Chapter 1 S2: Science in Action
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The document discusses various science skills used by scientists such as observing, predicting, and analyzing. It describes the scientific method which typically involves making observations, asking questions, developing a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. The document emphasizes that scientists must communicate their findings and continue learning by making more observations and investigations even if their original hypothesis is disproven. It stresses the importance of safety in science labs and fields.
Chapter 1 S2: Science in Action
- 2. Science Skills Because no single way to gain knowledge exists, a scientist doesn’t start with step one, then go to step two, and so on. Instead, scientists have a huge collection of skills from which to choose. 2 Science in Action
- 3. Science Skills Some of these skills include thinking, observing, predicting, investigating, researching, modeling, measuring, analyzing, and inferring. Science also can advance with luck and creativity. 2 Science in Action
- 4. The Scientific Method Copy this diagram into your notes.
- 5. Science Methods Investigations often follow a general pattern. Most investigations begin by seeing something and then asking a question about what was observed. 2 Science in Action
- 6. The Hypothesis “ A hypothesis is a reasonable and educated possible answer based on what you know and what you observe.” 2 Science in Action
- 7. Science Methods To collect more information, scientists almost always make more observations. They might build a model of what they study or they might perform investigations. 2 Science in Action Often, they do both.
- 8. Analyzing Hypothesis 2 Science in Action “ A good scientist keeps an open mind to every idea and explanation.”
- 9. Analyzing Hypothesis “ What if you learn new information that doesn’t fit with your original hypothesis?” 2 Science in Action “ What new information could you gather to verify or disprove your hypothesis?”
- 10. Making a Prediction “ If your hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to happen?” 2 Science in Action
- 11. Testing the Hypothesis 2 Science in Action
- 12. Organizing Your Findings 2 Science in Action “ Before you draw any conclusions, let’s organize what we know. Then we’ll have a summary of our observations and can refer back to them when we are drawing our conclusions”
- 13. Drawing Conclusions 2 Science in Action “ To infer something means to draw a conclusion based on what you observe.”
- 14. Drawing Conclusions “ So even if your observations don’t support your hypothesis, you know more than you did when you started.” 2 Science in Action
- 15. Continuing to Learn “ Instead of giving up, you should continue to gather information by making more observations, making new hypotheses, and by investigating further.” 2 Science in Action Science takes patience and persistence.
- 16. Communicating Your Findings It is not unusual for one scientist to continue the work of another or to try to duplicate the work of another scientist. 2 Science in Action It is important for scientists to communicate to others not only the results of the investigation, but also the methods by which the investigation was done.
- 17. Experiments Some questions ask about the effects of one factor on another . 2 Science in Action- Part II One way to investigate these kinds of questions is by doing a controlled experiment .
- 18. Experiments A controlled experiment involves changing one factor and observing its effect on another while keeping all other factors constant . 2 Science in Action
- 19. Variables and Constants Variables are factors that can be changed in an experiment. Reliable experiments attempt to change one variable and observe the effect of this change on another variable . 2 Science in Action The variable that is changed in an experiment is called the independent variable .
- 20. Variables and Constants The dependent variable changes as a result of a change in the independent variable . 2 Science in Action It usually is the dependent variable that is observed in an experiment. Scientists attempt to keep all other variables constant—or unchanged. The variables that are not changed in an experiment are called constants .
- 21. Laboratory Safety In your science class, you will perform many types of investigations. 2 Science in Action – Part III However, performing scientific investigations involves more than just following specific steps.
- 22. You also must learn how to keep yourself and those around you safe by obeying the safety symbol warnings. 2 Science in Action Laboratory Safety
- 23. The most important safety advice in a science lab is to think before you act. 2 Science in Action Always check with your teacher several times in the planning stage of any investigation. In a Laboratory
- 24. Make sure you know the location of safety equipment in the laboratory room and how to use this equipment, including the eyewashes, thermal mitts, and fire extinguisher. 2 Science in Action In a Laboratory
- 25. Investigations also take place outside the lab, in streams, farm fields, and other places. 2 Science in Action In the Field Scientists must follow safety regulations there, as well, such as wearing eye goggles and any other special safety equipment that is needed.
- 26. Never reach into holes or under rocks. 2 Science in Action In the Field Always wash your hands after you’ve finished your field work.
- 27. Safety rules must be strictly followed, so that the possibility of an accident greatly decreases. However, you can’t predict when something will go wrong. 2 Science in Action Why have safety rules?
- 28. You always should wear and use appropriate safety gear in the lab—whether you are conducting an investigation or just observing. 2 Science in Action Why have safety rules? The most important aspect of any investigation is to conduct it safely.
- 29. 2 Section Check Question 1 A(n) ________ is a reasonable, educated guess, based on observations and grounded in what is already known. A. analysis B. conclusion C. hypothesis D. theory NC: 1.05
- 30. 2 Section Check Answer The answer is C. A hypothesis is more than just a stab in the dark. It is based on what you already know and what you observed. NC: 1.05
- 31. 2 Section Check Question 2 How many factors are changed in a controlled experiment? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 NC: 1.04
- 32. 2 Section Check Answer The correct answer is A. If more than one factor is changed, then you don’t know which one caused the result. NC: 1.04
- 33. 2 Section Check Question 3 What does this symbol mean? A. eye safety B. extreme temperature C. biological hazard D. sharp object NC: 1.03
- 34. 2 Section Check Answer The correct answer is D. There are many safety symbols you need to know before working in a lab. The symbol shown indicates that sharp objects may be used in the experiment and you should be careful not to cut yourself. NC: 1.03