Chapter 1 e learning concepts and techniques

6/10/12 Chapter 1 E-Learning Concepts and Techniques

E-Learning Concepts and Techniques
Chapter 1 – What is E-Learning?
1.1 Matt Comerchero: Introduction
Means of Communication
Schedule
E-Learning Class Structure
Technology
1.1 References
1.2 Dan Hoffmaster: The E-Learning Evolution
1.2 References
1.3 Kristy DelVecchio and Megan Loughney: Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning
Advantages of E-Learning
Disadvantages of E-Learning
1.4 Cedrick Osavandi: E-learning and the Corporate World
E-Learning makes Business Sense
Corporate E-Learning
The Cost (Savings!!!)
Comfort and Convenience
The Bottom Line
1.5 Ann Keiser Edler: E-Learning in the Pre-K-12 Market
Success or Failure
Meeting Needs
E-Learning in Lower Grades
Recommendations
1.5 Summary
1.5 References
1.6 Ben Riley: E-Learning and the Demise of Brick-and-Mortar Schools
How does this growing trend fit into the corporate arena?
1.6 References

This chapter contains information on understanding the fundamental concepts of e-learning. In this Chapter, e-
learning is defined and the advantages and disadvantages of use are discussed. This chapter also describes
corporate as well as the elementary and secondary use of e-learning and explores the impact of e-learning on the
traditional school infrastructure.

1.1 Matt Comerchero introduces e-learning as a means of education that incorporates self-motivation,
communication, efficiency, and technology.
1.2 Dan Hoffmaster relates the evolution from traditional face-to-face instruction to e-learning.
1.3 Kristy DelVecchio and Megan Loughney present some advantages and disadvantages of e-learning.
1.4 Cedrick Osavandi presents a case for using e-learning in the corporate world.
1.5 Ann Keiser Edler examines the uses of e-learning in the Pre-K-12 market and provides some
recommendations for its success.
1.6 Ben Riley takes a look at the effect of e-learning on traditional educational institutions.

1.1 - Introduction

Matt Comerchero

iit.bloomu.edu/Spring2006_eBook_files/chapter1.htm 1/11


E-learning is a means of education that incorporates self-motivation, communication, efficiency, and technology.
Because there is limited social interaction, students must keep themselves motivated. The isolation intrinsic to e-
learning requires students to communicate with each other and the instructor frequently to accomplish their assigned
tasks. E-learning is efficient as it eliminates distances and subsequent commutes. Distance is eliminated because the
e-learning content is designed with media that can be accessed from properly equipped computer terminals, and
other means of Internet accessible technology.

E-learning is a flexible term used to describing a means of teaching through technology.

The different types of e-learning are based on:

Means of communication
Schedule
E-learning class structure
Technologies used

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Means of Communication

There are several different means for individuals to communicate with each other and their instructor. E-learning can
be conducted solely through on-line applications. In other cases, if distance is not a factor, some face-to-face
communication can be included to create blended e-learning. Blended e-learning includes elements of web
interaction and in-person interaction. Technology broadens the definition of face-to-face as there can be the use of
two way video, and two way audio. Introducing these elements of participation create a blended e-learning
experience.

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Schedule

E-learning can either be Synchronous or Asynchronous. Synchronous means that real-time communication is
implemented, such as video conferencing, teleconferencing, and on-line chat programs. Asynchronous indicates that
other means of communication are utilized that do not require real time responses. Examples of asynchronous e-
learning include; e-mail, list serves, threaded discussions, blogs, and on-line forums.

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E-Learning Class Structure

E-learning class structure addresses how the instruction is administered. E-learning can be self-paced, instructor-
led, or self-study with an expert. Self-paced instruction is administered by giving the learner the materials she needs
to complete the training/instruction. Instructor-led training affords the learner a guide to implement the instruction.
Self-study with an expert is a combination of self-paced and instructor-led. As in self-paced, the learner is
responsible for staying on task and on schedule, however as in instructor-led, there is interaction with an authority
figure that checks the learners' progress.

