Chapter 1 - Introduction to Manufacturing Technology_2.ppt

©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e
1. What is Manufacturing?
2. Materials in Manufacturing
3. Manufacturing Processes
4. Production Systems
5. Trends in Manufacturing
6. Organization of the Book
INTRODUCTION AND
OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing is Important
 Making things has been an essential human activity
since before recorded history
 Today, the term manufacturing is used for this
activity
 Manufacturing is important to the United States and
most other developed and developing nations
 Technologically
 Economically

Technological Importance
Technology - the application of science to provide
society and its members with those things that are
needed or desired
 Technology provides the products that help our
society and its members live better
 What do these products have in common?
 They are all manufactured
 Manufacturing is the essential factor that makes
technology possible

Economic Importance
U.S. Economy
Sector: %GDP
Agriculture and natural resources 5
Construction and public utilities 5
Manufacturing 15
Service industries* 75
100
* includes retail, transportation, banking,
communication, education, and government

What is Manufacturing?
 The word manufacture is derived from two Latin
words manus (hand) and factus (make); the
combination means “made by hand”
 “Made by hand” accurately described the fabrication
methods that were used when the English word
“manufacture” was first coined around 1567 A.D.
 Most modern manufacturing operations are
accomplished by mechanized and automated
equipment that is supervised by human workers

Manufacturing - Technological
 Application of physical and chemical processes to
alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of
a starting material to make parts or products

Manufacturing - Economic
 Transformation of materials into items of greater value
by one or more processing and/or assembly operations

Manufacturing Industries
 Industry consists of enterprises and organizations that
produce or supply goods and services
 Industries can be classified as:
1. Primary industries - cultivate and exploit natural
resources, e.g., agriculture, mining
2. Secondary industries - take the outputs of primary
industries and convert them into consumer and
capital goods
3. Tertiary industries - service sector

Specific Industries in Each
Category

Manufacturing Industries -
continued
 Secondary industries include manufacturing,
construction, and electric power generation
 Manufacturing includes several industries whose
products are not covered in this book; e.g., apparel,
beverages, chemicals, and food processing
 For our purposes, manufacturing means production of
hardware
 Nuts and bolts, forgings, cars, airplanes, digital
computers, plastic parts, and ceramic products

Manufactured Products
 Final products divide into two major classes:
1. Consumer goods - products purchased directly by
consumers
 Cars, clothes, TVs, tennis rackets
2. Capital goods - those purchased by companies to
produce goods and/or provide services
 Aircraft, computers, communication
equipment, medical apparatus, trucks,
machine tools, construction equipment

Production Quantity Q
The quantity of products Q made by a factory has an
important influence on the way its people, facilities, and
procedures are organized
 Annual quantities can be classified into three ranges:
Production range Annual Quantity Q
Low production 1 to 100 units
Medium production 100 to 10,000 units
High production 10,000 to millions of
units

Product Variety P
 Product variety P refers to different product types or
models produced in the plant
 Different products have different features
 They are intended for different markets
 Some have more parts than others
 The number of different product types made each
year in a factory can be counted
 When the number of product types made in the
factory is high, this indicates high product variety

P vs Q in Factory Operations

More About Product Variety
 Although P is quantitative, it is much less exact than Q
because details on how much the designs differ is not
captured simply by the number of different designs
 Soft product variety - small differences between
products, e.g., between car models made on the same
production line, with many common parts
 Hard product variety - products differ substantially, e.g.,
between a small car and a large truck, with few
common parts (if any)

Manufacturing Capability
 A manufacturing plant consists of processes and
systems (and people) to transform a certain limited
range of materials into products of increased value
 The three building blocks materials, processes, and
‑
systems are the subject of modern manufacturing
‑
 Manufacturing capability includes:
1. Technological processing capability
2. Physical product limitations
3. Production capacity

1. Technological Processing
Capability
The set of available manufacturing processes in the plant
(or company)
 Certain manufacturing processes are suited to certain
materials, so by specializing in certain processes, the
plant is also specializing in certain materials
 Includes not only the physical processes, but also the
expertise of the plant personnel
 A machine shop cannot roll steel
 A steel mill cannot build cars

2. Physical Product Limitations
 Given a plant with a certain set of processes, there are
size and weight limitations on the parts or products that
can be made in the plant
 Product size and weight affect:
 Production equipment
 Material handling equipment
 Production, material handling equipment, and plant
size must be planned for products that lie within a
certain size and weight range

3. Production Capacity
Defined as the maximum quantity that a plant can
produce in a given time period (e.g., month or year)
under assumed operating conditions
 Operating conditions refer to number of shifts per
week, hours per shift, direct labor manning levels in
the plant, and so on
 Usually measured in terms of output units, such as
tons of steel or number of cars produced by the plant
 Also called plant capacity

Materials in Manufacturing
 Most engineering materials can be classified into one
of three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
 Their chemistries are different, and their mechanical
and physical properties are different
 These differences affect the manufacturing processes
that can be used to produce products from them

In Addition: Composites
 Venn diagram of
three basic
material types
plus composites
 Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three basic
types rather than a unique category

1. Metals
 Usually alloys, which are composed of two or more
elements, at least one of which is metallic. Two basic
groups:
1. Ferrous metals - based on iron, comprises about
75% of metal tonnage in the world:
 Steel and cast iron
2. Nonferrous metals - all other metallic elements
and their alloys:
 Aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, tin, etc.

Charging a
basic oxygen
furnace in
steelmaking:
molten pig iron
is poured into
the BOF.
Temperatures
are around
1650C (3000F).

2. Ceramics
Compounds containing metallic (or semi-metallic) and
nonmetallic elements.
 Typical nonmetallic elements are oxygen, nitrogen,
and carbon
 For processing, ceramics divide into:
1. Crystalline ceramics – includes:
 Traditional ceramics, such as clay, and modern
ceramics, such as alumina (Al2
O3
)
2. Glasses – mostly based on silica (SiO2
)

3. Polymers
Compound formed of repeating structural units called
mers, whose atoms share electrons to form very large
molecules. Three categories:
1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without altering
molecular structure
2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
transform into a rigid structure – cannot reheat
3. Elastomers - shows significant elastic behavior

4. Composites
Material consisting of two or more phases that are
processed separately and then bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
 Phase - homogeneous mass of material, such as
grains of identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
 Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one
phase mixed in a second phase
 Properties depend on components, physical shapes
of components, and the way they are combined to
form the final material

Manufacturing Processes
Two basic types:
1. Processing operations - transform a work material
from one state of completion to a more advanced
state
 Operations that change the geometry, properties,
or appearance of the starting material
2. Assembly operations - join two or more components to
create a new entity

Processing Operations
Alters a material’s shape, physical properties, or
appearance in order to add value
 Three categories of processing operations:
1. Shaping operations - alter the geometry of the
starting work material
2. Property enhancing operations - improve
‑
physical properties without changing shape
3. Surface processing operations - clean, treat,
coat, or deposit material on surface of work

Shaping Processes – Four
Categories
1. Solidification processes - starting material is a heated
liquid or semifluid
2. Particulate processing - starting material consists of
powders
3. Deformation processes - starting material is a ductile
solid (commonly metal)
4. Material removal processes - starting material is a
ductile or brittle solid

Solidification Processes
 Starting material is heated sufficiently to transform it
into a liquid or highly plastic state
 Casting process at left and casting product at right

Particulate Processing
 (1) Starting materials are metal or ceramic powders,
which are (2) pressed and (3) sintered

Deformation Processes
 Starting workpart is shaped by application of forces
that exceed the yield strength of the material
 Examples: (a) forging and (b) extrusion

Material Removal Processes
 Excess material removed from the starting piece so what
remains is the desired geometry
 Examples: (a) turning, (b) drilling, and (c) milling

Metal chips fly in a high
speed turning operation
performed on a computer
numerical control turning
center (photo courtesy of
Cincinnati Milacron).

Waste in Shaping Processes
 It is desirable to minimize waste in part shaping
 Material removal processes are wasteful in the unit
operations, but molding and particulate processing
operations waste little material
 Terminology for minimum waste processes:
 Net shape processes - little or no waste of the
starting material and no machining is required
 Near net shape processes - when minimum
machining is required

Property Enhancing Processes
‑
Processes that improve mechanical or physical
properties of work material
 Examples:
 Heat treatment of metals and glasses
 Sintering of powdered metals and ceramics
 Part shape is not altered, except unintentionally
 Example: unintentional warping of a heat treated
part

A batch of silicon wafers enters a furnace heated to
1000°C (1800°F) during fabrication of integrated
circuits under clean room conditions (photo courtesy
of Intel Corporation).

Surface Processing Operations
 Cleaning - chemical and mechanical processes to
remove dirt, oil, and other surface contaminants
 Surface treatments - mechanical working such as
sand blasting, and physical processes like diffusion
 Coating and thin film deposition - coating exterior
surface of the workpart. Examples:
 Electroplating
 Physical vapor deposition
 Painting

Photomicrograph of the cross section of multiple
coatings of titanium nitride and aluminum oxide on
a cemented carbide substrate (photo courtesy of
Kennametal Inc.).

Assembly Operations
Two or more separate parts are joined to form a new
entity
 Types of assembly operations:
1. Joining processes – create a permanent joint
 Welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding
2. Mechanical assembly – fastening by mechanical
methods
 Threaded fasteners (screws, bolts and nuts);
press fitting, expansion fits

Two welders perform
arc welding on a
large steel pipe
section (photo
courtesy of Lincoln
Electric Company).

Automated dispensing
of adhesive onto
component parts prior
to assembly (photo
courtesy of EFD, Inc.).

