Modules 25-29 PowerPoint Slides
- 1. Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
- 2. Motivation • What are motives? o Needs or desires that prompts an individual into action and directs behavior o Reflects biological or psychosocial needs
- 3. Motivation • Physiological motives o Based on the body’s need for survival • Hunger • Thirst • Sleep • Pain avoidance
- 4. Motivation • Stimulus motives o Based on needs to interact with environment • Curiosity • Intellectual activity • Entertainment • Secondary motives o Based on group acceptance • Approval • Individual achievement
- 5. Motivation • Intrinsic motivation o Internal drives to perform a task for its own sake • More open to demands of the task • Individual is more willing/eager to learn • Enjoyment of the task often serves as the reward • Extrinsic motivation o Money, good grades, other “external” rewards o “Carrot on a stick” o Can produce good outcomes (in the short-term)
- 6. Motivation • Behaviorist perspective o Drives arise from unfulfilled needs o Drive-reduction theory • We do things in order to satiate our needs/reduce drives o Behaviors (including motivation) governed by stimuli in environment
- 7. Eating Motivation • Lateral hypothalamus – “on” switch for eating o Stimulation = eating induced o Damage/lesions = immediately lose desire to eat • Ventromedial hypothalamus – “off” switch for eating o Stimulation = inhibition of eating (satiety center activated) o Damage/lesions = leads to overeating, satiety center receives no “off” message
- 9. Sexual Motivation • Kinsey (1948) o “Father of sexology” o Explored motives for widely varied human sex practices o Surveyed 5,000 men and over 6,000 women o The Kinsey Report had a profound impact on social awareness of sexuality in the 1950s
- 10. Psychosocial Motivation • Esteem motivation o The need to view one’s self in a positive light o Self-enhancement motives • Achievement motivation o To do well, succeed, avoid failure o Take pleasure in completing difficult/challenging tasks o Often highly motivated to avoid failure
- 11. Emotion • Limbic system o Plays a role in transferring information into memory o Hippocampus – main location for this transfer o Amygdala – strongly implicated in attaching emotional significance to stimuli/information/events
- 13. Emotion • Cognitive level o Having conscious sense of emotion (i.e., being afraid) o Emotions are perceived as having some level of (un)pleasantness and strength o Over 400 words in the English language refer to emotions
- 14. Emotion • Physiological level o Emotions contribute to changes in heart rate, blood pressure, etc. (i.e, physiological arousal) o Some physiological changes too small to notice • Polygraph - "lie detector" - used to measure subtle variations in muscle tension, heart rate, etc.
- 15. Emotion • Behavioral Level o Facial expressions of emotion - smiling, frowning, clenching fists o “Facial-feedback” hypothesis (Ekman) o Use of facial expression to convey emotion appears to be innate
- 17. Theories of Emotion 1) James-Lange theory of emotion • Subjective emotions arise from physiological arousal (emotion is the result of behavior) • Therefore, controlling behavior controls emotions o Make yourself smile and you will be happy!
- 19. Theories of Emotion 2) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion • Emotions and physiological arousal often occur simultaneously • The arousal of one emotion often the same as arousal of another emotion • People cry when happy or when sad (same behavior) yet these emotional states are different (different emotions)
- 21. Theories of Emotion 3) Schachter-Singer cognitive theory of emotion • Two components are necessary to experience emotion: 1) physiological arousal 2) cognitive labeling of the arousal • We don't automatically know when we are happy, angry, or jealous - instead we label our emotions by considering situational cues • Labeling depends on social settings and cultural norms
- 22. Theories of Emotion 3) Schachter-Singer cognitive theory of emotion (con’t) • Independent variables: 1) Manipulating arousal through injections 2) Manipulating labeling of emotion by placing subjects with confederates who are either “angry” or “happy” • Results: o Informed subjects reported no change in emotional state o Uninformed subjects happier w/happy confederate o Uninformed subjects angrier w/angry confederate
- 24. Emotion • Positive and negative affect + affect processed in left frontal lobe - affect processed in right frontal lobe • High inter-correlation within each type o Experiencing one negative emotion (guilt) also more likely to feel others (anxiety, sadness, self-loathing)
- 25. Emotion • Anger o “A short madness” vs. “Making a coward brave” (Virgil) o Anger can feel unpleasant but can also have pleasurable components o An approach-oriented emotion? • Anger creates EEG activity in left frontal lobe (location of positive affect?)
- 27. Emotion • Emotion regulation o Ability to intensify or maintain positive affect and practice “mood repair” when facing negative affect o Regulation can take place before/after emotion occurs • Reframing • Suppression
- 28. Stress • What is stress? o The process by which we perceive and respond to events and environmental demands Overstimulation + demands for change Stressors • Holmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale o Measures stress related to 43 common life events o Includes both negative and positive life stressors
- 29. Stress • Physiological effects o Impairs ability to focus and commit information to memory o Causes interference with hippocampus and prefrontal cortex activity o Chronic stress can lead to permanent cell death and reduction in hippocampus size
- 30. Stress • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) o Classified as an anxiety/stress disorder o Delay of onset common (up to six months) o Symptoms: Recurrent flashback episodes Exaggerated responses to loud noises/sudden touch Feelings of detachment Frequent irritability/outbursts of anger
- 31. Stress • Psychosomatic disorders o Real physical symptoms that begin, continue, or are made worse by mental or emotional factors o Stress in life literally translates to “a pain in the neck” o Demonstrates the influence of the mind over the body o Symptoms often greatly exacerbated by stress • Migraines, asthma, skin rashes/hives, frequent illness, aches, pain
- 32. Stress • Hypochondria o Obsession that real (or imagined) physical symptoms are signs of a serious illness o Preoccupation with fears of becoming ill o Typically chronic – tied to underlying mood disorders