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Chapter 6 : Network layer

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The document provides an introduction to network layer protocols and the role of routers in facilitating end-to-end connectivity in small-to-medium-sized business networks. It covers important topics such as IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, routing, and basic configurations for Cisco routers. Additionally, it highlights the limitations of IPv4 and the advantages of transitioning to IPv6 for improved network functionality.

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© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Chapter 6: Network Layer Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID 2© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 6: Objectives In this chapter, you will be able to:  Explain how network layer protocols and services support communications across data networks.  Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in a small-to- medium-sized business network.  Determine the appropriate device to route traffic in a small-to- medium-sized business network.  Configure a router with basic configurations.
Presentation_ID 3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 6 6.1 Network Layer Protocols 6.2 Routing 6.3 Routers 6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router 6.5 Summary
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 4 6.1 Network Layer Protocols
Presentation_ID 5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication The Network Layer The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to exchange data across the network. To accomplish this end-to-end transport, the network layer uses four basic processes:  Addressing end devices  Encapsulation  Routing  De-encapsulating
Presentation_ID 6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Network Layer Protocols Common network layer protocols include:  IP version 4 (IPv4)  IP version 6 (IPv6) Legacy network layer protocols include:  Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)  AppleTalk  Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
Presentation_ID 7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IP Characteristics IP Components
Presentation_ID 8© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol IP - Connectionless
Presentation_ID 9© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol Best Effort Delivery
Presentation_ID 10© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol IP – Media Independent
Presentation_ID 11© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet Encapsulating IP
Presentation_ID 12© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet IPv4 Packet Header Contents of the IPv4 packet header
Presentation_ID 13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet IPv4 Header Fields Contents of the IPv4 header fields
Presentation_ID 14© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet Sample IPv4 Headers
Presentation_ID 15© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Limitations of IPv4  IP Address depletion  Internet routing table expansion  Lack of end-to-end connectivity
Presentation_ID 16© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Introducing IPv6  Increased address space  Improved packet handling  Eliminates the need for NAT  Integrated security  4 billion IPv4 addresses 4,000,000,000  340 undecillion IPv6 addresses 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Presentation_ID 17© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet Encapsulating IPv6
Presentation_ID 18© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet IPv6 Packet Header Version Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source IP Address Destination IP Address Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
Presentation_ID 19© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet Sample IPv6 Header
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 20 6.2 Routing
Presentation_ID 21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Host Packet Forwarding Decision
Presentation_ID 22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Default Gateway Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure that network layer packets are directed to the correct destination network. The local table of the host typically contains:  Direct connection  Local network route  Local default route R
Presentation_ID 23© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables IPv4 Host Routing Table
Presentation_ID 24© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table
Presentation_ID 25© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Sample IPv6 Host Routing Table
Presentation_ID 26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Router Packet Forwarding Decision
Presentation_ID 27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables IPv4 Router Routing Table R1#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R1# 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
Presentation_ID 28© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Directly Connected Routing Table Entries C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 A B C A Identifies how the network was learned by the router. B Identifies the destination network and how it is connected. C Identifies the interface on the router connected to the destination network. 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
Presentation_ID 29© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Remote Network Routing Table Entries D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 A Identifies how the network was learned by the router. B Identifies the destination network. C Identifies the administrative distance (trustworthiness) of the route source. D Identifies the metric to reach the remote network. E Identifies the next hop IP address to reach the remote network. F Identifies the amount of elapsed time since the network was discovered. G Identifies the outgoing interface on the router to reach the destination network. 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
Presentation_ID 30© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Next-Hop Address 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R1#
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 31 6.3 Routers
Presentation_ID 32© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router A Router is a Computer
Presentation_ID 33© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router CPU and OS
Presentation_ID 34© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router Memory Memory Volatile / Non-Volatile Stores RAM Volatile • Running IOS • Running configuration file • IP routing and ARP tables • Packet buffer ROM Non-Volatile • Bootup instructions • Basic diagnostic software • Limited IOS NVRAM Non-Volatile • Startup configuration file Flash Non-Volatile • IOS • Other system files
Presentation_ID 35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Inside a Router 1. Power Supply 2. Shield for WIC 3. Fan 4. SDRAM 5. NVRAM 6. CPU 7. Advanced Integration Module (AIM) 1 2 2 6 5 3 4 7
Presentation_ID 36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router Backplane Two 4 GB Flash Card Slots Double-Wide EHWIC slots EHWIC 0 AUX Port LAN Interfaces USB Ports Console USB Type B Console RJ45
