Chapter 16
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This document contains solutions to problems from Chapter 16 on hybrid and derivative securities. The problems cover various topics such as lease cash flows, loan interest calculations, loan amortization schedules, comparing leases to purchases, determining values of convertible bonds and attached warrants, and calculating theoretical warrant values. The solutions provide numerical calculations and explanations for each problem.
![Chapter 16
Hybrid and Derivative Securities
Solutions to Problems
P16-1. LG 2: Lease Cash Flows
Basic
Firm
Lease Payment Tax Benefit
After-t tflow
[(1) – (2)]
Year (1) (2)
ax Cash Ou
(3)
A 1–4 $1 $ $00,000 40,000 60,000
B 1–14
1
2
E 1–10 20,000 8,000 12,000
80,000 32,000 48,000
C 1–8 50,000 60,000 90,000
D 1–25 60,000 4,000 36,000
P16-2. terest
L Y Inte ount
LG 2: Loan In
Intermediate
oan ear rest Am
A $1 1,400
2 1
$
$312
$
$
3 3,220
,098
3 767
4 402
B 1 2,100
2 1,109
C 1
2 220
3 117
D 1 6,860
2 5,822
3 4,639
4 3,290
5 1,753
E 1 4,240
2 3,768](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter16-200404065519/85/Chapter-16-1-320.jpg)
![Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 395
Challenge
(a) Lease
After-tax cash outflow = $25,200 × (l – 0.40 ) = $15,120/year for 3years + $5,000 purchase
option in year 3 (total for year 3: $20,120)
Purchase
Year
Loan
Payment
(1)
Main-
tenance
(2)
Depre-
ciation
(3)
Interest
at 14%
(4)
Total
Deductions
(2 + 3 + 4)
(5)
Tax
Shields
[(0.40) × (5)]
(6)
After-tax
Cash
Outflows
[(1 + 2) – (6)]
(7)
1 $25,844 $1,800 $19,800 $8,400 $30,000 $12,000 $15,644
2 25,844 1,800 27,000 5,958 34,758 13,903 13,741
3 25,844 1,800 9,000 3,174 13,974 5,590 22,054
(b)
End
of Year
After-tax
Cash Outflows PVIF8%,n PV of Outflows
Calculator
Solution
Lease
1 $15,120 0.926 $14,001
2 15,120 0.857 12,958
3 20,120 0.794 15,975
$42,934 $42,934.87
Purchase
1 $15,644 0.926 $14,486
2 13,741 0.857 11,776
3 22,054 0.794 17,511
$43,773 $43,773.06
(c) Since the PV of leasing is less than the PV of purchasing the equipment, the firm should lease
the equipment and save $962 in present value terms.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter16-200404065519/85/Chapter-16-3-320.jpg)
![396 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance
P16-5. LG 2: Lease versus Purchase
Challenge
(a) Lease
After-tax cash outflows = $19,800 × (1 – 0.40) = $11,880/year for 5 years plus $24,000
purchase option in year 5 (total $35,880).
Purchase
Year
Loan
Payment
(1)
Main-
tenance
(2)
Depre-
ciation
(3)
Interest
at 14%
(4)
Total
Deductions
(2 + 3 + 4)
(5)
Tax
Shields
[(0.40) × (5)]
(6)
After-tax
Cash Outflows
[(1 + 2) − (6)]
(7)
1 $23,302 $2,000 $16,000 $11,200 $29,200 $11,680 $13,622
2 23,302 2,000 25,600 9,506 37,106 14,842 10,460
3 23,302 2,000 15,200 7,574 24,774 9,910 15,392
4 23,302 2,000 9,600 5,372 16,972 6,789 18,513
5 23,302 2,000 9,600 2,862 14,462 5,785 19,517
(b)
End
of Year
After-tax
Cash Outflows PVIF9%,n PV of Outflows
Calculator
Solution
Lease
1 $11,880 0.917 $10,894
2 11,880 0.842 10,003
3 11,880 0.772 9,171
4 11,880 0.708 8,411
5 35,880 0.650 23,322
$61,801 $61,807.41
Purchase
1 $13,622 0.917 $12,491
2 10,460 0.842 8,807
3 15,392 0.772 11,883
4 18,513 0.708 13,107
5 19,517 0.650 12,686
$58,974 $58,986.46
(c) The present value of the cash outflows is less with the purchasing plan, so the firm should
purchase the machine. By doing so, it saves $2,827 in present value terms.
