CHAPTER - 1. INTRODUCTION to harbour Engineering

INTRODUCTION
 Water Transportation is concerned with conveyance of people
and goods in vehicles that float upon water.
 Waterways have great historic importance in the development of
civilizations and in the growth of nations.
 Rivers and seas provided primitive man with his first facility for
mass transportation of goods.
 Waterways can be classified broadly as Oceanic waterways and
inland waterways.

 Oceanic waterways are concerned with the conveyance of people and
goods primarily across the ocean between continents or island.
 Inland waterways consist of water transportation on rivers, lakes and
canals within the main land.
 River transportation became popular in India since 1855.
 The total perennial waterways in India are 65,600 km out of which
41,600 km are of rivers and 24,000 km canals.

ADVANTAGES OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION
• Around the world 82% of International trade in tons and 94% of
world trade in tons-kilometers are moved by shipping and thereby
through ports.
• Specific function, objectives and the advantages derived from water
transportations facilities are summarized below:
 Easiest and cheapest mode of communication by utilization of natural
surfaces of canals, rivers and oceans, as the element of friction
during traction and maintenance are less than road transport.
 Require cheap manual, wind and steam motive power.
 Higher load carrying capacity for bulky and heavy commodities.
 Development of industry.
 Development of commerce and expansion of trades.

 Development of agriculture.
 Development of natural resources and their effective use.
 Discovery of new island is possible.
 Development of economic progress and international contact.
 Provide enhanced mobility and promotes social and political
unity.
 Assistance in the problem of national defense.

DISADVANTAGES OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION
 It requires more time due to slow speed and circuitous routes. Final
docking stages require greater skill.
 Mountainous rivers and waterfalls hinder water transportation.
Require better position fixing and obstruction detecting systems to
avoid surface collision.
 Frequent storms results in great loss of life and material.
 Rapid growth in demand which is more than the capacity of
existing facilities.
 Vessels oil spillage, noise smoke and fumes cause pollution and
endanger marine lives.
 Uncertainty problem, like energy shortage problem due to political
and natural causes.
 Energy conservation concern because of energy problem of
transportation development.

MODERN TRENDS IN WATER
TRANSPORTATION
 Integration of transportation system and the environment.
 Application of system analysis.
 Optimization using operations research techniques.
 Computer application for data processing and analysis.
 Minimization of energy use.
 Increased utilization and efficiency of existing facilities.
 Compatibility between water transportation and other modes
through the use of innovative equipments.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT SYSTEM (EIS)
1. Determine Existing Conditions
2. Predict Future Effects
3. Consider Alternatives
4. Present Resource Commitments
5. Identify Environmental Monitoring Processes to be
used if action is implemented.

PORT AUTHORITIES, BODIES AND
ASSOCIATIONS
 National Association of port Authorities
 National Coast Guard
 National Bureau of Customs
 Immigration and Naturalization Service
 National maritime Administration
 The Bureau of Foreign Commerce
 Interstate Commerce Commission
 Department of Agriculture
 Quarantine
 Security Associations
 Waterfront Commissions

CONTAINER HANDLING GANTRY
CRANES

KOLKATA / HALDIA
 Old and established port with promising
hinterland,
 0.045 million TEUs handled every year,
 Closer to land locked countries of Nepal
and Bhutan.
 Acute shortage of space and
hence often congested,
 Riverine Port - severe draft
restrictions ,
 Absence of efficient container
handling systems,
 No possibility of further
expansions.

VISAKHAPATNAM
• In the middle of the fastest developing region in India.
• Efficient container handling infrastructure
• Ample space and un-congested
• Deepest container terminal on the East Coast of India
• Possibility for further expansions
• Well connected to central, eastern, and southern India both by road
and rail
• Feasible to cater to 5 ICDs across India and Nepal
• Proximity to the straits of Malacca

CHENNAI
• Efficient container handling infrastructure
• 1 million plus throughput
• New capacity added ( CITPL )
• Hinterland with large manufacturing base
• Presence of major Mainline and Feeder services

CHAPTER - 1. INTRODUCTION to harbour Engineering

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CHAPTER - 1. INTRODUCTION to harbour Engineering