Chapter 8 support and movement
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The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, and shape to the human body and other animals. There are three main types of skeletal systems - endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydrostatic skeleton. An endoskeleton is found in vertebrates and consists of bones or cartilage inside the body. An exoskeleton is an external shell like in insects and crustaceans. A hydrostatic skeleton uses fluid pressure, found in some invertebrates. The skeletal system allows vertebrates and invertebrates to survive on land and in water.
Chapter 8 support and movement
- 1. Chapter 8 Support and Movement
- 2. Support system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM ENDOSKELETON HYDROSTATIC EXOSKELETON SKELETON 3 types of skeletal systems
- 3. HYDROSTATIC ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON SKELETON • Inner Frame • Outer Frame • Formed from • Refers to • Consists of one fluid pressure bones or layer of hard in space that is cartilage that is skin derived enveloped by a inside the body from muscular of vertebrates substances like system. calcium carbonate
- 4. SUPPORT MAINTAIN BODY BODY SHAPE WEIGHT PROTECTS SOFT PROVIDE PLACE FOR MUSCLE IN ORGANS INSIDE BODY TO ATTACH BODY THEMSELVES ENABLE LIMBS TO MOVE
- 5. SUPPORT BODY MAINTAIN BODY WEIGHT SHAPE PROVIDE SURFACE PROTECT SOFT FOR MUSCLE TO TISSUES FROM ATTACH DAMAGE THEMSELVES ALLOW MOVEMENT
- 7. VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES LAND EXOSKELETON HYDROSTATIC AQUATIC SKELETON
- 8. Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system. Bigland animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal
- 9. Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle
- 10. Birds: Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones : Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation.
- 11. Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter. Most of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water
- 12. The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger than land vertebrate animals.
- 13. ENDOSKELETON PECTORAL VERTEBRATE AND PELVIC BONES ARE GIRDLE FLEXIBLE SIMILARITIES
- 15. Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is supported by: External skeletal system (exoskeleton) Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)
- 16. Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin : Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell: Snails, mussels
- 17. For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.
- 18. Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system. The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.
- 20. PLANTS LANDS AQUATIC NON WOODY WOODY (HERBACEOUS
- 21. WOODY PLANTS Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree. Supported by woody tissues. Woody tissues – dense, hard on tree trunk. – made up of xylem tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.
- 23. WOODY PLANTS Also supported by special structures - Buttress roots - Clasping roots
- 24. Buttress roots Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil. Clasping root Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.
- 25. Non woody plants Examples: roses, bougainvillea. Supported by turgid cells.
- 26. Non woody plants Supported by special structures : Thorns, Tendrils, Prop Roots (Adventitious Roots)
- 27. Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. Supported by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.