Production Machines and Tooling
 Manufacturing operations are accomplished using
machinery and tooling (and people)
 Types of production machines:
 Machine tools - power-driven machines used to
operate cutting tools previously operated manually
 Other production equipment:
 Presses
 Forge hammers,
 Plastic injection molding machines

A robotic arm performs
unloading and loading
operation in a turning
center using a dual
gripper (photo courtesy
of Cincinnati Milacron).

Production Systems
People, equipment, and procedures used for the materials
and processes that constitute a firm's manufacturing
operations
 A manufacturing firm must have systems and
procedures to efficiently accomplish its production
 Two categories of production systems:
 Production facilities
 Manufacturing support systems
 People make the systems work

Production Facilities
The factory, production equipment, and material handling
systems
 Includes the way the equipment is arranged in the
factory the plant layout
‑
 Equipment usually organized into logical groupings,
called manufacturing systems. Examples:
 Automated production line
 Machine cell consisting of an industrial robot and two
machine tools
 Production facilities "touch" the product

Machine cell
consisting of
two horizontal
machining
centers
supplied by an
in-line pallet
shuttle.

Facilities vs Product Quantities
 A company designs its manufacturing systems and
organizes its factories to serve the particular mission
of each plant
 Certain types of production facilities are recognized as
most appropriate for a given type of manufacturing:
1. Low production – 1 to 100
2. Medium production – 100 to 10,000
3. High production – 10,000 to >1,000,000

Low Production
Job shop is the term used for this type of production
facility
 A job shop makes low quantities of specialized and
customized products
 Products are typically complex, e.g., space
capsules, prototype aircraft, special machinery
 Equipment in a job shop is general purpose
 Labor force is highly skilled
 Designed for maximum flexibility

Fixed-Position Plant Layout

Medium Production
 Two different types of facility, depending on product
variety:
 Batch production
 Suited to medium and hard product variety
 Setups required between batches
 Cellular manufacturing
 Suited to soft product variety
 Worker cells organized to process parts without
setups between different part styles

Process Plant Layout

Cellular Plant Layout

High Production
 Often referred to as mass production
 High demand for product
 Manufacturing system dedicated to the
production of that product
 Two categories of mass production:
1. Quantity production
2. Flow line production

Quantity Production
Mass production of single parts on single machine or
small numbers of machines
 Typically involves standard machines equipped with
special tooling
 Equipment is dedicated full-time to the production of
one part or product type
 Typical layouts used in quantity production are
process layout and cellular layout

Flow Line Production
Multiple machines or workstations arranged in
sequence, e.g., production lines
 Product is complex
 Requires multiple processing and/or assembly
operations
 Work units are physically moved through the
sequence to complete the product
 Workstations and equipment are designed
specifically for the product to maximize efficiency

Product Plant Layout

Assembly workers on
an engine assembly
line (photo courtesy of
Ford Motor Company).

Manufacturing Support Systems
 A company must organize itself to design the
processes and equipment, plan and control
production, and satisfy product quality requirements
 Accomplished by manufacturing support systems
 The people and procedures by which a
company manages its production operations
 Typical departments:
 Manufacturing engineering, Production
planning and control, Quality control

Trends in Manufacturing
 Lean production and Six Sigma
 Globalization and outsourcing
 Environmentally conscious manufacturing
 Microfabrication and Nanotechnology

Lean Production and Six Sigma
 Lean production
 Doing more work with fewer resources, yet
achieving higher quality in the final product
 Underlying objective: elimination of waste in
manufacturing
 Six Sigma
 Quality-focused program that utilizes worker
teams to accomplish projects aimed at improving
an organization’s organizational performance

Globalization
The recognition that we have an international economy in
which barriers once established by national boundaries
have been reduced
 This has enabled the freer flow of goods and services,
capital, technology, and people among regions and
countries
 Once underdeveloped countries such as China, India,
and Mexico have developed their manufacturing
infrastructures and technologies so that they are now
important producers in the global economy

Outsourcing
Use of outside contractors to perform work that was
traditionally accomplished in-house
 Local outsourcing
 Jobs remain in the U.S.
 Outsourcing to foreign countries
 Offshore outsourcing - production in China and
other overseas locations
 Near-shore outsourcing - production in Canada,
Mexico, and Central America

Environmentally Conscious
Manufacturing
Determining the most efficient use of materials and
natural resources in production, and minimizing the
negative consequences on the environment
 Associated terms: green manufacturing, cleaner
production, sustainable manufacturing
 Basic approaches:
1. Design products that minimize environmental
impact
2. Design processes that are environmentally
friendly

Microfabrication and
Nanotechnology
 Microfabrication
 Processes that make parts and products whose
feature sizes are in the micron range (10-6
m)
 Examples: Ink-jet printing heads, compact disks,
microsensors used in automobiles
 Nanotechnology
 Materials and products whose feature sizes are in
the nanometer range (10-9
m)
 Examples: Coatings for catalytic converters, flat
screen TV monitors

Overview of Major Topics

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Manufacturing Technology_2.ppt

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