P16-6. LG 2: Capitalized Lease Values
Intermediate
Lease Table Values Calculator Solution
A $40,000 × 6.814 = $272,560 $272,547.67
B 120,000 × 4.968 = 596,160 596,116.77
C 9,000 × 6.467 = 58,203 58,206.78
D 16,000 × 2.531 = 40,496 40,500.72
E 47,000 × 7.963 = 374,261 374,276.42](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter16-200404065519/85/Chapter-16-4-320.jpg)
![402 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance
(e) Yes, the premium will decline to zero as the warrant expiration date approaches. This occurs
due to the fact that as time diminishes, the possibilities for speculative gains likewise decline.
P16-17.LG 5: Common Stock versus Warrant Investment
Challenge
(a) $8,000 ÷ $50 per share = 160 shares
$8,000 ÷ $20 per warrant = 400 warrants
(b) 160 shares × ($60 – $50) = $1,600 profit $1,600 ÷ $8,000 = 20%
(c) 400 shares × ($45 – $20) = $10,000 profit $10,000 ÷ $8,000 = 125%
(d) Ms. Michaels would have increased profitability due to the high leverage effect of the
warrant, but the potential for gain is accompanied with a higher level of risk.
P16-18.LG 5: Common Stock versus Warrant Investment
Challenge
(a) $6,300 ÷ $30 per share = 210 shares purchased
210 shares × ($32 – $30) = $420 profit $420 ÷ $6,300 = 6.67%
(b) $6,300 ÷ $7 per warrant = 900 warrants purchased
Profit on original investment = [($4 per share × 2) – $7 price of warrant] = $1
$1 gain × 900 warrants = $900 profit $1 ÷ $7 = 14.29% total gain
(c) Stock (1) $6,300 investment – $6,300 proceeds from sale = $0
(2) 210 shares × ($28 – $30) = –$420 (–6.67%)
Warrants (1) [($2 gain per share × 2 shares) – $7 price of warrant] × 900 warrants
= –$3 × 900 = –$2,700 = –42.85%
(2) Since the warrant exercise price and the stock price are the same, there is no
reason to exercise the warrant. The full investment in the warrant is lost:
$7 × 900 warrants = $6,300 – $7 ÷ $7 = –100%
(d) Warrants increase the possibility for gain and loss. The leverage associated with warrants
results in higher risk as well as higher expected returns.
P16-19.LG 6: Option Profits and Losses
Intermediate
Option
A 100 shares × $5/share = $500
$500 – $200 = $300
B 100 shares × $3/share = $300
$300 – $350 = –$50
The option would be exercised, as the loss is less than the cost of the option.
C 100 shares × $10/share = $1,000
$1,000 – $500 = $500
D –$300; the option would not be exercised.
E –$450; the option would not be exercised.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter16-200404065519/85/Chapter-16-10-320.jpg)
![Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 403
P16-20.LG 6: Call Option
Intermediate
(a) Stock transaction:
$70/share – $62/share= $8/share profit
$8/share × 100 shares = $800
(b) Option transaction:
($70/share × 100 shares) = $7,000
– ($60/per share × 100 shares) = –6,000
– $600 cost of option = –600
profit = $400
(c) $600 ÷ 100 shares = $6/share
The stock price must rise to $66/share to break even.
(d) If Carol actually purchases the stock, she will need to invest $6,200 ($62/share × 100 shares)
and can potentially lose this full amount. In comparison to the option purchase, Carol only
risks the purchase price of the option, $600. If the price of the stock falls below $56/share,
the option purchase is favored. (Below $56/share, the loss in stock value of $600 [($62 –
$56) × 100 shares], would exceed the cost of the option). Due to less risk exposure with the
option purchase, the profitability is correspondingly lower.
P16-21.LG 5: Put Option
Intermediate
(a) ($45 – $46) × 100 shares = –$100
The option would not be exercised above the striking price; therefore, the loss would be the
price of the option, $380.
