2. CHAPTER 1 is divided into three MAIN PARTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE PROBLEM
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. The statement in the introduction introduces the study and signifies its
importance to create an interest and intense desire on the reader to
know more about the investigation. This is the preliminary part of the
problem, leading to its main part and objectives. It may include legal or
other bases related to or for conducting the study.
- Rationale of the Study
- Theoretical Background
- Conceptual Framework
- Review of Related Literature
PARTS OF INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
4. Rationale of the Study
• This section is an introduction that gives
information as to what the study is all about.
It should show the existence of an
unsatisfactory condition, a felt problem that
needs a solution. That is, the reason or
reasons why it is necessary to conduct the
study must be discussed.
It should be linked to the statement of the
problem.
5. It must explain the students’ earnest desire to have a
deeper and clearer understanding of a situation so
they will be in a better position to initiate remedial
measures or to find a better way to improve the
situation.
Consists of 4 paragraphs in at least 3 pages
1st
paragraph – contains Global and National views of the problem being studied
2nd
paragraph – discussion in detail of the problem or gap being studied citing
emphasis of the latter in the local setting
3rd
paragraph – supporting studies or claims on the problem (maximum of 2 only)
4th
paragraph – discussion of the main reason of the conduct of the study, what to do
about it, how it will be processed (concisely) and concluding statement of the rationale.
Rationale of the Study
6. Theoretical Background and Framework
• This section should present the different theories,
models, paradigms, perspectives related to a
particular problem that is developed through a
review of previously tested knowledge of variables
or concepts involved. It identifies a plan for
investigation and interpretation of the findings.
• It relates to philosophical basis on which the
research takes place and form the link between the
theoretical aspects and practical components of the
investigation undertaken. Therefore it’’ has
implications for every decision made in the research
process’’(Mertens,1998)
7. Conceptual Framework
• This section consists of concepts that are
placed within a logical and sequential design.
It represents less formal structure and used for
studies in which existing theory is incapable
or insufficient. Its based on specific concepts
and propositions, derived from empirical
observation and intuition.
• It’s the researcher’s own position on the
problem and gives direction to the study.
8. Review of Related Literature
What is Review of Related Literature?
Review of related literature is an analysis
of man’s written or spoken knowledge of
the world. You examine representations of
man’s thinking about the world to
determine the connection of your research
with what people already know about it.
(Wallman, 2014)
9. Review of Related Literature
• Composed of discussions of facts and principles to
which the present study is related.
• It discusses, investigates, and critiques what the
other authors and researchers have done in relation
to your present study.
• Materials which are usually printed and found in
books, encyclopedias, professional journals,
magazines, newspapers, and other publications
• “A Literature Review is NOT a research paper”.
10. Review of Related Literature
These materials are classified as:
• LOCAL - if printed in the Philippines;
• FOREIGN - if printed in other lands.
11. Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature
• To obtain background knowledge of your research.
• To relate your study to the current condition or
situation of the world.
• To show the capacity of your research work to
introduce new knowledge.
• To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of
previous research studies.
• To increase your understanding of the underlying
theories, principles or concepts of your research.
12. Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature
• To explain technical terms involved in your research
study.
• To highlight the significance of your work with the
kind of evidence it gathered to support the
conclusion of your research.
• To avoid repeating previous research studies.
• To recommend the necessity of further research on a
certain topic.
13. Characteristics of Related Literature
Materials
relevant
(highly connected)
recent
(not long ago, current)
sufficient
(not too few, not too many)
15. Review of Related Literature
How to conduct the Review of Related Literature?
Visit the school library or other libraries in the
vicinity. Browse over books, magazines,
journals, etc. Be patient.
Do a computer-aided search through an
electronic database.
Google Scholar
Website of journals; Botanicus
Ask for reprints from experts
16. Review of Related Literature
When writing research paper, literature
citation is important two reasons:
1. To avoid plagiarism (ethical or moral
standard)
2. To assign proper authority to a
statement. Giving credit to the sources
of any information of ideas need to be
done.
17. Review of Related Literature
How to write the Review of Related Literature?
Give due credit to the real source of your data.
Cite the authors at the end of the sentence.
How?
Paraphrase using your own words and style
the data gathered.
Summarize important points from your
sources and relate them to your topic.
18. Review of Related Literature
GUIDELINES
Provide short introduction
Author, year, title of research,
findings/ results/ conclusions (may
also include recommendations, can
be found in abstracts)
19. Review of Related Literature
EXAMPLE:
In the study conducted by Guigue (2013) relative to the
English proficiency of maritime education students at PMI
Colleges Bohol, it was found out that the respondents were all
Poor (P) in the four key areas measured to determine the
proficiency level, which means that these student-respondents
failed to attain the minimum passing percentage of 75%. They
obtained Poor (P) ratings in grammar, vocabulary, reading
comprehension and oral communication. The researcher then
recommended to revisit and enriched the English curricula of the
school.
