purposive communication in complex world
- 1. Unit 7: Communication for Academic Purposes RESEARCH-is looking for answers to a query using the most logical and valid methods.(Adanza, Bermudo, Rasonable (2009) RESEARCH-is the process by which the collection and analysis of data to generate a theory or test a theory is done systematically(Baac,2008) RESEARCH-is the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that link an individual’s speculation with reality(Calmorin,2007) RESEARCH-is a systematic and scientific way of investigating a problem with the view of understanding it and finding solutions to it. (Dejillas,2000) RESEARCH- is a careful or diligent search, studious inquiry or examination especially investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery or interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.(Mugo,2000)
- 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH According to Calmorin(2007), research has the following characteristics. 1. Empirical- research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. 2. Logical- Research is based on valid procedures and principles. 3. Cyclical- Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 4. Analytical- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental or case study. 5. Critical- Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. 6. Methodical- Research is conducted in methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. 7. Replicable- The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
- 3. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 1. Research originates with a question or a problem. 2. Research requires a clear articulation of a goal. 3. Research follows a specific plan of procedure. 4. Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub- problems. 5. Research is guided by a specific research problem, question or hypothesis. 6. Research accepts certain critical assumptions. 7. Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the research.
- 4. VALUES OF RESEARCH TO MAN 1. Research improves quality of life. 2. Research improves instruction. 3. Research improves students’ achievement. 4. Research improves teachers’ competence. 5. Research satisfies man’s needs. 6. Research reduces the burden of work. 7. Research improves the exportation of food products. 8. Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measure of the country. 9. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic development of the country and compete globally.
- 5. Kinds of Research Basic Research deals with the processes of objects and things, or information about different topics with no concern for a direct pay-off. Applied Research probes into the unknown using directly the results to a current problem. Empirical Research is more specific than basic research but implies its nature from the use of data, whether quantitative or qualitative.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH Research can be classified as follows: Evaluation Research. This is concerned with the application of theories and facts in evaluating the relative worth of two or more possible alternatives or decisions. Research and Development. This research is concerned with the application of existing theories or body of knowledge in developing new products, systems or procedures. Action Research. This is concerned with the application of existing theories in the conceptualization of a possible alternative solution to an existing problem situation. Library Research. Research is conducted in the library. Data needed to solve the research problems are available in the library. Field Study. Research is conducted in the natural setting. Laboratory Research. Research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study.
- 7. Parts of a Research Paper Title The title of the research has to do with two things: accurately describe what the paper is about make the reader want to read the paper Abstract Abstracts should be about 250 words long. Even though it comes first in your paper, it should be written last. It is a concise summary of your study. It is not an introduction to your paper.
- 8. INTRODUCTION The introduction should include a statement of the research problem. This section expands on the research question you hope to answer in your study. It should also present a tentative answer to that question—what you hope or expect to find. It should also include your rationale. The rationale deals with how you have concluded that this research should be undertaken. What was your line of reasoning? Why is it important to do this research, as a statement of logic rather than a statement of belief. This section points out the practical relevance of the problem, and states what the given state of affairs is currently and what is unsatisfactory about it.
- 9. Scope and Delimitation of the Study This should include the specific scope of the problem, the nature of any subject treated, and their number. The scope is expected to indicate a reasonable area of study which is large enough to permit careful treatment. These are the parameters that you put in your study to limit the scope. If your study is about trombone students, for example, you can't study all of them. So, you place limits on your study: only trombone players who are in the 6th grade in two middle schools in Ohio. These are not the same as 'limitations.' Limitations are factors beyond the control of the research. Delimitations are restrictions purposely placed on the study by the researcher. Delimitations may include: what you are not doing (and why) literature you will not review (and why) a population you are not studying (and why) the procedures and methods you are not using (and why)
- 10. Statement of the Problem A statement of the purpose of the investigation and the specific problems you are trying to answer. It should include a statement of relevance to felt needs, its potential contribution to new knowledge, policy implications and other possible uses of the results. Significance of the Study This part presents the contributions of the study in relation to: solving a problem, bridging knowledge gap, improving social, health, and economic conditions, etc.
- 11. METHODOLOGY This section in the research manuscript should also specify the research design, the respondents of the study, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure, the data analysis and the statistical treatment. Research Design This section describes in sufficient detail the most appropriate design that applies to the study. It also describes the method of gathering the data, methods for observations and interpretations, modifications and statistical methods used. The following must be kept in mind in writing this section: Must be written in the past tense. Must not be written as though it were directions in a manual.
- 12. Methods of data collection 1. tests 2. experiments 3. surveys 4. questionnaires 5. observation 6. interviews 7. document review
- 13. Respondents of the Study This part explains HOW and WHERE, HOW MANY are the respondents taken. Research Instruments This describes the research/ data gathering instruments used, e.g. questionnaire, test, interview, checklist or rating scale. Data Gathering Procedure This part describes the procedure/process of obtaining the needed data.
- 14. Statistical Treatment and Data Analysis This part describes how the gathered data were analyzed. It also describes the statistical tool/s and formula used to answer the research questions of the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of data. All specific questions under statement of the problem are answered.
- 15. REFERENCES The reference list must include full reference documentation for all articles and texts mentioned in the study. All references should be listed alphabetically and formatted according to the American Psychological Association’s style of citation. Why cite sources? When information is borrowed from others, you must give them credit. Citing sources accomplishes the following: provides a way to give proper credit to the sources used in writing the paper enables the reader to find the information for themselves adds credibility and provides strength for your arguments When to cite sources? Credit must be given whenever: quoting from a source (copying the source word for word) summarizing or rephrasing information from a source into one’s own words
- 16. How to cite sources? APA Style requires 2 elements: 1. IN-TEXT REFERENCES Located in the text of the paper Tells the reader what information was borrowed and where it came from 2. A LIST OF REFERENCES Located at the end of the paper Tells the reader what sources were used to write the paper and Provide complete information about the sources. The in-text references and list of references work together to give complete credit to the sources that are used in writing the paper. The in-text reference in the paper should correspond with the beginning of the citation in the list of references. APA style requires brief references in the text of the paper and complete reference information at the end of the paper. Below are some general guidelines:
- 17. IN-TEXT REFERENCES An in-text reference is generally given in one of two ways: For rephrased information (information put into your own words) Use the author’s surname followed immediately by the copyright year in brackets within the sentence OR Provide the author’s surname and copyright year in brackets at the end of the sentence before the period. For quoted information (information copied word for word): Use the author’s surname followed immediately by the copyright year in brackets and the page from which the information was copied in brackets at the end of the sentence OR Provide the author’s surname, copyright year, and page in brackets at the end of the sentence before the period
- 18. REFERENCES The list of sources is titled “References” and is located at the end of the paper on a new page. Alphabetize entries by the first word of the entry Entries are double spaced and the second line of the entry is hanging indent of a ½ inch Use only initials for the first and middle names even if the full name is given. In titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all proper nouns In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words Italicize the titles of books and periodicals One space after all punctuation List only works that were referenced in the text of the paper (except personal communications) Sample of references written in APA Style Gee, J.P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and Method: Routledge. Ivkovic, D., & Lotherington,H. (2009). Multilingualism in cyberspace: Conceptualising the virtual linguistic landscape. International Journal of Multilingualism, 6(1),17-36). List of Higher Education Institutions. (n.d.) Retrieved August 20, 2017