($45 – $44) × 100 shares = $100
$100 – $380 = –$280
The option would be exercised, as the amount of the loss is less than the option price.
($45 – $40) × 100 shares = $500
$500 – $380 = $120
($45 – $35) × 100 shares = $1,000
$1,000 – $380 = $620
(b) The option would not be exercised above the striking price.
(c) If the price of the stock rises above the striking price, the risk is limited to the price of the put
option.
P16-22.Ethics Problem
Challenge
When a company issues a stock and sells it at market price and keeps the proceeds then it
increases the number of shares outstanding and dilution of earnings takes place. However, when
the company issues stock to acquire assets, or pays a part of operating costs, these costs become
expenses. Similarly, when the company issues stock in exchange for options to be exercised by
employees below the market price, this is equivalent to issuing the stock at the market price and
paying the difference to the employees in cash, which is clearly an expense.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter16-200404065519/85/Chapter-16-11-320.jpg)
Chapter 16
- 1. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities Solutions to Problems P16-1. LG 2: Lease Cash Flows Basic Firm Lease Payment Tax Benefit After-t tflow [(1) – (2)] Year (1) (2) ax Cash Ou (3) A 1–4 $1 $ $00,000 40,000 60,000 B 1–14 1 2 E 1–10 20,000 8,000 12,000 80,000 32,000 48,000 C 1–8 50,000 60,000 90,000 D 1–25 60,000 4,000 36,000 P16-2. terest L Y Inte ount LG 2: Loan In Intermediate oan ear rest Am A $1 1,400 2 1 $ $312 $ $ 3 3,220 ,098 3 767 4 402 B 1 2,100 2 1,109 C 1 2 220 3 117 D 1 6,860 2 5,822 3 4,639 4 3,290 5 1,753 E 1 4,240 2 3,768
- 2. 394 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance 4 2,585 5 1,848 6 993 P16-3. LG 2: Loan Payments and Interest Intermediate Payment = $117,000 ÷ 3.889 = $30,085 (Calculator solution: $30,087.43) Year Beginning Balance Interest Principal 1 $117,000 $16,380 $13,705 2 103,295 14,461 15,624 3 87,671 12,274 17,811 4 69,860 9,780 20,305 5 49,555 6,938 23,147 6 26,408 3,697 26,388 $26,408 $116,980 $117,000 Note: Due to the PVIFA tables in the text presenting factors only to the third decimal place and the rounding of interest and principal payments to the second decimal place, the summed principal payments over the term of the loan will be slightly different from the loan amount. To compensate in problems involving amortization schedules, the adjustment has been made in the last principal payment. The actual amount is shown with the adjusted figure to its right.P16-4. LG 2: Lease versus Purchase
- 3. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 395 Challenge (a) Lease After-tax cash outflow = $25,200 × (l – 0.40 ) = $15,120/year for 3years + $5,000 purchase option in year 3 (total for year 3: $20,120) Purchase Year Loan Payment (1) Main- tenance (2) Depre- ciation (3) Interest at 14% (4) Total Deductions (2 + 3 + 4) (5) Tax Shields [(0.40) × (5)] (6) After-tax Cash Outflows [(1 + 2) – (6)] (7) 1 $25,844 $1,800 $19,800 $8,400 $30,000 $12,000 $15,644 2 25,844 1,800 27,000 5,958 34,758 13,903 13,741 3 25,844 1,800 9,000 3,174 13,974 5,590 22,054 (b) End of Year After-tax Cash Outflows PVIF8%,n PV of Outflows Calculator Solution Lease 1 $15,120 0.926 $14,001 2 15,120 0.857 12,958 3 20,120 0.794 15,975 $42,934 $42,934.87 Purchase 1 $15,644 0.926 $14,486 2 13,741 0.857 11,776 3 22,054 0.794 17,511 $43,773 $43,773.06 (c) Since the PV of leasing is less than the PV of purchasing the equipment, the firm should lease the equipment and save $962 in present value terms.
