Chapter 6 Mr
- 1. Descriptive Research Design: Survey and Observation Chapter 6
- 2. Chapter Outline 1. Overview 2. Survey Methods 3. Survey Methods Classified by Mode of Administration i. Telephone Methods a. Traditional Telephone Interviews b. Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) ii. Personal Methods a. Personal In-home Interviews b. Mall-Intercept Personal Interviews iii. Mail Methods a. Mail Interviews b. Mail Panels iv. Electronic Methods a. E-mail Surveys b. Internet Surveys
- 3. 4. A Comparative Evaluation of Survey Methods Flexibility of Data Collection Diversity of Questions Use of Physical Stimuli Sample Control Control of the Data Collection Environment Control of Field Force Quantity of Data Response Rate Perceived Anonymity Social Desirability/ Sensitive Information Potential for Interviewer Bias Speed Cost
- 4. Selection of Survey Method(s) Observation Methods Structured Vs. Unstructured Observation Disguised Vs. Undisguised Observation Natural Vs. Contrived Observation Observational Methods Classified by Mode of Administration Personal Observation Mechanical Observation Audit Content Analysis Trace Analysis
- 5. 8. A Comparative Evaluation of Observational Methods Degree of Structure Degree of Disguise Ability to Observe in Natural Setting Analysis Bias General Remarks 9. A Comparison of Survey and Observational Methods Relative Advantages of Observation Relative Disadvantages of Observation
- 6. A Classification of Survey Methods Traditional Telephone Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing Mail Interview Mail Panel In-Home Mall Intercept Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing E-mail Internet Survey Methods Telephone Personal Mail Electronic
- 7. Some Decisions Related to the Mail Interview Package Outgoing Envelope Outgoing envelope Size, color, return address Postage Method of addressing Cover Letter Sponsorship Type of appeal Postscript Personalization Signature Questionnaire Length Size Layout Format Content Color Respondent anonymity Return Envelope Type of envelope Postage Incentives Monetary versus non-monetary Prepaid Versus promised amount
- 8. A Mail questionnaire with return envelope Business Reply Card: Luminous ,New Delhi -110060 ( No postage required) 5 4 3 2 1 My overall service 6 5 4 3 2 1 Meeting our service commitments to you 5 5 4 3 2 1 The courtesy of my service person 4 5 4 3 2 1 The quality of service performed 3 5 4 3 2 1 The response time to your call 2 5 4 3 2 1 The quality of equipment 1 Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Very satisfied
- 9. Sample Mailing Lists List Title Number on List Price Advertising agencies 45 Rs 45/M Banks, branches 100 Rs 85/M Chambers of Commerce 25 Rs 45/M Personal computer owners 150 Inquire Families 120 Inquire Hardware wholesalers 110 Rs 45/M Magazines, consumers 200 Rs 45/M Sales executives 130 Rs 55/M Wives of professional men 125 Rs 60/M YMCA’s 120 Rs 85 Price shown is per 1000 names (/M), except where noted.
- 10. Criteria for Evaluating Survey Methods Flexibility of Data Collection The flexibility of data collection is determined primarily by the extent to which the respondent can interact with the interviewer and the survey questionnaire. Diversity of Questions The diversity of questions that can be asked in a survey depends upon the degree of interaction the respondent has with the interviewer and the questionnaire, as well as the ability to actually see the questions. Use of Physical Stimuli The ability to use physical stimuli such as the product, a product prototype, commercials, or promotional displays during the interview.
- 11. Criteria for Evaluating Survey Methods Sample Control Sample control is the ability of the survey mode to reach the units specified in the sample effectively and efficiently. Control of the Data Collection Environment The degree of control a researcher has over the environment in which the respondent answers the questionnaire. Control of Field Force The ability to control the interviewers and supervisors involved in data collection. Quantity of Data The ability to collect large amounts of data.