Presentation_ID 37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Connecting to a Router WAN Interface AUX Port LAN Interfaces Console USB Type B Console RJ45
Presentation_ID 38© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router LAN and WAN Interfaces Serial Interfaces LAN Interfaces
Presentation_ID 39© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Cisco IOS The Cisco IOS operational details vary on different internetworking devices, depending on the device’s purpose and feature set. However, Cisco IOS for routers provides the following:  Addressing  Interfaces  Routing  Security  QoS  Resources Management
Presentation_ID 40© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Bootset Files
Presentation_ID 41© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Router Bootup Process
Presentation_ID 42© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Show Versions Output Router# show version Cisco IOS Software, C1900 Software (C1900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.2(4)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2012 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Thu 26-Jul-12 19:34 by prod_rel_team ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M15, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 10 hours, 9 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash0:c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.152-4.M1.bin" Last reload type: Normal Reload Last reload reason: power-on <Output omitted> Cisco CISCO1941/K9 (revision 1.0) with 446464K/77824K bytes of memory. Processor board ID FTX1636848Z 2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces 2 Serial(sync/async) interfaces 1 terminal line DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled. 255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 250880K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write) <Output omitted> Technology Package License Information for Module:'c1900' ----------------------------------------------------------------- Technology Technology-package Technology-package Current Type Next reboot ------------------------------------------------------------------ ipbase ipbasek9 Permanent ipbasek9 security None None None data None None None Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload) Router#
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 43 6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
Presentation_ID 44© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Initial Settings Router Configuration Steps Router> enable Router# configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)# 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 Router> en Router# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# ho R1 R2(config)# OR R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config)# R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# service password-encryption R1(config)# R1(config)# banner motd # Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'. *********************************************** WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited! *********************************************** # R1(config)# R1# copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration... [OK] R1#
Presentation_ID 45© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Interfaces Configure LAN Interfaces 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R1(config)# R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN-10 R1(config-if)# no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# int g0/1 R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# des Link to LAN-11 R1(config-if)# no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)#
Presentation_ID 46© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Interfaces Verify Interface Configuration 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up GigabitEthernet0/1 192.168.11.1 YES manual up up Serial0/0/0 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down Vlan1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down R1# R1# ping 209.165.200.226 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 209.165.200.226, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/9 ms R1#
Presentation_ID 47© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configuring the Default Gateway Default Gateway on a Host 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 R1 .10 PC1 .10 PC2 .10 PC4 .10 PC3 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 R1 .10 PC1 .11 PC2 .11 PC4 .10 PC3 Default Gateway not needed Default Gateway needed
Presentation_ID 48© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configuring the Default Gateway Default Gateway on a Switch
Presentation_ID 49© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary In this chapter, you learned:  The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to exchange data across the network.  The network layer uses four basic processes: IP addressing for end devices, encapsulation, routing, and de-encapsulation.  The Internet is largely based on IPv4, which is still the most widely-used network layer protocol.  An IPv4 packet contains the IP header and the payload.  The IPv6 simplified header offers several advantages over IPv4, including better routing efficiency, simplified extension headers, and capability for per-flow processing.
Presentation_ID 50© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary (cont.)  In addition to hierarchical addressing, the network layer is also responsible for routing.  Hosts require a local routing table to ensure that packets are directed to the correct destination network.  The local default route is the route to the default gateway.  The default gateway is the IP address of a router interface connected to the local network.  When a router, such as the default gateway, receives a packet, it examines the destination IP address to determine the destination network.
Presentation_ID 51© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary (cont.)  The routing table of a router stores information about directly-connected routes and remote routes to IP networks. If the router has an entry in its routing table for the destination network, the router forwards the packet. If no routing entry exists, the router may forward the packet to its own default route, if one is configured or it will drop the packet.  Routing table entries can be configured manually on each router to provide static routing or the routers may communicate route information dynamically between each other using a routing protocol.  For routers to be reachable, the router interface must be configured.
Presentation_ID 52© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential

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Chapter 6 : Network layer

  • 1. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Chapter 6: Network Layer Introduction to Networks
  • 2. Presentation_ID 2© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 6: Objectives In this chapter, you will be able to:  Explain how network layer protocols and services support communications across data networks.  Explain how routers enable end-to-end connectivity in a small-to- medium-sized business network.  Determine the appropriate device to route traffic in a small-to- medium-sized business network.  Configure a router with basic configurations.
