Chapter 1 blog notes
- 3. Early Human Migration to 10,000 years ago http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/g et_chapter_group.htm?cin=1&ci=1&rg=map_center&at =animated_maps&var=animated_maps
- 4. Studying History and Early Humans Why do people study history and try to learn more about the past? To find out about ancestors and more about themselves http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/p age_build.htm?id=resources/jsp/starting_with_a_stor y/starting_with_a_story_ch1
- 5. Why Study History What has happened to a person, a family, or society in the past may affect what will occur in the future More than recounting and studying past events Involves: studying society’s culture, religion, politics, and economics Historians try to find patterns and see past through eyes of people who lived it
- 6. Primary and Secondary Sources Evidence used to answer Historians questions Primary Source: something written or created by a person who witnessed a historical event Military records, marriage certificates, diaries, and private letters Artifacts: buildings, works of art, tools Oral History: made up of verbal or unwritten accounts of events includes stories, customs, and songs
- 7. Secondary Source: a work produces about a historical event by someone who was not actually there Newspapers, books, and paintings Oral History
- 8. Why History Changes Historians might use different evidence Steps: Evidence is examined and trustworthy evidence is sorted. Evidence is interpreted: articles, books, and museum displays Interpretations can be conflicting Discovery of new evidence may lead to new conclusions
- 9. Early Humans Were Hunter- Gatherers Hunted animals and gathered plants for food Moved to new locations when food ran out
- 10. Adapting to the Environment Depended on Environment for shelter Lived in caves, rock shelters, made shelters out of tree branches, plant fibers or skins of animals Lived together in bands Made up of several families (30 people) Men: hunted and fished Women: gathered foods and cared for children
- 11. Early Humans on the Move Hunter-gatherers were nomads: people who move from place to place Movement limited; returned to same places with changing seasons Some moved to new lands Migration: the act of moving from one place to settle in another Migration People followed animals to hunt 13,000 B.C. had migrated to much of world Traveled across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska
- 12. Developing Tools and Culture Technology: ways in which people apply knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs. The Development of Technology 2 million years ago Stone tools for cutting Carrying bags, stone hand axes, awls, drills, bows, flint spearheads, metal tools Tools used for: building shelter, hunting and butchering animals The Use of Fire 500,000 years ago: learned to make fire Provided heat and light (could cook food) Used to temper tools made of metal
- 13. Early Human Culture Art, language, and religion are unique to humans Language: develop out of need to communicate Religion: the worship of God, gods, or spirits Early Humans: everything in nature had a spirit Early Art: created in caves or on rocks
- 14. The Beginnings of Agriculture 8,000 B.C. Learned to grow plants and raise animals Climate Changes Rising temps caused glaciers to melt Humans could move into new areas Growing seasons became longer Domesticated : (humans learned to grown and breed the grasses ) wild grasses
- 15. The Domestication of Animals Learned to capture and tame animals Captured animals provided constant source of food 9,000 B.C. 1st animals domesticated Reliable food source, clothing, and other products Made tools from bones Horses, llamas, and camels used for transportation Dogs domesticated to help in hunts
- 16. The Agricultural Revolution Development of farming Agriculture: planting of seeds to raise crops Ag. Revolution Shift from food gathering to food raising Began around 8,000 B.C. Brought changes in tools and technology People made hoes, plows and sickles More food available allowed for increases in population and better opportunities to settle in one place
- 18. Settlements Begin Became better farmers as tools improved Groups remained in same areas instead of moving Developed larger, more permanent settlements
- 19. Farming Villages Develop Worldwide Agriculture developed where water was available Irrigation: the watering of dry land using systems of ditches, pipes, and streams Fertile soil: produced bigger & better crops Attracted farmers to larger villages; villages grew in size
- 20. Village Life Advantages: Food was plentiful Could withstand attacks by nomadic bands Disadvantages: Risk of fire, disease, and flood
- 21. Surpluses Boost Development As agriculture techniques improved, farmers produced surpluses More than what is needed to survive Surpluses not limited to food Materials for making cloth or other products (wool) Surpluses in good seasons helped during bad seasons Able to support more people during surpluses Population grew, villages economies varied as people developed special skills
- 22. People Develop Different Skills Not everyone had to raise food with surpluses People began to specializing Skill in one kind of work Potters, weavers, and holy person or shamans (interpreted natural events) Non-farmers traded their goods and services for food
- 23. Simple Villages Grow More Complex Surpluses and specialization led to growth of villages Life became more complex Social relationships became more complicated
- 24. A Changing Way of Life More people living together in villages Increased trade between villages Skilled people spent years learning trade Artisans: people trained in skills or craft Occupational classes or social classes developed Social class: a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds, training, and income. Need for laws and leadership to keep order and settle disputes Government created Communities safer and more stable
- 25. Life in Complex Villages Larger population & live closer together Larger supply of skills, ideas, and needs Life more complicated
- 26. Catal Huyuk Complex village in Turkey 8,000 people 32 acres Agricultural village Wheat, barley, and peas Raised sheep Buried dead under floors of their homes Vivid murals on walls of houses Developed special skills Making tools and luxury items Produced cloth, wooden vessels, and simple pottery