Systems Analysis Phase Overview • Systems Analysis Activities – Requirements modeling • Outputs • Inputs • Processes • Performance • Security 8
- 9. Systems Analysis Phase Overview • Systems Analysis Activities – Data and process modeling – Object Modeling – Development Strategies • System requirements document 9
- 10. Systems Analysis Phase Overview • Systems Analysis Skills – Analytical skills – Interpersonal skills • Team-Oriented Methods and Techniques – Joint application development (JAD) – Rapid application development (RAD) – Agile methods 10
- 11. Joint Application Development • User Involvement – Users have a vital stake in an information system and they should participate fully – Successful systems must be user-oriented, and users need to be involved – One popular strategy for user involvement is a JAD team approach 11
- 12. Joint Application Development • JAD Participants and Roles 12
- 13. Joint Application Development • JAD Advantages and Disadvantages – More expensive and can be cumbersome if the group is too large relative to the size of the project – Allows key users to participate effectively – When properly used, JAD can result in a more accurate statement of system requirements, a better understanding of common goals, and a stronger commitment to the success of the new system 13
- 14. Rapid Application Development • RAD Phases and Activities 14
- 15. Rapid Application Development • RAD Objectives – To cut development time and expense by involving the users in every phase of systems development – Successful RAD team must have IT resources, skills, and management support – Helps a development team design a system that requires a highly interactive or complex user interface 15
- 16. Rapid Application Development • RAD Advantages and Disadvantages – Systems can be developed more quickly with significant cost savings – RAD stresses the mechanics of the system itself and does not emphasize the company’s strategic business needs – Might allow less time to develop quality, consistency, and design standards 16
- 17. Agile Methods • Attempt to develop a system incrementally • Agilian modeling toolset includes support for many modeling tools • Some agile developers prefer not to use CASE tools at all, and rely instead on whiteboard displays and arrangements of movable sticky notes 17
- 18. Agile Methods • Scrum is a rugby term • Pigs include the product owner, the facilitator, and the development team; while the chickens include users, other stakeholders, and managers • Scrum sessions have specific guidelines that emphasize time blocks, interaction, and team- based activities that result in deliverable software 18
- 19. Agile Methods • Agile Method Advantages and Disadvantages – Are very flexible and efficient in dealing with change – Frequent deliverables constantly validate the project and reduce risk – Team members need a high level of technical and interpersonal skills – May be subject to significant change in scope 19
- 20. Modeling Tools and Techniques • CASE Tools • Functional Decomposition Diagrams • Data Flow Diagrams • Unified Modeling Language 20
- 21. System Requirements Checklist • Outputs – The Web site must report online volume statistics every four hours, and hourly during peak periods – The inventory system must produce a daily report showing the part number, description, quantity on hand, quantity allocated, quantity available, and unit cost of all sorted by part number 21
- 22. System Requirements Checklist • Inputs – Manufacturing employees must swipe their ID cards into online data collection terminals that record labor costs and calculate production efficiency – The department head must enter overtime hours on a separate screen 22
- 23. System Requirements Checklist • Processes – The student records system must calculate the GPA at the end of each semester – As the final step in year-end processing, the payroll system must update employee salaries, bonuses, and benefits and produce tax data required by the IRS 23
- 24. System Requirements Checklist • Performance – The system must support 25 users online simultaneously – Response time must not exceed four seconds 24
- 25. System Requirements Checklist • Controls – The system must provide logon security at the operating system level and at the application level – An employee record must be added, changed, or deleted only by a member of the human resources department 25
- 26. Future Growth, Costs, and Benefits • Scalability – A scalable system offers a better return on the initial investment – To evaluate scalability, you need information about projected future volume for all outputs, inputs, and processes 26
- 27. Future Growth, Costs, and Benefits • Total Cost of Ownership – Total cost of ownership (TCO) is especially important if the development team is evaluating several alternatives – One problem is that cost estimates tend to understate indirect costs – Rapid Economic Justification (REJ) 27