  • 3. Presentation_ID 3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 6 6.1 Network Layer Protocols 6.2 Routing 6.3 Routers 6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router 6.5 Summary
  • 4. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 4 6.1 Network Layer Protocols
  • 5. Presentation_ID 5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication The Network Layer The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to exchange data across the network. To accomplish this end-to-end transport, the network layer uses four basic processes:  Addressing end devices  Encapsulation  Routing  De-encapsulating
  • 6. Presentation_ID 6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Network Layer Protocols Common network layer protocols include:  IP version 4 (IPv4)  IP version 6 (IPv6) Legacy network layer protocols include:  Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)  AppleTalk  Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
  • 7. Presentation_ID 7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IP Characteristics IP Components
  • 8. Presentation_ID 8© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol IP - Connectionless
  • 9. Presentation_ID 9© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol Best Effort Delivery
  • 10. Presentation_ID 10© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Characteristics of the IP protocol IP – Media Independent
  • 11. Presentation_ID 11© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet Encapsulating IP
  • 12. Presentation_ID 12© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet IPv4 Packet Header Contents of the IPv4 packet header
  • 13. Presentation_ID 13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet IPv4 Header Fields Contents of the IPv4 header fields
  • 14. Presentation_ID 14© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv4 Packet Sample IPv4 Headers
  • 15. Presentation_ID 15© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Limitations of IPv4  IP Address depletion  Internet routing table expansion  Lack of end-to-end connectivity
  • 16. Presentation_ID 16© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer in Communication Introducing IPv6  Increased address space  Improved packet handling  Eliminates the need for NAT  Integrated security  4 billion IPv4 addresses 4,000,000,000  340 undecillion IPv6 addresses 340,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
  • 17. Presentation_ID 17© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet Encapsulating IPv6
  • 18. Presentation_ID 18© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet IPv6 Packet Header Version Traffic Class Flow Label Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source IP Address Destination IP Address Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4
  • 19. Presentation_ID 19© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential IPv6 Packet Sample IPv6 Header
  • 20. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 20 6.2 Routing
  • 21. Presentation_ID 21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Host Packet Forwarding Decision
  • 22. Presentation_ID 22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Default Gateway Hosts must maintain their own, local, routing table to ensure that network layer packets are directed to the correct destination network. The local table of the host typically contains:  Direct connection  Local network route  Local default route R
  • 23. Presentation_ID 23© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables IPv4 Host Routing Table
  • 24. Presentation_ID 24© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Sample IPv4 Host Routing Table
  • 25. Presentation_ID 25© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables Sample IPv6 Host Routing Table
  • 26. Presentation_ID 26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Router Packet Forwarding Decision
  • 27. Presentation_ID 27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables IPv4 Router Routing Table R1#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R1# 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
  • 28. Presentation_ID 28© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Directly Connected Routing Table Entries C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 A B C A Identifies how the network was learned by the router. B Identifies the destination network and how it is connected. C Identifies the interface on the router connected to the destination network. 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
  • 29. Presentation_ID 29© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Remote Network Routing Table Entries D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 A Identifies how the network was learned by the router. B Identifies the destination network. C Identifies the administrative distance (trustworthiness) of the route source. D Identifies the metric to reach the remote network. E Identifies the next hop IP address to reach the remote network. F Identifies the amount of elapsed time since the network was discovered. G Identifies the outgoing interface on the router to reach the destination network. 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2
  • 30. Presentation_ID 30© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Routing Tables Next-Hop Address 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1 64.100.0.1 .1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1#show ip route Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks D 10.1.1.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 D 10.1.2.0/24 [90/2170112] via 209.165.200.226, 00:00:05, Serial0/0/0 192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 L 192.168.10.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.11.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 L 192.168.11.1/32 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/1 209.165.200.0/24 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 3 masks C 209.165.200.224/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 L 209.165.200.225/32 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0 R1#
  • 31. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 31 6.3 Routers
  • 32. Presentation_ID 32© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router A Router is a Computer
  • 33. Presentation_ID 33© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router CPU and OS
  • 34. Presentation_ID 34© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router Memory Memory Volatile / Non-Volatile Stores RAM Volatile • Running IOS • Running configuration file • IP routing and ARP tables • Packet buffer ROM Non-Volatile • Bootup instructions • Basic diagnostic software • Limited IOS NVRAM Non-Volatile • Startup configuration file Flash Non-Volatile • IOS • Other system files
  • 35. Presentation_ID 35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Inside a Router 1. Power Supply 2. Shield for WIC 3. Fan 4. SDRAM 5. NVRAM 6. CPU 7. Advanced Integration Module (AIM) 1 2 2 6 5 3 4 7
  • 36. Presentation_ID 36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Router Backplane Two 4 GB Flash Card Slots Double-Wide EHWIC slots EHWIC 0 AUX Port LAN Interfaces USB Ports Console USB Type B Console RJ45
  • 37. Presentation_ID 37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router Connecting to a Router WAN Interface AUX Port LAN Interfaces Console USB Type B Console RJ45
