Chapter 1 Introduction.pdf
- 1. 3/27/2022 1 Introduction of Engineering Geology Wahyu Wilopo Departemen Teknik Geologi UGM Objective • To know the definition of Engineering Geology • To understand the scope of work in Engineering Geology • To understand the goal of Engineering Geology
- 2. 3/27/2022 2 Definition • "Engineering geology is an interdisciplinary field in which pertinent studies in geology and other geosciences areas are applied toward the solution of problems involved in engineering works and resources uses" (Sitar et al, 1983; Goals for basic research in engineering geology: Report of NSF Workshop, St. Helena, CA). Definition • The Association of Engineering Geologists (AEG) defines engineering geology as "The application of geologic data, techniques, and principles to the study of naturally occurring rock and soil materials or subsurface fluids”. • The purpose is to assure that geologic factors affecting the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of engineering structures and the development of groundwater resources are recognized, adequately interpreted, and presented for use in engineering practice".
- 3. 3/27/2022 3 Scope of Work • Engineering geologic studies may be performed during the planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-construction and forensic phases of projects • Works completed by engineering geologists include; geologic hazards, geotechnical, material properties, landslide and slope stability, erosion, flooding, dewatering, and seismic investigations, etc. Where Civilization and Earth Meet ❑Soil and rock as engineering materials ❑Resource extraction and usage ❑Environmental impacts ❑Geologic Hazards
- 4. 3/27/2022 4 Goal of Engineering Geology • The basic goal of Engineering geology is to determine which geological issues may effect a project, and plan how to address these issues safely. Engineer and Engineering Geologist • What should you be able to do as an engineer who works together with an engineering geologist? ❖ You need to be able to communicate!!! ❖ Read Geological Maps ❖ Predict the geological conditions at depth from map and drill hole logs ❖ Construct a cross section of the subsurface geology
- 5. 3/27/2022 5 Engineer and Engineering Geologist understand • geological processes • natural hazards • weathering and products • evaluate positive and negative conditions • relate to planners and politicians • economic implications What should you be able to do as an engineer who works together with an engineering geologist? Can we choose where it is best to build? Hazardous areas? • earthquakes are common? • volcanic eruptions are common? • landslides are common? etc. Don’ let anyone live in Indonesia or Japan It is too hazardous from a geological point of view!!
- 6. 3/27/2022 6 There is an engineering solution to any geological/constructional problem You- the engineer - must be able to recognize the risk or problem If you know the problem then you can suggest an engineering solution If you do not recognize the geological problems the engineering construction can be at great risk World Population Growth 11.9 9.8 7.9 High Growth Medium Growth Low Growth 1% 2% Kehew, Figure 1.4 and 1.5
- 7. 3/27/2022 7 Population in Crisis • Pandemics and food shortages are beginning to decrease population growth • Contamination and global warming will only exacerbate the problem Overuse of Geologic Resources • 1.7 billion are joining the “consumer class” and the environment can’t sustain this standard of living. (Worldwatch Institute, 2004) • Emissions of Greenhouse gasses is accelerating global warming • Climate change is accelerating melting of glaciers and driving mass extinctions (The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation, Leeds University, UK)
- 8. 3/27/2022 8 Global Oil Production to Peak • Once oil production peaks extraction will become increasingly expensive. • Alternative sources – Coal (emissions?) – Nuclear (waste?) – Renewable (lagging technology?) Kehew Fig. 1.8 Greenhouse Gasses and Global Warming • Global Warming lags CO2 spikes • CO2 concentration is higher than all maximums during the past 500,000 years • And still increasing! Kehew Fig. 1.14
- 9. 3/27/2022 9 Effects on Engineering Geology • Melting of Polar ice • Opening of new arctic shipping routes in a few decades • Melting Permafrost • Increasingly severe storms • Sea level rise (~6m in a few decades) – Increased erosion – Flooding – Submerged infrastructure Water Resources Use of fresh water from the water cycle • Surface water – Lakes – Streams • Groundwater – Springs – Aquifers (extracted by pumping wells)
- 10. 3/27/2022 10 Water Cycle Storage and Transfer Storage In 106 km3 Transfer in 106 km3/yr Fresh Water Withdrawal Trends
- 11. 3/27/2022 11 Fresh Water Withdrawal Trends World of Geology – The Cradle of Civilization (Fertile Crescent) – Development limited by availability, e.g., soil, water, energy – Conflicts based on resources, e.g., water, minerals, oil, energy… http://encarta.msn.com/ Geological Resources
- 12. 3/27/2022 12 Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction • Water resources: Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater
- 13. 3/27/2022 13 Geologic Resources • Mineral Resources: e.g., Metals, fertilizers, minerals, petroleum, construction • Water resources: e.g., Lakes, Rivers, Springs, Groundwater • Energy: e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear, silicon, hydroelectric (dams), hydrothermal (Earth’s heat) E.g., Misuse of Resources
- 14. 3/27/2022 14 Misuse of Resources Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm 1980 2000 2005 Aral Sea Over Time 1957 1977 1982 1984 1993 2000 Geological Hazards Volcanoes Landslides Earthquakes Floods
- 15. 3/27/2022 15 Geological Hazard Mitigation • Assessing Risks • Avoiding Risks • Preventing Damage • Predicting Impact (http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/ Geology in the News • More than 6,000 die in 6 magnitude Earthquake near Pangggang, Bantul in 2006 • Earthquake triggers mudslides Geologic Hazards
- 16. 3/27/2022 16 Earthquake 2006 in the south part of Yogyakarta Collapse of Government office Building Collapse of University Building Collapse Building in Urban area Collapse Building in Rural area Merapi Explosion 2010 in the north part of Yogyakarta Bus covered by debris flow Debris flow/lahar at Putih River Kaliadem village after Merapi explosion Merapi explosion
- 17. 3/27/2022 17 Landslide in the west part of Yogyakarta Soil creeping Landslide hit a house Creep effect to the house Collapse of Situ Gintung Dam
- 18. 3/27/2022 18 Geology in Engineering Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the geology that forms and controls the slope The Rate of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
- 19. 3/27/2022 19 Geology in Engineering Geology in Engineering Committee member John Burland, an engineer, promoted soil extraction as the best way to save the tower. In Pisa the tilted one is back in business after an 11-year effort to keep it from collapsing The Leaning Tower Straightens Up www.smithsonianmag.si.edu Engineers use knowledge of geology to design, protect and correct structures