Chapter 1 Introduction_Matter and Measurement.ppt

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter and
Measurement
John D. Bookstaver
St. Charles Community College
Cottleville, MO
Lecture Presentation

Matter
And
Measurement
Chemistry
In this science we
study matter, its
properties, and its
behavior.

Matter
And
Measurement
Matter
We define matter as anything that has mass and
takes up space.

Matter
And
Measurement
Matter
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of the same kind of atom.
• A compound is made of two or more different kinds of
elements.

Matter
And
Measurement
States of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
Classification of Matter
Matter
And
Measurement

Matter
And
Measurement
Properties and
Changes of Matter

Matter
And
Measurement
Types of Properties
• Physical Properties…
– Can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
◦ Boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
• Chemical Properties…
– Can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance.
◦ Flammability, corrosiveness, reactivity with
acid, etc.

Matter
And
Measurement
Types of Properties
• Intensive Properties…
– Are independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
◦ Density, boiling point, color, etc.
• Extensive Properties…
– Depend upon the amount of the substance
present.
◦ Mass, volume, energy, etc.

Matter
And
Measurement
Types of Changes
• Physical Changes
– These are changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a substance.
◦ Changes of state, temperature, volume, etc.
• Chemical Changes
– Chemical changes result in new substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation, decomposition, etc.

Matter
And
Measurement
Chemical Reactions
In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting
substances are converted to new substances.

Matter
And
Measurement
Separation of
Mixtures

Matter
And
Measurement
Filtration
In filtration, solid
substances are
separated from liquids
and solutions.

Matter
And
Measurement
Distillation
Distillation uses
differences in the
boiling points of
substances to
separate a
homogeneous mixture
into its components.

Matter
And
Measurement
Chromatography
This technique separates substances on the
basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.

Matter
And
Measurement
Units of
Measurement

Matter
And
Measurement
SI Units
• Système International d’Unités
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.

Matter
And
Measurement
Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are
appropriate for the item being measured.

Matter
And
Measurement
Volume
• The most commonly used
metric units for volume
are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube
1 decimeter (dm) long on
each side.
– A milliliter is a cube
1 centimeter (cm) long
on each side.

Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
By definition
temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the particles
in a sample.

Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• In scientific
measurements, the
Celsius and Kelvin
scales are most often
used.
• The Celsius scale is
based on the properties
of water.
– 0 C is the freezing point
of water.
– 100 C is the boiling
point of water.

Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• The kelvin is the SI
unit of temperature.
• It is based on the
properties of gases.
• There are no negative
Kelvin temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15

Matter
And
Measurement
Temperature
• The Fahrenheit scale
is not used in
scientific
measurements.
 F = 9/5(C) + 32
 C = 5/9(F − 32)

Matter
And
Measurement
Derived Units
• Density is a physical property of a
substance.
• It has units (g/mL, for example) that are
derived from the units for mass and
volume.
d =
m
V

Matter
And
Measurement
Uncertainty in
Measurement

Matter
And
Measurement
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses
and different degrees of accuracy.

Matter
And
Measurement
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to
digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we
pay attention to significant figures so we
do not overstate the accuracy of our
answers.

Matter
And
Measurement
Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures
are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in
the number.

Matter
And
Measurement
Significant Figures
• When addition or subtraction is performed,
answers are rounded to the least
significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is
performed, answers are rounded to the
number of digits that corresponds to the
least number of significant figures in
any of the numbers used in the calculation.

Matter
And
Measurement
Accuracy versus Precision
• Accuracy refers to the proximity of
a measurement to the true value of a
quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of
several measurements to each other.

Matter
And
Measurement
Dimensional Analysis
• We use dimensional analysis to convert one
quantity to another.
• Most commonly, dimensional analysis utilizes
conversion factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)
1 in.
2.54 cm
2.54 cm
1 in.
or

Matter
And
Measurement
Use the form of the conversion factor that
puts the sought-for unit in the numerator:
Given unit   desired unit
desired unit
given unit
Conversion factor

Matter
And
Measurement
• For example, to convert 8.00 m to inches,
– convert m to cm
– convert cm to in.

8.00 m 
100 cm
1 m
1 in.
2.54 cm
 315 in.

Chapter 1 Introduction_Matter and Measurement.ppt

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