- 12. Random Digit Directory Designs- to minimize bias Adding a Constant to the Last Digit An integer between 1 and 9 is added to the telephone number selected from the directory. In plus-one sampling, the number added to the last digit is 1. Number selected from directory: 404-953-3004 (exchange-block). Add one to the last digit to form 404-953-3005. This is the number to be included in the sample. Randomizing the r Last Digits Replace the r (r = 2, 3, or 4) last digits with an equal number of randomly selected digits. Number selected from directory: 404-881-1124. Replace the last four digits of the block with randomly selected numbers 5, 2, 8, and 6 to form 404-881-5286.
- 13. Random Digit Directory Designs Two-Stage Procedure The first stage consists of selecting an exchange and telephone number from the directory. In the second stage, the last three digits of the selected number are replaced with a three-digit random number between 000 and 999. Cluster 1 Selected exchange: 2874 Selected number: 011-2874-3230 Replace the last three digits (230) with randomly selected 389 to form 011-2874-3389. Repeat this process until the desired number of telephone numbers from this cluster is obtained.
- 14. Criteria for Evaluating Survey Methods Response Rate Survey response rate is broadly defined as the percentage of the total attempted interviews that are completed. Perceived Anonymity Perceived anonymity refers to the respondents' perceptions that their identities will not be discerned by the interviewer or the researcher. Social Desirability/Sensitive Information Social desirability is the tendency of the respondents to give answers that are socially acceptable, whether or not they are true.
- 15. Criteria for Evaluating Survey Methods Potential for Interviewer Bias The extent of the interviewer's role determines the potential for bias. Speed The total time taken for administering the survey to the entire sample. Cost The total cost of administering the survey and collecting the data.
- 16. A Comparative Evaluation of Survey Methods Criteria Phone / CATI In-Home Interviews Mall-Intercept Interviews CAPI Mail Surveys Mail Panels E-Mail Internet Flexibility of data collection Moderate to high High High Moderate to high Low Low Low Moderate to high Diversity of questions Low High High High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate to high Use of physical stimuli Low Moderate to high High High Moderate Moderate Low Moderate Sample control Moderate to high Potentially high Moderate Moderate Low Moderate to high Low Low to moderate Control of data collection environment Moderate Moderate to high High High Low Low Low Low Control of field force Moderate Low Moderate Moderate High High High High Quantity of data Low High Moderate Moderate Moderate High Moderate Moderate Response rate Moderate High High High Low Moderate Low Very Low Perceived anonymity of the respondent Moderate Low Low Low High High Mo derate High Social desirability Moderate High High Moderate to High Low Low Moderate Low Obtaining sensitive information High Low Low Low to moderate High Moderate to High Moderate High Potential for interviewer bias Moderate High High Low None None Non e None Speed High Moderate Moderate to high Moderate to high Low Low to moderate High Very high Cost Moderate High Moderate to high Moderate to high Low Low to moderate Low Low
- 17. Observation Methods Structured Versus Unstructured Observation For structured observation , the researcher specifies in detail what is to be observed and how the measurements are to be recorded , e.g., an auditor performing inventory analysis in a store. In unstructured observation , the observer monitors all aspects of the phenomenon that seem relevant to the problem at hand, e.g., observing children playing with new toys.
- 18. Observation Methods Disguised Versus Undisguised Observation In disguised observation , the respondents are unaware that they are being observed . Disguise may be accomplished by using one-way mirrors, hidden cameras, or inconspicuous mechanical devices. Observers may be disguised as shoppers or sales clerks. In undisguised observation , the respondents are aware that they are under observation.
- 19. Observation Methods Natural Versus Contrived Observation Natural observation involves observing behavior as it takes places in the environment . For example, one could observe the behavior of respondents eating fast food in McDonald's. In contrived observation , respondents' behavior is observed in an artificial environment , such as a test kitchen.
- 20. A Classification of Observation Methods Observation Method Personal observation Mechanical observation Audit Content Analysis Trace Analysis
- 21. Observation Methods Personal Observation A researcher observes actual behavior as it occurs. The observer does not attempt to manipulate the phenomenon being observed but merely records what takes place. For example, a researcher might record traffic counts and observe traffic flows in a department store.
