Modules 22 and 24 PowerPoint Slides
- 2. Cognition • Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering • Ideas, thoughts, concept formation, logic and reasoning, problem solving, decision making • “Meta-cognition” – thinking about thinking; thought control
- 3. Cognition • Categorization o Natural groupings based on common properties (Jeopardy) o “Animals” is a category with many concepts • Concept o A mental representation of a category (“prototypes”) o “Chicken” = farm animal, small, feathers
- 5. NAGAMAR SLEVO STINGIH UNOSB KITNH MIECOVHH
- 8. Problem Solving • Heuristics o Cognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternatives without carefully considering each one o Allows for rapid and efficient (but sometimes) misleading judgments o Ex: Representative heuristic, availability heuristic
- 9. Problem Solving • Confirmation Bias o Tendency to recall info that supports preconceived (biased?) beliefs o Leads to interpretation of ambiguous evidence to supporting existing opinions The more emotionally involved with a belief, the more likely of ignoring facts that undermine/challenge it o Ex: “Remember the hits and forget the misses”, psychic readings, Hussein/WMD
- 10. Intelligence • Achievement tests o Measure what you’ve already learned o Reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic, computation (scholastic exam) • Aptitude tests o Goal is to test how you will do in the future (prediction) o Measures how you apply existing information into a new scenario (career placement exam, IQ tests)
- 12. Intelligence • Autistic-savant o Scoring extremely low on IQ tests but demonstrate extraordinary mental abilities in a specific area o Not all individuals with autism are savants (Rain Man) • Estimated prevalence of savant abilities in autism ~10% o Not all individuals with low IQ are savants • Estimated prevalence ~1%
- 13. Intelligence • Multiple Intelligences a) Musical b) Kinesthetic c) Spatial d) Verbal e) Logical/Mathematical f) Intra-personal g) Interpersonal
- 14. Creativity • Defined as “divergent problem solving” • How do we operationalize creativity? • Recognizing creativity? o Independence o Originality o Persistence o Flexibility
- 15. Creativity • Moderately correlated with intelligence • Not all highly-intelligent people are creative! • Impediments o Functional fixedness o Habitual set
- 16. Intelligence • What is the operational definition for intelligence? • What two factors influence IQ? • History of the IQ test o 1904: Binet developed first IQ test in France to rate child intelligence o 1916: IQ test later modified at Stanford University IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
- 18. Intelligence • Are IQ tests reliable? Valid? • Issues with IQ tests? o Lack of theoretical basis o Cultural bias o Only measures certain types of intelligence o What is intelligence?
- 19. Intelligence • Fluid knowledge o Ability to draw analogies, recognize patterns, solve novel problems o As age increases, this type of intelligence decreases • Crystallized knowledge o This is your knowledge base o Vocabulary, geography, general world knowledge
- 20. Action • Options in the decision-making process o Routine behavior o External referral o Intentional randomization o Affect (emotional) referral
- 21. Action • Decision making can produce conflict o Approach-approach decisions o Avoidant-avoidant decisions o Approach-avoidant decisions