  • 38. Presentation_ID 38© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Anatomy of a Router LAN and WAN Interfaces Serial Interfaces LAN Interfaces
  • 39. Presentation_ID 39© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Cisco IOS The Cisco IOS operational details vary on different internetworking devices, depending on the device’s purpose and feature set. However, Cisco IOS for routers provides the following:  Addressing  Interfaces  Routing  Security  QoS  Resources Management
  • 40. Presentation_ID 40© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Bootset Files
  • 41. Presentation_ID 41© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Router Bootup Process
  • 42. Presentation_ID 42© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Router Boot-up Show Versions Output Router# show version Cisco IOS Software, C1900 Software (C1900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.2(4)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2012 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Thu 26-Jul-12 19:34 by prod_rel_team ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M15, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Router uptime is 10 hours, 9 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash0:c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.152-4.M1.bin" Last reload type: Normal Reload Last reload reason: power-on <Output omitted> Cisco CISCO1941/K9 (revision 1.0) with 446464K/77824K bytes of memory. Processor board ID FTX1636848Z 2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces 2 Serial(sync/async) interfaces 1 terminal line DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity disabled. 255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 250880K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write) <Output omitted> Technology Package License Information for Module:'c1900' ----------------------------------------------------------------- Technology Technology-package Technology-package Current Type Next reboot ------------------------------------------------------------------ ipbase ipbasek9 Permanent ipbasek9 security None None None data None None None Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload) Router#
  • 43. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 43 6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
  • 44. Presentation_ID 44© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Initial Settings Router Configuration Steps Router> enable Router# configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)# 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 Router> en Router# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# ho R1 R2(config)# OR R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config)# R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-line)# login R1(config-line)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# service password-encryption R1(config)# R1(config)# banner motd # Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'. *********************************************** WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited! *********************************************** # R1(config)# R1# copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration... [OK] R1#
  • 45. Presentation_ID 45© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Interfaces Configure LAN Interfaces 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1# conf t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. R1(config)# R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN-10 R1(config-if)# no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/0, changed state to up R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)# R1(config)# int g0/1 R1(config-if)# ip add 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# des Link to LAN-11 R1(config-if)# no shut %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet0/1, changed state to up R1(config-if)# exit R1(config)#
  • 46. Presentation_ID 46© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Interfaces Verify Interface Configuration 192.168.10.0/24 R2 192.168.11.0/24 10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 209.165.200.224 /30 .226 .10 .10 .10 .10 .1 .1.1 G0/1 .225 S0/0/0 G0/0 .1 R1 PC1 PC2 R1# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol GigabitEthernet0/0 192.168.10.1 YES manual up up GigabitEthernet0/1 192.168.11.1 YES manual up up Serial0/0/0 209.165.200.225 YES manual up up Serial0/0/1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down Vlan1 unassigned YES NVRAM administratively down down R1# R1# ping 209.165.200.226 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 209.165.200.226, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/2/9 ms R1#
  • 47. Presentation_ID 47© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configuring the Default Gateway Default Gateway on a Host 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 R1 .10 PC1 .10 PC2 .10 PC4 .10 PC3 192.168.10.0/24 192.168.11.0/24 G0/1 .1 .1 G0/0 R1 .10 PC1 .11 PC2 .11 PC4 .10 PC3 Default Gateway not needed Default Gateway needed
  • 48. Presentation_ID 48© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configuring the Default Gateway Default Gateway on a Switch
  • 49. Presentation_ID 49© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary In this chapter, you learned:  The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to exchange data across the network.  The network layer uses four basic processes: IP addressing for end devices, encapsulation, routing, and de-encapsulation.  The Internet is largely based on IPv4, which is still the most widely-used network layer protocol.  An IPv4 packet contains the IP header and the payload.  The IPv6 simplified header offers several advantages over IPv4, including better routing efficiency, simplified extension headers, and capability for per-flow processing.
  • 50. Presentation_ID 50© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary (cont.)  In addition to hierarchical addressing, the network layer is also responsible for routing.  Hosts require a local routing table to ensure that packets are directed to the correct destination network.  The local default route is the route to the default gateway.  The default gateway is the IP address of a router interface connected to the local network.  When a router, such as the default gateway, receives a packet, it examines the destination IP address to determine the destination network.
  • 51. Presentation_ID 51© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Network Layer Summary (cont.)  The routing table of a router stores information about directly-connected routes and remote routes to IP networks. If the router has an entry in its routing table for the destination network, the router forwards the packet. If no routing entry exists, the router may forward the packet to its own default route, if one is configured or it will drop the packet.  Routing table entries can be configured manually on each router to provide static routing or the routers may communicate route information dynamically between each other using a routing protocol.  For routers to be reachable, the router interface must be configured.
  • 52. Presentation_ID 52© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential