10. Introduction
What is Manufacturing?
It is derived from two Latin words, Manus (Hand) and factus (make), so manufacturing means to make by hands.
Manufacturing involves application of physical or chemical processes to alter shape, geometry, properties and
Appearance of a given starting material and turn it into a useful and valuable product.
It also includes assembly of multiple products to get something useful. It is always performed as a series of
Operation, each step bring the material closer to its final product.
Industry Product Quantity Material Processes
11. Industries
Manufacturing Industries
Industries comprises of enterprises and organizations that produce or supply goods and services
Industries can be classified as Primary, secondary and tertiary
Primary Industries: They cultivate and exploit natural resources such as agriculture, mining
For E.g.: China Shenhua Energy.
Secondary Industries: They take the output of the primary industries and convert them into consumer
and capital good. The word manufacturing mainly applies to these industries, except construction and
Power generation industries which are also considered secondary industries.
Tertiary Industries: These constitute the service sector of the economy
12. Products
Manufacturing Products
The final products of manufacturing industries can be divided into two types: Consumer goods and Capital goods
• Consumer goods: It includes the products directly purchased by the consumers such as: Car, computers,
tires and tennis rackets.
• Capital goods: These are purchased by companies to produce goods and/or to provide service. For E.g
Aircraft, computer, medical equipment’s. Most of capital goods are purchased by service industries.
13. Quantity
Production Quantity and Product variety
The quantity of products made by factory has an important influence on the way its people , facilities and processes
are organized
Annual production quantities can be classified as:
• Low production quantity: Range 1-100 units per year.
• Medium production quantity: Range 100-10000 units per year.
• High production quantity: Range 10000- million units per year.
15. Processes
Manufacturing Processes
Manufacturing processes are performed as
unit operation, i.e. single step is performed in
the sequence of steps to transform
The required material into finished good.
It has two categories:
1. Processing Operations
2. Assembly Operations.
Processing operations uses energy to alter
work parts shape, physical properties or
appearance to add value to a material. The
applied energy may be in the form of
Mechanical, Electrical, thermal or chemical.
Assembly Operations joins two or more
components to create a new entity.
16. Processing
Ops
Shaping Operations: Alters geometry of the starting material by various methods such as: deformation, particulate
Processing, machining etc.
Property Enhancing Operations: Alter properties of the materials without altering its shape such as: Heat
treatment.
Surface finishing Operations: To clean, treat, coat or deposit material over the surface for protecting against
corrosion and friction.
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17. Assembly
In this section, components are either combined permanently or semi permanently, based on which, assembly
operation can be divided into two main classification: Permanent joining and Mechanical Joining process
Permanent Joining Process: Joints cannot be easily disconnected without damaging the material, such as welding,
brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding.
Mechanical Joining Process: These joining techniques allow easy disassembly of the components such as screws,
bolts, rivets etc.
18. Shaping Operations
• Solidification process: In which starting is heated liquid or semifluid
that cools and solidifies to form a parts geometry.
• Particulate Processing: Starting material is powder and the powder is
heated and compacted into a desired geometry.
• Deformation Process: In which starting material is ductile solid, which
is than deformed to get the final geometry of a product. Why brittle
material can undergo deformation processes?
• Material Removal process: In which starting material is solid (Either
ductile or brittle), from which material is removed so the resulting
part is the desired geometry.