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Technology

Technology used to implement instruction is not limited to web-based materials. E-learning can be achieved by


utilizing any form of technology that sustains information yielding media. Video/Audio tape, aside from being an
obsolete technology is a viable means to implement instruction. More current technology aids the learning
experience because there are more means to convey the information. Technology is the most variable element in e-
learning. The more advanced the technology becomes, the more options there are to further e-learning. The
creation of the Internet subsequently created e-learning, as dial-up connections were replaced by cable modems,
speed and bandwidth increased; correlatively the quality of on-line instruction improved because computers were
able to support the media. As speed increases and devices become smaller and more mobile; training will become
more flexible and further boost the growth and popularity of e-learning.

The topics mentioned previously are not mutually exclusive; they can be used in any combination to create the best
instruction possible. Given e-learning's conceptual versatility and advancing technology, e-learning currently has
increasingly limitless potential.

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1.1 References

E-learning Essentials. Online education delivery methods: Types of e-learning. Retrieved February 13th,
2006 from http://www.worldwidelearn.com/elearning-essentials/elearning-types.htm

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1.2 – The E-Learning Evolution

Dan Hoffmaster

Up until about ten years ago, training was not done in front of a computer, but in the classroom with a qualified
trainer. As technology improved, companies began to integrate training with the computer and the field of e-learning
began to take shape.

In the early 1990s, many companies were using videotape-based training for their employees. At this point, the
industry "...represented a very small market and lacked the 'scalability' that is so important in today's applications."
(Cooke, 2004) The idea of putting training on video was a good idea, though it was lacking in a few areas (1)
Customization based on needs of users, (2) Expensive to maintain and (3) Could not be upgraded easily. There is
also the issue of employees having to hunt down the proper equipment in order to watch the videos. These videos
often had limited interactions which lead to the nearly impossible task of tracking progress and assessment.
(Cooke, 2004)

Since it was obvious that video was not the best solution, a new form of training evolved, CBT or Computer Based
Training. "Windows 3.1, Macintosh, CD-ROMs, PowerPoint marked the technological advancement of the
Multimedia Era" (Kiffmeyer, 2004). CD-ROMs could be cheaply produced so that the problem of checking in and
out videos was eliminated. Employees would also be able to simply pop in a CD to their personal computer at their
desk and complete the training.

Although the CD-ROM Computer-Based Training made advances toward the better, it still lacked the ability to
track employees' performance in a central database and was also not as easy to upgrade. All these problems
would disappear with the use of the Internet as a means of delivering content. The problem was, when the content
was placed on the web, it was simply text to begin with and maybe a few graphics. "No one really cared about the
effectiveness of this new medium – it was just really cool." (Cooke, 2004)

People in the field of e-learning began to realize that you simply can not put information on the web without a
learning strategy for the users. "...In order for technology to improve learning, it must 'fit' into students' lives…not
the other way around. As a result, e-learning was born." (Clark, 2002)


One of the first innovations in actual e-learning was the LMS or Learning Management System. "The first Learning
Management Systems (LMS) offered off-the-shelf platforms for front-end registration and course cataloging, and
they tracked skills management and reporting on the back-end." (Clark, 2002) This enabled schools and
companies to place courses online and be able to track students' progress, communicate with students effectively
and provide a place for real-time discussions.

The eClassroom evolved shortly after, which are "...web-based synchronous events with integrated CBT and
simulations." (Clark, 2002) Centra is a great example of an eClassroom that is used quite often today. eClassrooms
are often called Live Instructor-Lead Training or ILT. "Live instructor-led training (ILT) via the Web can be
combined with real-time mentoring, improved learner services, and up-to-date, engaging "born on the Web"
content to create a highly-effective, multi-dimensional learning environment." (Kiffmeyer, 2004)

E-learning has come a very long way since its early days of being text-based via the Web or CD-ROM. So what
does the future hold? There really is no saying where the field is headed. As long as training is continually geared
towards the learners and strategies are used in the training, there is no end in sight for e-learning.