- 4. 396 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance P16-5. LG 2: Lease versus Purchase Challenge (a) Lease After-tax cash outflows = $19,800 × (1 – 0.40) = $11,880/year for 5 years plus $24,000 purchase option in year 5 (total $35,880). Purchase Year Loan Payment (1) Main- tenance (2) Depre- ciation (3) Interest at 14% (4) Total Deductions (2 + 3 + 4) (5) Tax Shields [(0.40) × (5)] (6) After-tax Cash Outflows [(1 + 2) − (6)] (7) 1 $23,302 $2,000 $16,000 $11,200 $29,200 $11,680 $13,622 2 23,302 2,000 25,600 9,506 37,106 14,842 10,460 3 23,302 2,000 15,200 7,574 24,774 9,910 15,392 4 23,302 2,000 9,600 5,372 16,972 6,789 18,513 5 23,302 2,000 9,600 2,862 14,462 5,785 19,517 (b) End of Year After-tax Cash Outflows PVIF9%,n PV of Outflows Calculator Solution Lease 1 $11,880 0.917 $10,894 2 11,880 0.842 10,003 3 11,880 0.772 9,171 4 11,880 0.708 8,411 5 35,880 0.650 23,322 $61,801 $61,807.41 Purchase 1 $13,622 0.917 $12,491 2 10,460 0.842 8,807 3 15,392 0.772 11,883 4 18,513 0.708 13,107 5 19,517 0.650 12,686 $58,974 $58,986.46 (c) The present value of the cash outflows is less with the purchasing plan, so the firm should purchase the machine. By doing so, it saves $2,827 in present value terms. P16-6. LG 2: Capitalized Lease Values Intermediate Lease Table Values Calculator Solution A $40,000 × 6.814 = $272,560 $272,547.67 B 120,000 × 4.968 = 596,160 596,116.77 C 9,000 × 6.467 = 58,203 58,206.78 D 16,000 × 2.531 = 40,496 40,500.72 E 47,000 × 7.963 = 374,261 374,276.42
- 5. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 397 P16-7. LG 3: Conversion Price Basic (a) $1,000 ÷ 20 shares = $50 per share (b) $500 ÷ 25 shares = $20 per share (c) $1,000 ÷ 50 shares = $20 per share P16-8. LG 3: Conversion Ratio Basic (a) $1,000 ÷ $43.75 = 22.86 shares (b) $1,000 ÷ $25.00 = 40 shares (c) $600 ÷ $30.00 = 20 shares P16-9. LG 3: Conversion (or Stock) Value Basic (a) Bond value = 25 shares × $50 = $1,250 (b) Bond value = 12.5 shares × $42 = $525 (c) Bond value = 100 shares × $10.50 = $1,050 P16-10.LG 3: Conversion (or Stock) Value Basic Bond Conversion Value A 25 × $42.25 = $1,056.25 B 16 × $50.00 = $800.00 C 20 × $44.00 = $880.00 D 5 × $19.50 = $97.50 P16-11.LG 4: Straight Bond Values Intermediate Bond Years Payments Factors PV Calculator Solution A 1–20 $100 6.623 $662.30 20 1,000 0.073 73.00 $735.30 $735.07 B 1–14 $96 5.724 $549.50 14 800 0.141 112.80 $662.30 $662.61 C 1–30 $130 6.177 $803.01 30 1,000 0.012 12.00 $815.01 $814.68 D 1–25 $140 5.766 $807.24 25 1,000 0.020 20.00 $827.24 $827.01
- 6. 398 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance P16-12.LG 4: Determining Values–Convertible Bond Challenge (a) Years Payments Factor, 12% PV Calculator Solution 1–20 $100 7.469 $746.90 20 1,000 0.104 104.00 $850.90 $850.61 (b) Conversion value = 50 shares × market price 50 × $15 = $750 50 × $20 = 1,000 50 × $23 = 1,150 50 × $30 = 1,500 50 × $45 = 2,250 (c) Share Price Bond Value $15 $850.90 20 1,000.00 23 1,150.00 30 1,500.00 45 2,250.00 As the share price increases the bond will start trading at a premium to the pure bond value due to the increased probability of a profitable conversion. At higher prices the bond will trade at its conversion value. (d) The minimum bond value is $850.90. The bond will not sell for less than the straight bond value, but could sell for more. P16-13.LG 4: Determining Values–Convertible Bond Challenge (b) Straight Bond Value Years Payments Factor, 12% PV Calculator Solution 1–15 $130 5.575 $724.75 15 1,000 0.108 108.00 $832.75 $832.74 (b) Conversion value $9.00 × 80 = $720 12.00 × 80 = 960 13.00 × 80 = 1,040 15.00 × 80 = 1,200 20.00 × 80 = 1,600
- 7. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 399 (c) Share Price Bond Value $9.00 $832.75 (Bond will not sell below straight bond value) 12.00 960.00 13.00 1,040.00 15.00 1,200.00 20.00 1,600.00 As the share price increases the bond will start trading at a premium to the pure bond value due to the increased probability of a profitable conversion. At higher prices the bond will trade at its conversion value. (d) Value of a Convertible Bond 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 0 5 10 15 20 25 Straight Bond Value Conversion Value XValue of Convertible Bond Price per Share of Common Stock Up to Point X, the Straight Bond Value is the minimum market value. For stock prices above Point X, the Conversion Value Line is the market price of the bond.
