Chapter 1. Universe and the Solar System

Topic 1:
UNIVERSE AND
SOLAR SYSTEM

Objective #1:
State the different
hypothesis explaining
the origin of the
universe

What to do: (5 mins.)
Given your previous
knowledge about the origin
of the Universe, make a role
play on how it is formed.

Criteria:
+Content- 20 %
+Creativity-5%
+Hugot lines-5%
Hugot lines must be relevant
to the topic.

UNIVERSE OR COSMOS
- contains all galaxies,
stars and planets.

COSMOLOGY
- branch of science that
studies the origin,
evolution and fate of the
universe.

Theories behind the origin of the universe:
1. Big Bang Theory states
that the universe
started as a singularity
that exploded.

Proponents: Georges Lemaître, a Belgian
priest, is considered as the first proponent
of the Big Bang Theory.
Supported by other scientists such
as Edwin Hubble, Arno Penzias, and Robert
Wilson.

2. Steady State Theory- discusses
that the universe has always been
there and will always be present.
Proponents: Hermann
Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle

3. Oscillating Universe Theory discusses
that the universe is expanding and will
contract once all the energy after the
Big Bang is used up.
Proponent: Richard Tolman

What is a big crunch?
The universe at a certain point in
time will stop expanding and
collapse into itself, pulling
everything in until eventually it
becomes a blackhole.

Activity 2. Concept Map (10 miins.)
Choose one of the theories
about the origin of the universe.
Create a concept map illustrating the
events that happen in the universe as
explained by that theory.

30 SECONDS CHALLENGE:
What is in the picture?

Objective #2:
To describe the
different hypotheses
explaining the origin of
the Solar System.

The solar system is
composed of the Sun, the
planets and their satellites,
the comets, and the
asteroids.

Theories on the origin of the solar system:
1. The Nebular Theory explained that the
Solar System originated from a nebula
that was disrupted by a nearby
supernova.
PROPONENTS: Emmanuel
Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre
– Simon Laplace.

Terrestrial vs. Jovian Planets
+Mercury
+Venus
+Earth, and
+Mars
+Jupiter
+Saturn
+Uranus, and
+Neptune

2. The Encounter Theory suggests
that the Solar System formed as a
result of a near collision between a
passing star and the Sun.
Proponents: Georges
Leclerc and Comte de Buffon

3. The Protoplanet Theory is a modified
version of the nebular hypothesis stating that
the Solar System started from a nebula that
was disrupted which led to the formation of
protoplanets.
Proponents: Carl von
Weizsäcker and Gerard Kuiper .

After learning about the
theories explaining the origin
of the solar system, what
theory do you believe the
most?

Activity 3. 90® challenge(10mins.)

Earth: The Living Planet
At the end of this lesson, you should be
able to describe the different characteristics
of the earth necessary for the growth and
survival of life.
Objective #3:

ACT. 4. WHAT MAKES ME A LIVING PLANET?
List down at least 5
characteristics of the Earth
that is capable of
supporting life.

THE EARTH +Otherwise known
as the world, it is
the third planet
from the sun and
the only object in
the Universe
known to harbor
life.

WHAT MAKES EARTH CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING LIFE?
1. Earth’s Atmosphere - The
atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen, and 1% argon.
The presence of oxygen and carbon
dioxide makes Earth habitable.
Earth’s atmosphere also protects us
from the sun’s radiation.

The table below shows the major components in the
atmosphere and their relative concentrations

2. Soil and Vegetation- The
soil is a living medium—a
medium for growth of all
kinds of vegetation.

3. Earth’s Hydrosphere-serves as
a water reservoir, a source of fish
and shellfish that we consume,
a heat reservoir, and a way for
transportation.

EXPLORE
Imagine that you have a garden. Get
one plant that could fit in a pot but do not put
soil when you transfer it. Put the plant inside a
box and leave it for one week. What do you
think will happen to the plant? How would you
relate this scenario with the different
characteristics of the Earth?

Earth: The Four Subsystems
+Objective:
At the end of this lesson, you
will be able to explain that the Earth
consists of four subsystems, across
whose boundaries matter and
energy flow.

What are the
characteristics of these
four subsystems?

Atmosphere
- The word atmosphere comes from
the Greek roots atmos -gas,
and sphaira -globe or ball.
- The atmosphere makes up of all the
gases on Earth.
- It is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen, 1% argon.

