Chapter 7
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Emotions have four main components - a subjective experience, activation of mental processes, bodily arousal, and characteristic behaviors. They communicate important information to us and help influence our thoughts and actions. While emotions seem universal, displays of emotion can vary significantly between cultures due to different display rules. Theories of emotion propose different combinations of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral factors that contribute to our experience and expression of various emotions. Motivation refers to the drives and desires that influence behavior. Major theories propose that motivation stems from instincts, drives to reduce internal imbalances, seeking an optimal level of arousal, or anticipation of rewards. Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that more basic physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level
Chapter 7
- 1. Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
- 2. What are Emotions? What Do They Communicate to Us? What Would Life Be Like Without Them?
- 3. Emotion A psychological state with four components: A positive or negative subjective experience The activation of specific mental processes, such as cognitive appraisal, and stored information Bodily arousal Characteristic overt behavior
- 4. Overt Behavior: Name the Emotion Happy Sad Fear Anger Surprise Disgust
- 5. Are Emotions Universal? Does the Fore tribe in New Guinea identify Caucasian facial expressions?
- 6. Cognitive Aspects of Emotions Scenario: You trip over someone’s feet getting on the bus. You think: He did it on purpose. How do you feel? You think: I am clumsy. How do you feel? You think: Poor guy doesn’t look like he is doing so well. How do you feel? You think: That hottie wants to get my attention. How do you feel?
- 7. How do Feelings Influence the Body?
- 8. Separate But Equal Emotions Positive and negative emotions can coexist Approach emotions (left frontal) Love and happiness Withdrawal emotions (right frontal ) Fear and disgust
- 9. Theories of Emotion: James-Lange Theory Event You feel emotions after your body reacts Physiological arousal Interpret physiological changes Emotion
- 10. Theories of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory Event The event causes both arousal and emotion Physiological arousal Emotion
- 11. Theories of Emotion: Cognitive Theory Event Your arousal and the context combine to form emotions Physiological arousal Interpret based on context Emotion
- 12. Theories of Emotion: Emerging Synthesis Event Different emotions rely on different combinations of body and brain reactions and interpretation Brain and body reactions Memories and interpretation Emotion
- 13. Facial Feedback Hypothesis We experience emotions in part as a result of the positions of our facial muscles Smiling makes you feel happier Frowning makes you feel sadder
- 14. The Schacter-Singer Experiment Participants are told they are receiving a vitamin supplement They actually receive epinephrine
- 15. The Schacter-Singer Experiment Emotional response depended on context
- 16. Expressing Emotion Cultural display rules Body language Nonverbal communication Gender differences
- 17. EMOTIONS VIDEO
- 18. Lie Detection How do you detect lies? Lie detection Polygraph Video
- 19. Motivation What do you want in life more than anything else?
- 20. Motivation The requirements and desires that lead animals (including humans) to behave in a particular way at a particular time and place
- 21. Theories of Motivation: Instincts Organisms have inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli Weakness Human behaviors are more complex and flexible than instincts can explain Evolutionary psychology Hard-wired goals
- 22. Theories of Motivation: Drive In response to internal imbalances, drives push you to reduce the imbalance Homeostasis Example: Freudian Theory Sex and aggression
- 23. Theories of Motivation: Arousal Theory We seek intermediate levels of stimulation: when understimulated, we seek arousal; when overstimulated, we seek less stimulation Weakness Difficult to define levels of stimulation and how they vary
- 24. The Yerkes-Dodson Law Performance Level High Intermediate Low Arousal Level Low High Intermediate
- 25. Theories of Motivation: Incentives We are motivated toward particular goals in anticipation of a reward
- 26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological needs Safety needs Belongingness needs Esteem needs Cognitive needs Aesthetic needs Self- actualization needs
- 27. Culture and Achievement Individualist culture Collectivist culture
- 28. Do We only Eat when We are Hungry? Metabolism set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life Stomach and intestine Communicates fullness to brain Role of the brain Lateral Hypothalamus: Destroyed = no hunger Stimulated = hunger Ventromedial hypothalamus Destroyed = hunger Stimulated = no hunger
- 29. Eating Environment Learned preferences and habits Food-related cues Stress, arousal, and eating
- 30. Why Do People Have Sex? Reproductive sex 2% of sex acts Recreational sex 98% of sex acts Difficult to study Sampling bias Response bias
- 31. Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution Refractory period (men)
- 32. Sexual Stimuli Visual stimuli Are men more visually aroused? Are women aroused by both male and female stimuli? Olfactory stimuli What is the most important sensory stimuli that can turn women off sexually?
- 33. Sexual Orientation Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Gay: Biology vs. Environment Biological differences Hypothalamus Genes Environment Video
Editor's Notes
- #5: Note to instructor: This is a demo and the slide will change with each click.