Chapter- 1 (Introduction to accounting))

Accounting Principles
Thirteenth Edition
Weygandt ● Kimmel ● Kieso
Chapter 1
Accounting in Action
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Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
LO 1 Identify the activities and users associated with
accounting.
LO 2 Explain the building blocks of accounting: ethics,
principles, and assumptions.
LO 3 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
LO 4 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the
accounting equation.
LO 5 Describe the four financial statements and how they are
prepared.
2
Copyright ©2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Accounting Activities and Users
Accounting consists of three activities
1. Identification – Identify economic events (relevant to
its business)
2. Recording - Record, classify, and summarize
3. Communication
• Prepare accounting reports
• Analyze and interpret the reported information
3

Who Uses Accounting Data (1 of 2)
Internal Users
• Finance - Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to
Microsoft stockholders?
• Marketing – What price should Apple charge for an
iPad to maximize net income?
• Human Resources – Can General Motors afford to give
its employees pay raises this year?
• Management - Which PepsiCo product line is the most
profitable? Should any product lines be eliminated?
4

Who Uses Accounting Data (2 of 2)
External Users
• Investors
o Is General Electric earning satisfactory income?
o How does Disney compare in size and profitability with
Time Warner?
• Creditors – Will United Airlines be able to pay its debts
as they come due?
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Do It! 1: Basic Concepts (1 of 2)
Indicate whether each of the statements is true or false.
1. The three steps in the accounting process are identification,
recording, and communication.
2. Bookkeeping encompasses all steps in the accounting process.
3. Accountants prepare, but do not interpret, financial reports.
4. The two most common types of external users are investors and
company officers.
5. Managerial accounting focuses on reports for internal users.
Solution: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Do It! 1: Basic Concepts (2 of 2)
Indicate whether each of the statements is true or false.
1. The three steps in the accounting process are identification,
recording, and communication.
2. Bookkeeping encompasses all steps in the accounting process.
3. Accountants prepare, but do not interpret, financial reports.
4. The two most common types of external users are investors and
company officers.
5. Managerial accounting focuses on reports for internal users.
Solution: 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True
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The Building Blocks of Accounting
Ethics in Financial Reporting
• Financial scandals include: Enron, WorldCom,
HealthSouth, AIG.
• Regulators and lawmakers were concerned that
economy would suffer if investors lost confidence in
corporate accounting
o Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
• Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior
8

Ethics in Financial Reporting (1 of 2)
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong
b. honest or dishonest
c. fair or not fair
d. all of these options
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Ethics in Financial Reporting (2 of 2)
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong
b. honest or dishonest
c. fair or not fair
d. Answer: all of these options
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Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles
Standards that are generally accepted and universally
practiced. These standards indicate how to report
economic events.
Standard-setting bodies:
• Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
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Measurement Principles
Historical Cost Principle (or cost principle)
• Record assets at their cost.
Fair Value Principle
• Assets and liabilities should be reported at fair value
(the price received to sell an asset or settle a liability)
Selection of which principle to follow generally relates
to trade-offs between relevance and faithful
representation.
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Assumptions (1 of 5)
Monetary Unit Assumption
• Include in accounting records only transaction data that
can be expressed in terms of money
Economic Entity Assumption
• Activities of entity be kept separate and distinct from
activities of its owner and all other economic entities
Forms of Business Ownership
o Proprietorship
o Partnership
o Corporation
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Forms of Business Ownership
Proprietorship
• Owned by one person
• Owner is often
manager/operator
• Owner receives any
profits, suffers any
losses, and is
personally liable for
all debts
Partnership
• Owned by two or
more persons
• Often retail and
service-type
businesses
• Generally unlimited
personal liability
• Partnership
agreement
Corporation
• Ownership
divided into
transferable
shares of stock
• Separate legal
entity organized
under state
corporation law
• Limited liability
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Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
a. cost principle
b. economic entity assumption
c. monetary unit assumption
d. ethics principle.
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Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
a. cost principle
b. Answer: economic entity assumption
c. monetary unit assumption
d. ethics principle.
16

A business organized as a separate legal entity under
state law having ownership divided into shares of stock
is a
a. proprietorship
b. partnership
c. porporation
d. sole proprietorship
17