- 8. 400 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance P16-14.LG 5: Implied Price of Attached Warrants Intermediate Implied price of all warrants = Price of bond with warrants − Straight bond value Implied Price of all warrants Price per warrant Number of warrants = Straight Bond Value: Bond Years Payments Factors PV Solution Calculator A 1–15 $120 6.462 (13%) $775.44 15 1,000 0.160 160.00 $935.44 $935.38 B 1–10 $95 5.650 (12%) $536.75 10 1,000 0.322 322.00 $858.75 $858.75 C 1–20 $50 7.963 (11%) $398.15 20 500 0.124 62.00 $460.15 $460.18 D 1–20 $110 7.469 (12%) $821.59 20 1,000 0.104 104.00 $925.59 $925.31 Price Per Warrant: Bond Price with Warrants − Straight Bond Value = Implied Price ÷ Number of Warrants = Price per Warrant A $1,000 – $935.44 = $64.56 ÷ 10 = $6.46 B 1,100 – 858.75 = 241.25 ÷ 30 = 8.04 C 500 – 460.15 = 39.85 ÷ 5 = 7.97 D 1,000 – 925.59 = 74.41 ÷ 20 = 3.72 P16-15.LG 5: Evaluation of the Implied Price of an Attached Warrant Challenge (a) Straight Bond Value Years Payments PVIF (13%) PV Calculator Solution 1–30 $115 7.496 $862.04 30 1,000 0.026 26.00 $888.04 $ 887.57 (b) Implied price of all warrants = (Price with warrants – Straight Bond Value) Implied price of warrant = $1,000 – $888.04 Implied price of warrant = $111.96
- 9. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 401 (c) Price per warrant = Implied price of all warrants ÷ number of warrants Price per warrant = $111.96 ÷ 10 Price per warrant = $11.20 (d) The implied price of $11.20 is below the theoretical value of $12.50, which makes the bond an attractive investment. P16-16.LG 5: Warrant Values Challenge (a) TVW = (P0 – E) × N TVW = ($42 – $50) × 3 = –$24 TVW = ($46 – $50) × 3 = –$12 TVW = ($48 – $50) × 3 = –$6 TVW = ($54 – $50) × 3 = $12 TVW = ($58 – $50) × 3 = $24 TVW = ($62 – $50) × 3 = $36 TVW = ($66 – $50) × 3 = $48 (b) Common Stock Price versus Warrant Price -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Market Value Value of Warrant ($) Theoretical Value Price per Share of Common Stock (c) It tends to support the graph since the market value of the warrant for the $50 share price appears to fall on the market value function presented in the table and graphed in part (b). The table shows that $50 is one-third of the way between the $48 and the $54 common stock value; adding one-third of the difference in warrant values corresponding to those stock values (i.e., ($18 – $9) ÷ 3) to the $9 warrant value would result in a $12 expected warrant value for the $50 common stock value. (d) The warrant premium results from a combination of investor expectations and the ability of the investor to obtain much larger potential returns by trading in warrants rather than stock. The warrant premium is reflected in the graph by the area between the theoretical value and the market value of the warrant.