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1.2 References

Clark, David James. (2002, January). Big bang or steady evolution?. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from
http://www.learningtechnologies.co.uk/magazine/article_full.cfm?articleid=6&issueid=7&section=1
Cooke, Michael. (2004, July). Clomedia: The evolution of e-learning. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from
http://www.clomedia.com/content/templates/clo_webonly.asp?articleid=571&zoneid=78
Kiffmeyer, Michael. (2004, November 9). The evolution of e-learning. Retrieved April 21, 2006 from
http://knowledgemanagement.ittoolbox.com/documents/popular-q-and-a/the-evolution-of-elearning-2902

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1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning

Kristy DelVecchio and Megan Loughney

Advantages of E-Learning

E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of learners. It is affordable, saves time, and
produces measurable results. E-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money
is spent traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this
type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute.

Flexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere.
Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24
hours a day, and seven days a week. . E-learning also has measurable assessments which can be created so the
both the instructors and students will know what the students have learned, when they've completed courses, and
how they have performed.

Students like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles. Students have the advantage of
learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that apply to many different
learning styles learners have. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they hold a job, they can still be
working with e-learning. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available. Learners can sit
in their home in their pajamas and do the learning if they desire.



E-learning encourages students to peruse through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web.
Students are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows students to
select learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more
effectively in an activity. E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because
it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized to meet the individual needs of
the learners.

E-learning helps students develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their
careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners
succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidence in them.

Educators and corporations really benefit from e-learning. Learners enjoy having the opportunity to learn at their
own pace, on their own time, and have it less costly.

Web-based Examples

You can check out some examples on the Web:

Be ne fits of E-Le arning

http://www.exomedia.ca/elearning/benefits.cfm

Why E-Le arning

http://www.study-center.com/welearn.asp

Ke y Be ne fits of E-Le arning

http://www.mindiq.com/elearning/dac/key_benefits.html
http://knowledgenet.com/corporateinformation/ourhistory/history.jsp
http://www.elearners.com/resources/elearning-faq8.asp

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Disadvantages of E-Learning

Next we look at the disadvantages of e-learning. One disadvantage of e-learning is that learners need to have
access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word
processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the student to
succeed in e-learning. E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or
older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and
give up. Another disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files and online learning software. For learners
with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized. Without
good computer organizational skills learners may lose or misplace reports causing them to be late in submitting
assignments. Some of the students also may have trouble installing software that is required for the class.

E-learning also requires just as much time for attending class and completing assignments as any traditional
classroom course. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they
do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may fall behind. Another disadvantage of e-
learning is that without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course
activities and deadlines causing the student to fail or do poorly.



Another disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated from the instructor. Instructions are not always
available to help the learner so learners need to have discipline to work independently without the instructor's
assistance. E-learners also need to have good writing and communication skills. When instructors and other
learners aren't meeting face-to-face it is possible to misinterpret what was meant.

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1.4 E-Learning and the Corporate World

Cedrick Osavandi

E-Learning makes Business Sense

Since the conventional distance learning that utilized television and radio to broadcast a topic to a number of
people in different locations at different times, the various forms of learning have evolved greatly. Through the
immense increase in technological innovation we have far surpassed the conventional method of classroom
learning and are now able to deliver lessons directly into people's homes, offices, or any other location that is
accessible by way of technology. Can e-learning be the solution to keep people in sync with the rapidly changing
corporate world? Corporations are using e-learning as a means of quickly communicating business-critical
information across organizations and across the country.

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Corporate E-Learning

E-learning within the educational industry provides educators and learners with a solution to their specific needs; e-
learning for corporations addresses the business world's specific requirements. Quickly communicating a business-
specific concept, training various departments across the country at the same time, introducing a new product into
the company, those are just some of the business specific applications of e-learning in the corporate world.