A business organized as a separate legal entity under
state law having ownership divided into shares of stock
is a
a. proprietorship
b. partnership
c. Answer: porporation
d. sole proprietorship
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Do It! 2: Building Blocks of Accounting (1 of 4)
Indicate whether each of the five statements presented below is true or false. If
false, indicate how to correct the statement.
1. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to reduce unethical behavior and
decrease the likelihood of future corporate scandals.
2. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United States is the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
3. The historical cost principle dictates that companies record assets at their
cost. In later periods, however, the fair value of the asset must be used if fair
value is higher than its cost.
Solution: 1.
2.
3.
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1. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to reduce unethical behavior and
decrease the likelihood of future corporate scandals.
2. The primary accounting standard-setting body in the United States is the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
3. The historical cost principle dictates that companies record assets at their
cost. In later periods, however, the fair value of the asset must be used if fair
value is higher than its cost.
Solution: 1. True
2. True
3. False. The historical cost principle dictates that companies record
assets at their cost. Under the historical cost principle, the company
must also use cost in later periods.
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4. Relevance means that financial information matches what really happened;
the information is factual.
5. A business owner’s personal expenses must be separated from expenses of
the business to comply with accounting’s economic entity assumption.
Solution: 1. True
2. True
3. False
4.
5.
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4. Relevance means that financial information matches what really happened;
the information is factual.
5. A business owner’s personal expenses must be separated from expenses of
the business to comply with accounting’s economic entity assumption.
Solution: 1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False. Faithful representation, not relevance, means that financial
information matches what really happened; the information is factual.
5. True
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The Accounting Equation (1 of 6)
Basic Accounting Equation
• Provides underlying framework for recording and
summarizing economic events
• Assets are claimed by either creditors or owners
• If a business is liquidated, claims of creditors must be
paid before ownership claims
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Assets
• Resources a business owns
• Provide future services or benefits
• Cash, Supplies, Equipment, etc.
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Liabilities
• Claims against assets (debts and obligations)
• Creditors (party to whom money is owed)
• Accounts Payable, Notes Payable, Salaries and Wages
Payable, etc.
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Owner’s Equity
• Ownership claim on total assets
• Referred to as residual equity
• Investment by owners and revenues increases owner's
equity
• Drawings and expenses decreases owner's equity
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Increase in Owner’s Equity
• Investment by Owner. Assets the owner puts into the
business
• Revenues. Increases in assets or decreases in liabilities
resulting from sale of goods or performance of services
in normal course of business
27

Decrease in Owner’s Equity
• Drawings. A withdraw of cash or other assets
for personal use
• Expenses. Cost of assets consumed or services
used in the process of earning revenue
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Do It! 3: Owner’s Equity Effects
Classify the following items as investment by owner (I), owner’s
drawings (D), revenues (R), or expenses (E). Then indicate whether
each item increases or decreases owner’s equity.
Classification
Effect
on Equity
1. Rent Expense Expense Decrease
2. Service Revenue Revenue Increase
3. Drawings
Owner’s
Drawings
Decrease
4. Salaries and Wages
Expense Expense Decrease
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Analyzing Business Transactions (1 of 2)
Transactions are a business’s economic events recorded by
accountants.
• May be external or internal
• Not all activities represent transactions
• Have a dual effect on the accounting equation
30

Analyzing Business Transactions (2 of 2)
Illustration: Are the following events recorded in the
accounting records?
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Transaction Analysis (1 of 10)
Transaction 1. Ray Neal decides to start a smartphone app development company which
he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2020, he invests $15,000 cash in the business. This
transaction results in an equal increase in assets and owner’s equity.
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Transaction 2. Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
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Transaction 3. Softbyte Inc. purchases for $1,600 headsets and other computer accessories
expected to last several months. The supplier allows Softbyte to pay this bill in October.
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Transaction 4. Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for app development
services it has performed.
35

Transaction 5. Softbyte Inc. receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising
on its online website but postpones payment until a later date.
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Transaction 6. Softbyte performs $3,500 of app development services for customers. The
company receives cash of $1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on
account.
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Transaction 7. Softbyte pays the following expenses in cash for September: office rent
$600, salaries and wages of employees $900, and utilities $200.
38

Transaction 8. Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash. The company previously
(in Transaction 5) recorded the bill as an increase in Accounts Payable and a decrease
in owner’s equity.
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Transaction 9. Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for
services (in Transaction 6).
40

