Chapter 23 Part II
- 1. Chapter 23: The Rise of EuropeAn Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire1750-1914Part II
- 2. The Making of Industrial SocietyFoundations of Industrial SocietyThe Factory SystemEarly Spread of IndustrialismIndustrial CapitalismEffects of IndustrializationUrbanization and MigrationIndustry and SocietySocialist ChallengeIndustrialization Continues to SpreadThe International Division of Labor
- 3. Foundations of Industrial SocietyIntroduction of New World crops and new farming techniques Population Revolution
- 4. Three major dynamic economic centers in the world by 1750BritainYangzi Delta- ChinaJapanAll had: High agricultural activity and population growthIncreasing occupational specializationNavigable rivers and canalsSophisticated banking and financial institutionsIssues of soil depletion, deforestation and growing levels of consumption
- 5. Britain leads the way in industrialization because in 1750 they had:Huge coal deposits that could replace the use of wood as a source of fuelIron deposits for building steam engines and factoriesColonies in America and India good source of cheap raw materials and cash crops like sugar and cotton
- 6. Demand for cotton goods growth of a mechanized cotton industrySteam power speeds up production and makes it easy to use trains to move goods and people19th century = The Age of Steel the rise of railroads
- 7. New Products, New NationsIndustrialization: 1860-1910The Second Industrial RevolutionSteel and Chemical Industries grow in BritainConstruction of Suez and Panama CanalsNew drugs, insecticides, chemical fertilizersElectricity!
- 8. Factory ProductionDominated by big impersonal companies/ cartelsNew mass-production, mass-consumption culture emergesStandardization and interchangeable parts
- 9. Warfare and IndustrializationClose link!Civil War in US spurs industrial growth and building railroadsMaxim gun which could shoot 11 rounds/second and reach distances of 1 ½ miles indispensible in conquering AfricaKrupp manufacturing in Germany focused on armaments that helped Germany defeat France in Franco-Prussian war leading to creation of Germany
- 10. Worldwide effects of IndustrializationIndustrial nations sought oversees colonies for markets and resourcesBritish investors aid in construction of American railsFinanciers seek profit from new business enterprises around the worldNeo-colonialism wins out: foreign economic control w/o foreign political control
- 11. Examples of Neo-ColonialismChina: Foreign investors establish spheres of influence to control trade in China. Both support and undermine Qing governmentCanada: Enjoyed self-rule beginning in 1840, encouraged immigration and investment. Built rails, mines and large wheat farms. Investments came close to half a billion dollars between 1900 and 1916Ottoman Empire: In 1914 Western European powers invested 1.2 billion to keep the “Sick Man of Europe” from collapsing
- 12. Population of Europe doubled between 1750 and 1850 due to introduction of New World crops = more foodBetter dietsIncreasing urban planning and sanitationImprovements in health careSmaller families proves “iron law of wages” falseDemographic Causes and Effects
- 13. Heaps of garbage and ashes lie in all directions, and the foul liquids emptied before the doors gather in stinking pools. Here live the poorest of the poor, the worst paid workers with thieves and victims of prostitution indiscriminately huddled together… They who have some kind of shelter are fortunate in comparison with the utterly homeless. In London fifty thousand human beings get up every morning, not knowing where they are to lay their heads at night.
- 14. Important DocumentsSadler Commission Hearings (1832)Charter of the Working People (1838) Sir Edwin Chadwick Inquiry into the Condition for the Poor (1842)Friedrich Engels Condition of the Working Class in England (1845)Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto (1848)
- 15. Eventually… ImprovementsNew economic philosophies such as Socialism and Communism lead to changing ideologiesLet the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have the world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite! (Marx)Governments begin to see that their role as protecting peoples’ well being; help the poor rather than punish themLabor Unions form to protect workers’ rights
- 16. “The theory of the communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property” (Marx).Marx believed communist revolution would begin violently with the proletariat overthrowing the bourgeoisieLabor unions, and laws to protect workers prevented communist revolution from breaking out in EuropeEventually, standards of living improved for even urban workers
- 17. Germany (1870-1914)1867: Otto von Bismarck extends male suffrage across the North German Confederation1871: Bismarck unifies Germany under Prussian king Wilhelm I1875: Europe’s 1st political party Social Democratic Party forms in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm’s reign. Made up entirely of workers to represent working class issues1880s: Conservative leader Bismarck creates 1st social security system in Europe1871-1914: Bismarck directs growth of industry with focus on military armament to gain more colonies
- 18. United States: (1861-1914)1861-65: American Civil War1866: Organization of labor begins when the National Labor Union formed1890s: Strikes led to violenceRadical unionism + influx of immigrants with socialist ideas leads to growing fear of communist revolution and limitations placed on labor unionsOver time workers conditions do improve
- 19. France: 1848-1914Revolutions erupt in France in 1830 and 1848. Liberal movements fail, but eventually gov’t makes some liberal changes1870: Uprising of the Paris Commune: meeting place for socialists and labor unions 20,000 killed, 10,000 exiled1880: Exiles begin to return, labor organizations begin again
- 20. 1890: May fist became “Labor Day”French politics continued to be dominated by wealthy business ownersLiberal reforms made by government which fears future uprisings
- 21. The Industrial West by 1900Consolidated nation-statesParliamentary democraciesBureaucratic institutionsFreedom of the press and religionHabeas corpus rightsIncreased literacy and more public educationHigh levels of trade and international exchangeThriving artistic lifeHigh levels of entrepreneurship Protection of private propertyHumanitarian perspectivesHigh levels of industrial productivityNew science and technologyHigh levels of health and medical careIntegration in the world economyPowerful weapons
- 22. Change Over TimeAgricultural change and population growth large unskilled urban population who become proletariat. How?At first their lives are miserable. Describe!Over time new philosophies effect the way poverty and the economy are viewed. Explain examples.Unions and liberal reforms improvements in standards of living across the industrializing world. Discuss how.