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The Cost (Savings!!!)

Corporations are constantly looking to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Being able to educate employees while
keeping them on the job is extremely valuable to any business. A well-structured e-learning solution is the answer
that supports the overall business objective. With technology evolving at its current pace, the bounds of e-learning
are virtually limitless. Being able to train employees from different departments within different locations throughout
the country has become a commonly applied training procedure in today's world. On-the-job training, for
individuals or groups, is replacing in-person training sessions. Utilizing the advances in mobile technology, e-learning
can now be employed on various handheld devices and PDAs. The mere travel cost savings that are realized make
this an invaluable tool. Overall, e-learning has proven it is here to stay! Future advances in technology will provide
the learners with even more interactivity and simulations, which will help maximize learning.

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Comfort and Convenience

Enabling employee's access to training materials on the job has also increased job satisfaction enormously. This
intern heightens worker motivation and results in increased work performance. Picture yourself being able to sit
comfortably at your desk while completing the newest training module on your companies' newest product. The



learning program enables you to review the information as often as you like, move forward and backward through
the instruction at the pace you are comfortable with. This adds to the countless benefits a corporation can realize
through the successful use of e-learning.

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The Bottom Line

While it has taken some time for the business world to jump on the bandwagon, E-learning is here to stay and will
only become more advanced and more widely used. E-learning is a must for any successful corporation and offers
limitless opportunities to those who use it wisely. In the business world everything culminates to the bottom line:
Profit! Employing a successful e-learning strategy allows a corporation to cut costs tremendously, while increasing
workplace satisfaction and raising employee motivation. All this lets you wonder where the future of e-learning will
take us!

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1.5 E-Learning in the Pre-K-12 Market

Ann Keiser Edler

E-learning has been used at the post-secondary level, corporate, and government levels for many years. Siphoning
down the educational funnel, e-learning is quickly gaining popularity in the Pre K-12 market. E-learning is gaining
popularity among the educational community as schools search for ways to meet the standards set forth in the No
Child Left Behind policy. While it is early to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of e-learning in the PreK-12
market, one thing for certain is that local school districts will have to adapt and incorporate E-learning into their
curriculum offerings.

According to data from the National Education Technology Plan 2004 by the US Department of Education, "At
least 15 states provide some form of virtual schooling to supplement regular classes or provide for special needs.
Hundreds of thousands of students are taking advantage of e-learning this school year. About 25 percent of all K-
12 public schools now offer some form of e-learning or virtual school instruction." (page 34) The federal
government predicts that in the next decade a majority of schools will be on board and offering distance-learning
classes to students.

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Success or Failure

Early research indicates that online classes are an effective means for delivering education to the Pre K-12 market.
Students in the market have a positive attitude toward online instruction, having grown-up surrounded by the
technology used in instruction, primarily computers and the Internet. (United States Distance Learning Association
[USDLA], 2006) In a 2004 report, The Effects of Distance Education on K-12 Student Outcomes: A Meta-
Analysis found that distance education had the same effect on measures of student academic achievement when
compared to traditional instruction. (Cavanaugh, Gillam, Kromrey, Hess, and Blomeyer, 2004). Students enrolled
in virtual Advanced Placement courses are experiencing a high success rate. (Solomon, 2005)

However, there is data indicating that e-learning or virtual schools are not making the cut. 2003 proficiency data
from students who attended Pennsylvania's six cyber schools were below the state average. Data from Colorado
indicates that the attrition rate may be higher for students in virtual schools than of traditional schools. In addition, a
higher percentage of students were rated as unsatisfactory in math when compared with the state average.
(Solomon, 2005)


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Meeting Needs

E-learning is used to meet the needs of special groups of students which may be, homebound, home schooled,
incarcerated, or child entertainers, athletes or models. In addition, e-learning often allows students to adapt the
material to meet their individual learning requirements.