- 10. 402 Part 6 Special Topics in Managerial Finance (e) Yes, the premium will decline to zero as the warrant expiration date approaches. This occurs due to the fact that as time diminishes, the possibilities for speculative gains likewise decline. P16-17.LG 5: Common Stock versus Warrant Investment Challenge (a) $8,000 ÷ $50 per share = 160 shares $8,000 ÷ $20 per warrant = 400 warrants (b) 160 shares × ($60 – $50) = $1,600 profit $1,600 ÷ $8,000 = 20% (c) 400 shares × ($45 – $20) = $10,000 profit $10,000 ÷ $8,000 = 125% (d) Ms. Michaels would have increased profitability due to the high leverage effect of the warrant, but the potential for gain is accompanied with a higher level of risk. P16-18.LG 5: Common Stock versus Warrant Investment Challenge (a) $6,300 ÷ $30 per share = 210 shares purchased 210 shares × ($32 – $30) = $420 profit $420 ÷ $6,300 = 6.67% (b) $6,300 ÷ $7 per warrant = 900 warrants purchased Profit on original investment = [($4 per share × 2) – $7 price of warrant] = $1 $1 gain × 900 warrants = $900 profit $1 ÷ $7 = 14.29% total gain (c) Stock (1) $6,300 investment – $6,300 proceeds from sale = $0 (2) 210 shares × ($28 – $30) = –$420 (–6.67%) Warrants (1) [($2 gain per share × 2 shares) – $7 price of warrant] × 900 warrants = –$3 × 900 = –$2,700 = –42.85% (2) Since the warrant exercise price and the stock price are the same, there is no reason to exercise the warrant. The full investment in the warrant is lost: $7 × 900 warrants = $6,300 – $7 ÷ $7 = –100% (d) Warrants increase the possibility for gain and loss. The leverage associated with warrants results in higher risk as well as higher expected returns. P16-19.LG 6: Option Profits and Losses Intermediate Option A 100 shares × $5/share = $500 $500 – $200 = $300 B 100 shares × $3/share = $300 $300 – $350 = –$50 The option would be exercised, as the loss is less than the cost of the option. C 100 shares × $10/share = $1,000 $1,000 – $500 = $500 D –$300; the option would not be exercised. E –$450; the option would not be exercised.
- 11. Chapter 16 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 403 P16-20.LG 6: Call Option Intermediate (a) Stock transaction: $70/share – $62/share= $8/share profit $8/share × 100 shares = $800 (b) Option transaction: ($70/share × 100 shares) = $7,000 – ($60/per share × 100 shares) = –6,000 – $600 cost of option = –600 profit = $400 (c) $600 ÷ 100 shares = $6/share The stock price must rise to $66/share to break even. (d) If Carol actually purchases the stock, she will need to invest $6,200 ($62/share × 100 shares) and can potentially lose this full amount. In comparison to the option purchase, Carol only risks the purchase price of the option, $600. If the price of the stock falls below $56/share, the option purchase is favored. (Below $56/share, the loss in stock value of $600 [($62 – $56) × 100 shares], would exceed the cost of the option). Due to less risk exposure with the option purchase, the profitability is correspondingly lower. P16-21.LG 5: Put Option Intermediate (a) ($45 – $46) × 100 shares = –$100 The option would not be exercised above the striking price; therefore, the loss would be the price of the option, $380. ($45 – $44) × 100 shares = $100 $100 – $380 = –$280 The option would be exercised, as the amount of the loss is less than the option price. ($45 – $40) × 100 shares = $500 $500 – $380 = $120 ($45 – $35) × 100 shares = $1,000 $1,000 – $380 = $620 (b) The option would not be exercised above the striking price. (c) If the price of the stock rises above the striking price, the risk is limited to the price of the put option. P16-22.Ethics Problem Challenge When a company issues a stock and sells it at market price and keeps the proceeds then it increases the number of shares outstanding and dilution of earnings takes place. However, when the company issues stock to acquire assets, or pays a part of operating costs, these costs become expenses. Similarly, when the company issues stock in exchange for options to be exercised by employees below the market price, this is equivalent to issuing the stock at the market price and paying the difference to the employees in cash, which is clearly an expense.