Chapter 1. Universe and the Solar System

Geosphere
-Geo is a Greek root which means ground.
-Geosphere includes all the soil, rocks, and
minerals present in the crust to the core
of the Earth.
-It is divided into three layers namely
crust, mantle, and core.

crust
+The crust is the outermost layer of
the geosphere.
+There are two different types of
crust, the oceanic and continental
crusts.

mantle
+lies just below the crust, is
made mostly of silicate rocks
rich in magnesium and iron
+It is about 2900 km thick

core
+which has a radius of
3400 km, is the
innermost layer of the
Earth.

Hydrosphere
+Hydro is a Greek root which means water.
+Hydrosphere is composed of all the water on
Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid water,
and ice.
+It is comprised of 97.5% saltwater and 2.5%
freshwater.

Biosphere
+Bio is a Greek root that
means life.
+The biosphere is comprised
of all living things.

How the Earth’s Subsystems
Interact?
+Matter and energy move
and cycle between the four
different subsystems.

What will happen if
matter or energy does
not change from one
form to another?

Explore
+Imagine that you are part of NASA’s
special mission and you are tasked to
discuss the things needed to replicate the
Earth’s system in another planet. What are
the things necessary to enable life in that
planet?

Advancements on the Solar System
Objective:
At the end of this lesson, you
should be able to explain the
current advancements and
information on the Solar System.

WHY WAS PLUTO BECOMES A
DWARF PLANET?
+In 1930, Clyde
Tombaugh discovered Pluto as the
ninth planet in the solar system.
+However, the discovery of Kuiper
Belt questioned the status of Pluto
as a planet.

+In 2005, Eris, a Kuiper Belt
object, was discovered to be 10
percent bigger than Pluto.
+At first, Eris was suggested as
the tenth planet in the solar
system.

+Its incapability to clear its orbit
due to lack of gravity led to classify
it as a dwarf planet together with
Pluto.
+Other dwarf planets are Ceres in
the Asteroid Belt and Makemake
and Haumea both in the Kuiper Belt.

Planet X?
+Mike Brown and Konstantin
Batygin, led to the speculation
that a ninth planet is present in
our solar system.
+They discovered six clustered
objects in the Kuiper Belt

Mars Rover Mission
+Since 1970s, NASA has
been deploying Mars
Exploration Rovers to
examine Mars.

+They examined materials of Mars’ lithosphere
and assessed if the weather condition is viable
for the survival of life.

Mars One Program
+The Mars One
Program aims to land the
first humans on Mars and
establish a human colony on
that planet by 2027.

Titan’s Water
+Studying the Titan’s
composition lead to the
discovery that liquid
substance is present on
the moon in the form of
liquid methane

Explore!
+Imagine yourself traveling as an
astronaut. What are the other things
that you want to discover to
contribute to the new advancements
about our solar system?

ASSIGNMENT: SHORT BOND PAPER
+Research about other new discoveries
that made an impact in the history of our
solar system.
+Research about the scientists who
contributed to the understanding of the
Earth system

Contributors in Understanding
the Earth Systems
Objective:
In this lesson, you should be able
to cite the contributions of
personalities/people to the
understanding of the earth systems.

Earth System Science (ESS)
-is the study of the Earth as a
system. It considers interactions
between the Earth’s “spheres” –
atmosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Who are the scientists who
contributed to the
understanding of the
Earth system?

James Hutton
+the father of modern geology,
proposed uniformitarianism, which
implies that the present geological
processes are the same as those in the
past.

Alexander von Humboldt
+laid the foundations for
Earth System Science by
his holistic observations of
nature.

Vladimir Vernadsky
+one of the founders of
geochemistry, popularized the
term noosphere, which is the
sphere of human consciousness.

James Lovelock and Lynn
Margulis
+collaborated on the Gaia
hypothesis, which postulates that
the Earth works as a self-regulating
system

National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
+studies components of the
Earth system, their
linkages, dependencies, and
fluxes.

ACT. 5. DRAW IT!
+Choose one of the Earth’s subsystems – atmosphere,
geosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere. How humans
affect that subsystem. What activities of humans have
positive effects on that subsystem? What are the
activities that have negative effects? When the
subsystem changes due to the human activities, how
does the change affect humans in return?

The Internal Structure of
Earth
Objective:
In this lesson, you should be
able to identify and differentiate
the layers of the Earth.

The Earth consists of three layers:

The Crust
+The crust is the solid outer
layer of the Earth.
+The types of crust are
the oceanic crust and
the continental crust.

The Mantle
+The mantle lies below
the crust and
composed primarily of
magma.

The Core
+The core is the center of the
Earth and is composed of
the solid inner core and
the liquid outer core.

Assignment:
+Research about how the layers of
the Earth are formed.
+What might happen to the Earth
if the inner core melts?

Chapter 1. Universe and the Solar System

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Chapter 1. Universe and the Solar System