School districts are quickly adopting e-learning. Right now, it is up to the states and individual school districts to
develop the policy when adopting e-learning into their curriculum. Some school districts use online classes to offer
additional classes that are not available in the general curriculum while other school districts use e-learning in an
attempt to reach students who may be in danger of dropping out of high school or need to repeat a class to fulfill
graduations requirements.

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E-Learning in Lower Grades

As might be expected, there is a lot of debate concerning the use of e-learning for students younger than middle
school. Opponents of e-learning claim that students who are younger than 12 do not have the necessary cognitive
abilities to learn via a strict e-learning environment. Opponents are also concerned about the social development of
young students and claim that young students in an e-learning environment will fail to develop appropriate social
skills.

An emerging solution is what we call blended learning. In a blended learning environment, students do part of their
instruction online, supplemented with face-to-face interaction in the traditional classroom environment. Curriculum
designed within the blended learning environment hopes to incorporate strengths of both e-learning and the
traditional classroom to assist student learning.

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Recommendations

States and school districts must develop effective policy to prepare for and incorporate e-learning into curriculum
offerings. Policy issues cover a range of topics including:

Teacher certification
Credit for classes
Class ranking
Quality of online instruction
Funding
Alignment of online instruction with national and state standards
Student access to equipment and Internet
Evaluation of e-learning courses and materials
Teacher training
Accessibility for students with disabilities

Recommendations in regards to e-learning from The National Education Technology Plan for states and schools
districts include:

Provide every student with access to e-learning
Enable every teacher to participate in e-learning training


Encourage the use of e-learning options to meet No Child Left Behind requirements for highly qualified
teacher, supplemental services and parental choice.
Explore creative ways to fund e-learning opportunities.
Develop quality measures and accreditation standards for e-learning that mirror those required for course
credit. (page 42)

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1.5 Summary

E-learning will continue to become more thoroughly integrated into the preK-12 market. E-learning will enable
schools to offer more classes to their students, make learning more flexible to meet individual needs and help
schools meet the requirements of No Child Left Behind. While the data is still being collected on the success of e-
learning, proactive schools will prepare for the future by investing in the technology and teacher training necessary
to develop and implement e-learning.

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1.5 References

Cavanaugh, C.,Gillian, KJ., Kromrey, J., Hess, M., Blomeyer, R. (2004, October) The effects of distance
education on K-12 student outcomes: A meta-analysis. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Retrieved April 23, 2006 from http://www.ncrel.org/tech/distance/k12distance.pdf
Resources, statistics, and distance learning resources. United States Distance Learning Association.
http://www.usdla.org/html/aboutUs/researchInfo.htm
Revenaugh, Mickey. (2005) Virtual schooling: legislative update. techLearning. Retrieved April 10, 2006,
from
http://techlearning.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=4YMRLLWIX5VQMQSNDBGCKHSCJUMEKJVN?
articleID=160400812&_requestid=234790
Solomon, Gwen.(2005). Shaping e-learning policy. techLearning. Retrieved April 4, 2006, from
http://www.techlearning.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=163100416
Tang, Tianna. (2002) Is distance education for kids? techLearning. Retrieved April 20, 2006, from
http://www.techlearning.com/db_area/archives/WCE/archives/ttang.html
Toward a new golden age in American education. How the Internet, the law and today's student are
revolutionizing expectations. National Educational Technology Plan 2004. US. Department of Education.
[Electronic Version] http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/os/technology/plan/2004/site/edlite-default.html

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1.6 E-Learning and the Demise of Brick-and-Mortar Schools

Ben Riley

"Thirty years from now the big university campuses will be relics. Universities won't survive... It's as large a change
as when we first got the printed book." (Clayton, 2000) There is now a huge increase in online education that is
fueled by learners who don't fit the stereotypical mold. There are learners who might work during the day and
aren't close enough to a university and would rather take the courses from the convenience of their own home.
Others might have children or family obligations that prevent them from making the trip to a formal classroom
setting. The shift in our culture lends itself to being more suited toward online learning environments.

