Chapter 12 Summary
- 1. The Six Crusades 1000 - 1500 How did the Church influence political and cultural changes in medieval Europe? How did both innovations and disruptive forces affect people during the Middle Ages?
- 2. Reform of the Papacy • Church leaders realized, in the eleventh century, that they needed more freedom from the government, specifically when appointing Church officials. The Church officials were appointed through lay investiture, or the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office. In 1073, Pope Gregory VII was elected pope and he believed God had called him to reform the Church. Gregory aimed to eliminate lay investiture so that the Church could regain its freedom. A Holy Roman Emperor and king of Germany by the name of Henry IV disagreed with Gregory. German kings, for years, had appointed administers to the Church . The conflict of these two men became known as the Investiture Controversy. This controversy was unending until a new pope and king reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. Pope Gregory VII
- 3. The New Religious Orders • The religious enthusiasm in the late 1000s and early 1100s led to a rise in the number of monasteries. One of the new orders was the Cistercian order, founded by a group of monks that were unhappy about the lack of discipline at their monastery. The Cistercians led a strict, simple life, having no decorations, eating simply, and having only one robe. The Cistercians gained more time for prayer and manual labor by spending less time at religious services. The number of women in religious houses grew drastically. Most nuns were from the ranks of the landed aristocracy. Single women made up the majority of the convents at this time. Hildegard of Bingen was an abbess of a religious house and also an important woman composer, contributing to the Gregorian chant. She succeeded at a time when music was made up of almost all men. The Franciscans and the Dominicans were two new religious orders in the 1200s. The Franciscans believed in living in poverty and begging for food. They lived among the ordinary people and became very popular. The Dominicans wanted to defend the Church’s teachings against the heretics, who denied basic Church doctrines. They believed that the Franciscans would best be able to attack heresy.
- 4. The Early Crusades • Many Christians attended the Council of Clermont, where they were highly encouraged to join the crusades in order to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims. Christians were told by the pope that if they died while fighting for the Holy Land, they would receive an instant pass to heaven, which was very motivation for the Christians. The first crusade began as three organized bands of mostly French warriors. The crusades panned out as shown on the chart on the next slide. The First Crusade
- 5. CRUSADES EFFECTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 divide into four states total failure Christians granted access to Jerusalem Byzantine empire reduces in size, children’s crusade, two ships sink, sold into slavery, R.C./ E.O. failure failure
- 7. The First Crusade - Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8JyoRyAfOY
- 8. Romanesque and Gothic • Romanesque builders replaced the basilica’s flat wooden roof with a long, round vault made of stone or with a cross vault. Because of the stone roofs, the churches require massive pillars and walls to hold them up. There was little space for windows, leaving the church somewhat dark. • Gothic cathedral were made possible because of the replacement of the round barrel vault and the flying buttress, an arched support made of stone that was build onto the outside of walls. Gothic cathedrals had thinner walls and stained glass windows that depicted religious scenes. • It was believed at the time that the higher the elevation of the church, the closer it is to God. Gothic Church
- 9. Romanesque Gothic • change from wooden roof to arched stone • Basilica shape • thick walls • few windows • ribbed vaults, pointed arches • flying buttress • Church is higher (closer to God) • stained glass windows
- 10. Universities • The first European university appeared in Bologna, Italy. Students a these early universities began by studying traditional liberal arts such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. After four to six years of attending the university, students took oral examinations to earn degrees such as bachelor of arts degrees and master of arts degrees. After ten years, they could earn degrees for doctor of law, medicine, or theology. • Theology was strongly influence by a philosophical system known as scholasticism, a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason. • Vernacular was the language of everyday speech in a particular region. Literature was being written in Vernacular. University of Bologna
- 11. The Black Death Plague • Poor sanitation, malnutrition, the little ice age, cramped living conditions, no indoor plumbing are all factors that led to the spread of the Black Plague. Trade and the flea infested rats spread the disease. This epidemic affects the social and economic means. Socially, this epidemic was blamed on the Jews because of their previous anti- Semitism of the Jews. Economically, trade decreased because 1/3 of the population was killed off. The prices decreased because none of the merchants were selling anything. There were also higher labor costs because it was hard to get people to work. Feudalism ended, resulting in stronger government structure. The Black Death
- 12. The Hundred Years War and Joan of Arc • The Hundred Years War began after King Phillip VI seized the land, duchy. King Edward III then declared war on Phillip, beginning the Hundred Years’ War. The War was actually more than 100 years. Joan of Arc was a French peasant woman who was accused of being a witch. She had visions of victory and heroic visions about the war. Joan was burned at the stake by the English, accused of witchcraft. The cannon and the longbow were new inventions that helped the French win the war. The war was won because of these inventions. Joan of Arc
- 13. Deeper Thinking Questions • Would you have joined the crusades if you were a Christian at this time? Why? • What was the significance of the Hundred Years War? • Why were universities so important at this point in time? • In what ways did the new religious orders affect the people, both socially and economically? • Do you prefer the Romanesque or Gothic style of churches? Explain your answer in detail.
- 14. Image Sources • http://www.evangeliumtagfuertag.org/main.php? language=AM&module=saintfeast&localdate=20100525&id=10462&fd=0 • http://www.medievalists.net/tag/hildegard-von-bingen/ • http://www.touropia.com/gothic-cathedrals/ • http://bluenetworks.weebly.com/family-and-patronage-during-the-first-crusade.html • https://inomics.com/university-bologna • http://internationalstudentsguide.org/20-oldest-universities-of-the-world/ • https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/08/27/black-death-plague-back-correction- never-left-thanks-evolution/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc • http://www.scout.com/military/deadliest-blogger/story/1438544-the-crusades-part-two