- 28. Fact-Finding • Fact-Finding Overview – First, you must identify the information you need – Develop a fact-finding plan • Who, What, Where, When, How, and Why? – Difference between asking what is being done and what could or should be done 28
- 29. Fact-Finding • The Zachman Framework – Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture – Helps managers and users understand the model and assures that overall business goals translate into successful IT projects 29
- 30. Interviews • Step 1: Determine the People to Interview – Informal structures • Step 2: Establish Objectives for the Interview – Determine the general areas to be discussed – List the facts you want to gather 30
- 31. Interviews • Step 3: Develop Interview Questions – Creating a standard list of interview questions helps to keep you on track and avoid unnecessary tangents – Avoid leading questions – Open-ended questions – Closed-ended questions – Range-of-response questions 31
- 32. Interviews • Step 4: Prepare for the Interview – Careful preparation is essential because an interview is an important meeting and not just a casual chat – Limit the interview to no more than one hour – Send a list of topics – Ask the interviewee to have samples available 32
- 33. Interviews • Step 5: Conduct the Interview – Develop a specific plan for the meeting – Begin by introducing yourself, describing the project, and explaining your interview objectives – Engaged listening – Allow the person enough time to think about the question – After an interview, you should summarize the session and seek a confirmation 33
- 34. Interviews • Step 6: Document the Interview – Note taking should be kept to a minimum – After conducting the interview, you must record the information quickly – After the interview, send memo to the interviewee expressing your appreciation – Note date, time, location, purpose of the interview, and the main points you discussed so the interviewee has a written summary and can offer additions or corrections 34
- 35. Interviews • Step 7: Evaluate the Interview – In addition to recording the facts obtained in an interview, try to identify any possible biases • Unsuccessful Interviews – No matter how well you prepare for interviews, some are not successful 35
- 36. Other Fact-Finding Techniques • Document Review • Observation – Seeing the system in action gives you additional perspective and a better understanding of the system procedures – Plan your observations in advance – Hawthorne Effect 36
- 37. Other Fact-Finding Techniques • Questionnaires and Surveys – When designing a questionnaire, the most important rule of all is to make sure that your questions collect the right data in a form that you can use to further your fact-finding – Fill-in form 37
- 38. Other Fact-Finding Techniques • Sampling – Systematic sample – Stratified sample – Random sample – Main objective of a sample is to ensure that it represents the overall population accurately 38
- 39. Other Fact-Finding Techniques • Research – Can include the Internet, IT magazines, and books to obtain background information, technical material, and news about industry trends and developments – Site visit 39
- 40. Other Fact-Finding Techniques • Interviews versus Questionnaires – Interview is more familiar and personal – Questionnaire gives many people the opportunity to provide input and suggestions – Brainstorming – Structured brainstorming – Unstructured brainstorming 40
- 41. Documentation • The Need for Recording the Facts – Record information as soon as you obtain it – Use the simplest recording method – Record your findings in such a way that they can be understood by someone else – Organize your documentation so related material is located easily 41
- 42. Documentation • Software Tools – CASE Tools – Productivity Software – Graphics modeling software – Personal information managers – Wireless communication devices 42
- 43. Preview of Logical Modeling • At the conclusion of requirements modeling, systems developers should have a clear understanding of business processes and system requirements • The next step is to construct a logical model of the system • IT professionals have differing views about systems development methodologies, and no universally accepted approach exists 43
- 44. Chapter Summary • The systems analysis phase includes three activities: requirements modeling, data and process modeling, and consideration of development strategies • The main objective is to understand the proposed project, ensure that it will support business requirements, and build a solid foundation for the systems design phase 44
- 45. Chapter Summary • The fact-finding process includes interviewing, document review, observation, questionnaires, sampling, an d research • Systems analysts should carefully record and document factual information as it is collected, and various software tools can help an analyst visualize and describe an information system 45 • Chapter 4 complete