E-Learning, or distance learning, has progressed through the years from VHS video tapes that were sent through
the mail, to elaborate synchronous online meeting tools through the internet. Now the response time is much


quicker, results are tabulated faster and learners get through material at a rapid pace.

The ideal of one-on-one instruction is not practical in today's classrooms. It is neither efficient nor practical with the
massive amounts of students being crammed into classrooms now. "A computer can give you more one-on-one
interaction than a human can when that human has 30 other humans to deal with. In a classroom, people who are
curious, inquisitive, and questioning take up too much time." (Galagan, 2000) Students prefer the online
environment because they can question the professor or experiment with a project without fear of ridicule by other
students.

The e-learning initiative is relatively easy and inexpensive to get involved in. Many people are afraid to get involved
with e-learning programs because they think there will be too many obstacles to overcome. There are really only
two things required to get involved in an e-learning program (Rossen, 2001):

Desktop or portable computers for learners (in the workspace or in the lab)
Access to the Internet

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How does this growing trend fit into the corporate arena?

The corporate sector is made up of a lot of stand up training, but is slowly moving to CBT. Computer-Based
Training is an uncharted map for the corporate sector. "Corporate trainers better figure out how to be part of that,"
warns Schank. "The ones who are part of the ancient system [of classroom training] are going to watch that ancient
system disappear on them." (Galagan, 2000)

Companies must reexamine their core processes, which includes customer service and employee management.
They must see it through the eyes of someone implementing an e-learning system. Certain things that have worked
in the past might not work once there is a system of e-learning in place.

"What do a former junk bond king, a real estate tycoon, and a Wayne Huzenga wannabe have in common?
They're all major stakeholders in new companies that have entered the training market in the past five years. And
they are just the tip of the iceberg. A flood of entrepreneurs and their management teams are emigrating from
formerly hot market niches in the industrial economy to superheated niches in the knowledge economy." (Galagan,
2000) This knowledge economy seems to be attracting the attention of investors around the globe. Certainly there
is some validity in the in the corporate e-learning programs. Stand up training could become a thing of the past in
some global companies.

There is a new idea of the connected economy and the niche that e-learning can find in an economy where
networked computers can and do directly affect the market for goods and services. (Sloman, 2001) This is another
factor that reduces the amount of stand up training today in the corporate sector.

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1.6 References

Clayton, Mark. Every university has e-learning in its future. Christian Science Monitor. 10/31/2000.
Conceptualizing Design Considerations. Vol. 92, Issue 238
Galagan, Patricia. The e-learning revolution - technology transforming training. www.findarticles.com.
December 2000. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4467/is_12_54/ai_68217187
Rossen, Elisabeth; Hartley, Darin. Basics of e-learning. Info-Line. September 2001, Issue 109.
http://www.astd.org/
Sloman, Martyn. THE E-LEARNING REVOLUTION (BOOK REVIEW), Knowledge Management



Review, 13697633, Jul/Aug2001, Vol. 4, Issue 3

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Sections
Home
Introduction
Authors
Contributors
About the IIT
1. What is E-Learning?
2. Instructional Design Models for E-Learning
3. E-Learners
4. E-Learning Tools
5. Instructional Strategies for E-Learning
6. Information Ownership
7. Development
8. Delivering E-Learning
9. E-Learning Evaluation
10. Managing the Data
11. Web Standards
Site Map

Institute for Interactive Technologies , Bloomsburg University of
Pennsylvania, USA

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License .

Contact Information
Pamela Berman
2221 McCormick Center
Bloomsburg PA 17815-1301
USA
pberman@bloomu.edu

Last updated October 13, 2006

Graphics by David Cerreta


Chapter 1 e learning concepts and techniques

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