- 22. Observation Methods Mechanical Observation Do not require respondents' direct participation. Turnstiles that record the number of people entering or leaving a building. On-site cameras (still, motion picture, or video) Optical scanners in supermarkets Do require respondent involvement. Eye-tracking monitors Pupilo meters Psycho galvanometers Voice pitch analyzers Devices measuring response frequency These devices can be used to determine how a respondent reads an advertisement or views a TV commercial and for how long the respondent looks at various parts of the stimulus.
- 23. Observation Methods Audit The researcher collects data by examining physical records or performing inventory analysis. Data are collected personally by the researcher. The data are based upon counts, usually of physical objects. Retail and wholesale audits conducted by marketing research suppliers were discussed in the context of syndicated data in Chapter 4
- 24. Observation Methods Content Analysis The objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of a communication. The unit of analysis may be words, characters (individuals or objects), themes (propositions), space and time measures (length or duration of the message), or topics (subject of the message). Analytical categories for classifying the units are developed and the communication is broken down according to prescribed rules.
- 25. Objective :Portrayal of women in Indian Magazine advertising has changed positively or negatively over the period of ten years 30 300 55 550 Total negative 15 150 20 200 Looked down upon 15 150 35 350 Sex symbol Negative 70 700 45 450 Total positive 20 200 15 150 Positive role model 35 350 20 200 Contributes to society 15 150 10 100 Intelligent Positive Percentage Number Percentage Number Categories 2006 2006 1996 1996
- 26. Observation Methods Trace Analysis Data collection is based on physical traces, or evidence, of past behavior. The selective erosion of tiles in a museum indexed by the replacement rate was used to determine the relative popularity of exhibits. The number of different fingerprints on a page was used to gauge the readership of various advertisements in a magazine. The position of the radio dials in cars brought in for service was used to estimate share of listening audience of various radio stations. The age and condition of cars in a parking lot were used to assess the affluence of customers. The magazines people donated to charity were used to determine people's favorite magazines. Internet visitors leave traces which can be analyzed to examine browsing and usage behavior.
- 27. A Comparative Evaluation of Observation Methods Criteria Personal Mechanical Audit Content Trace Observation Observation Analysis Analysis Analysis Degree of structure Low Low to high High High Medium Degree of disguise Medium Low to high Low High High Ability to observe High Low to high High Medium Low in natural setting Observation bias High Low Low Medium Medium Analysis Bias High Low to Low Low Medium Medium General remarks Most Can be Expensive Limited to Method of flexible intrusive commu- last resort nications
- 28. Relative Advantages of Observation They permit measurement of actual behavior rather than reports of intended or preferred behavior. There is no reporting bias, and potential bias caused by the interviewer and the interviewing process is eliminated or reduced. Certain types of data can be collected only by observation. If the observed phenomenon occurs frequently or is of short duration, observational methods may be cheaper and faster than survey methods.
- 29. Relative Disadvantages of Observation The reasons for the observed behavior may not be determined since little is known about the underlying motives, beliefs, attitudes, and preferences. Selective perception (bias in the researcher's perception) can bias the data. Observational data are often time-consuming and expensive, and it is difficult to observe certain forms of behavior. In some cases, the use of observational methods may be unethical, as in observing people without their knowledge or consent. It is best to view observation as a complement to survey methods, rather than as being in competition with them.
- 30. A Comparative Evaluation of Survey Methods for International Marketing Research Criteria Telephone Personal Mail Electronic High sample control + + - - Difficulty in locating + - + + respondents at home Inaccessibility of homes + - + + Unavailability of a large + - + + pool of trained interviewers Large population in rural areas - + - - Unavailability of maps + - + + Unavailability of current - + - + telephone directory Unavailability of mailing lists + + - + Low penetration of telephones - + + - Lack of an efficient postal system + + - + Low level of literacy - + - - Face-to-face communication culture - + - - Poor access to computers & Internet ? + ? - Note: A (+) denotes an advantage, and a (–) denotes a disadvantage.