Transaction 10. Ray Neal withdraws $1,300 in cash in cash from the business for his
personal use.
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Summary of Transactions
1. Each transaction analyzed in terms of effect on:
a. Three components of basic accounting equation
• Assets
• Liabilities
• Owner’s equity
b. Specific types of items, such as Cash
2. Two sides of equation must always be equal
3. The Owner’s Capital, Owner’s Drawings, Revenues, and
Expenses columns indicate the cause of each change in
the owner’s claim on assets.
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Do It! 4: Tabular Analysis (1 of 6)
Transactions made by Virmari & Co., a public accounting firm, for
the month of August are shown below. Prepare a tabular analysis
which shows the effects of these transactions on the expanded
accounting equation, similar to that shown in Illustration 1.8.
1. The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.
2. The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on credit.
3. The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for services
performed.
4. The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.
5. The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.
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Transaction 1. The owner invested $25,000 cash in the business.
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Transaction 2. The company purchased $7,000 of office equipment on
credit.
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Transaction 3. The company received $8,000 cash in exchange for
services performed.
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Transaction 4. The company paid $850 for this month’s rent.
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Transaction 5. The owner withdrew $1,000 cash for personal use.
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The Four Financial Statements
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Financial Statements (1 of 7)
Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities
b. assets exceed revenues
c. expenses exceed revenues
d. revenues exceed expenses
50

Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities
b. assets exceed revenues
c. expenses exceed revenues
d. Answer: revenues exceed expenses
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Softbyte statements
for the Month Ended
September 30, 2020
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Softbyte statements
for the Month Ended
September 30, 2020
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Softbyte statements
for the Month Ended
September 30, 2020
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Income Statement
• Reports revenues and expenses for a specific period of
time
• Lists revenues first, followed by expenses
• Shows net income (or net loss)
• Does not include investment and withdrawal
transactions between owner and business in measuring
net income
55

Owner’s Equity Statement
• Reports changes in owner’s equity for a specific period
of time
• Time period is the same as that covered by the income
statement
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Balance Sheet
• Reports assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at a
specific date
• Lists assets at top, followed by liabilities and owner’s
equity
• Total assets must equal total liabilities and owner's
equity
• Snapshot of company’s financial condition at a specific
moment in time (usually month-end or year-end)
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Statement of Cash Flows
• Provides information on cash receipts and payments
for a specific period of time
• Answers the following:
o Where did cash come from during the period?
o What was cash used for during the period?
o What was the change in the cash balance during the
period?
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Which of the following financial statements is prepared
as of a specific date?
a. Balance sheet
b. Income statement
c. Owner’s equity statement
d. Statement of cash flows
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Which of the following financial statements is prepared
as of a specific date?
a. Answer: Balance sheet
b. Income statement
c. Owner’s equity statement
d. Statement of cash flows
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Do It! 5: Financial Statement Items (1 of 4)
Presented below is selected information related to Flanagan Company
at December 31, 2020. Flanagan reports financial information monthly.
Equipment 10,000 Utilities Expense 4,000
Cash 8,000 Accounts Receivable 9,000
Service Revenue 36,000 Salaries and Wages Expense 7,000
Rent Expense 11,000 Notes Payable 16,500
Accounts Payable 2,000 Owner’s Drawings 5,000
a. Determine the total assets of Flanagan Company at December 31, 2020.
b. Determine the net income that Flanagan Company reported for December
2020.
c. Determine the owner’s equity of Flanagan Company at December 31, 2020.
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a. Determine the total assets of Flanagan Company at December 31, 2020.
Cash $ 8,000
Accounts receivable 9,000
Equipment 10,000
Total assets $27,000
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b. Determine the net income that Flanagan Company reported for December 2020.
Service revenue $36,000
Rent expense 11,000
Salaries and wages expense 7,000
Utilities expense 4,000
Net income $14,000
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c. Determine the owner’s equity of Flanagan Company at December 31, 2020.
Total assets $27,000
Less: Notes payable expense 16,500
Less: Accounts payable 2,000
Owner’s equity $ 8,500
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Appendix 1A: Career Opportunities in
Accounting
Public Accounting
Careers in auditing, taxation,
and management consulting
serving the general public.
Private Accounting
Careers in industry working in
cost accounting, budgeting,
accounting information
systems, and tax planning
and preparation.
Governmental Accounting
Careers with the IRS, FBI, the
SEC, public colleges and
universities, and in state and
local governments.
Forensic Accounting
Uses accounting, auditing,
and investigative skills to
conduct investigations into
theft and fraud.
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Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Act without the express written permission of the
copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up
copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs
or from the use of the information contained herein.
66

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