Chapter three
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The document summarizes key concepts in environmental geography, including: - 70% of the Earth's surface is covered in water, with most land located in the Northern Hemisphere. - Tectonic plates, latitude and longitude are used to describe locations on Earth. - Human uses of the environment include subsistence and commercial farming as well as urbanization. - Environmental policy and regulation in the US developed over phases from exploitation to the modern environmental movement. International agreements now aim to address issues like climate change.
Chapter three
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY Chapter 3: The Global Context and Some Geographic Imperatives Pages 30-48 GEOG 106 16 and 22 Sep ‘09
- 2. Earth’s Surface Features: Fig 3.1: Approximately 70 percent of Earth is covered with water. Of the 30 percent that is land, most is located in the Northern Hemisphere.
- 3. Earth’s Surface Features: Fig 3.2: a) Continental shelves of Earth range in width from several km to several hundred km and extend to about 200 m deep, and b) Orogenic belts, shields, and cratons, with an average elevation of 840 m ASL.
- 4. Earth’s Surface Features: Fig 3.3: The distribution of elevation of the world’s land masses and ocean basins. While the average elevation of the continents is 840 m ASL, most people live between 0 and 300 m ASL. Less than 5 percent of all the continents lies above 3,700 m. It is difficult to sustain life (biosphere) above 5,000 m ASL.
- 5. Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates: Fig 3.4: Major and minor tectonic plates. Note locations of borders and movement.
- 6. Global Coordinate System: Latitude: Fig 3.5: The Northern and Southern Hemispheres are divided by the equator (0°). Latitude (parallels) give location N and S of the equator and are measured in degrees (angular measurement).
- 7. Global Coordinate System: Longitude: Fig 3.6: The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are divided by the prime meridian (0°) and 180°. Longitude (meridians) give location E and W of the prime meridian and are measured in degrees (angular measurement).
- 8. Global Coordinate System: Low, Middle, and High Latitude Zones: Fig 3.7: a) the low latitudes are generally found between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S), b) the middle latitudes are generally found between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) and Arctic Circle (66.5° N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) and Antarctic Circle (66.5° S), and c) the high latitudes are generally found between the Arctic Circle (66.5° N) and North Pole (90° N) and Antarctic Circle (66.5° S) and South Pole (90° S).
- 9. Our Geographically Integrated Planet: Four Spheres, Distance, and Scale: Fig 3.8: Patterns of air pollution (ash aerosols) from the 1991 volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines extended around the world within weeks. Note the interconnection of systems (spheres).
- 10. Distance and Scale: Proximal and Distal: Fig 3.9: Illustration of three spatial scales relative to a pollution source: proximal, intermediate, and distal. Note the rapid decline of pollution concentration with distance.
- 11. Human Use of Earth: Subsistence Farming: Fig 3.11: Intensive subsistence farming in Asia, with small field size.
- 12. Human Use of Earth: Commercial Farming: Fig 3.11: Commercial farming in North America, with large field size.
- 13. Human Use of Earth: The Urban World: Fig 3.13: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Like many cities in the developing world, Rio is overcrowded, with favelas sprawling into the surrounding landscape. While most people in the developed world (70-80 percent) live in urban areas, most of the current urban growth is occurring in the developing and deprived world. The 1 billion people who reside in cities in the developed world consume nearly 2/3 of the world annual output of natural resources!
- 14. Environmental Policy and Regulation: Table 3.1: Note the difficulty of regulating decentralized, versus centralized land uses.
- 15. Figure 1.3
- 16. Development of Natural Resource Policy • U.S. Environmental Policy • International Policy
- 17. U.S. Environmental Policy Phases 1: 1600 to 1870: Exploitation and Expansion 2: 1840 to 1910: Early Warnings and a Conservation Ethic ~~ WAR & PROSPERITY ~~ 3: 1930 to 1940: Conservation for Economic Recovery ~~ WAR & PROSPERITY ~~ 4: 1962 to 1976: The Environmental Movement 5: 1976 to 1988: Pragmatism and Risk Reduction 6: 1988 to 2000: The New Environmental Consciousness 7: 2000 to present: Retrenchment
- 18. Phase 1: Exploitation and Expansion Figure 3.1: Phase I: The forests that covered most of the eastern third of the US were seen as both resource and nuisance.
- 19. Figure 2.6a Exploitation and expansion in the US included federal legislation like the Homestead Act of 1862, Railroad Acts of the 1850s and 1860s, Mining Act of 1872, and Timber Culture Act of 1873.
- 20. Figure 2.6b
- 21. Figure 2.6c
- 22. Phase 2: Early Warnings and a Conservation Ethic Figure 3.2: Plowing prairie soil with an early tractor, Oregon 1890 exemplifies growing links between agriculture and industry.
- 23. Phase 2: Early Warnings and a Conservation Ethic: Figure 3.3: The nineteenth century brought us parkland movements, culminating with the US National Park System.
- 24. Figure 1.11 US President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir in Yosemite National Park in 1903.
- 25. Figure 1.12 The US Forest Service was established in 1905, with Gifford Pinchot as its first chief.
- 26. Phase 3: Conservation for Economic Recovery: Figure 3.4: Hoover Dam exemplifies public-works projects of the 1930s and 1940s.
- 27. Phase 4: The Environmental Movement: Aldo Leopold, environmental philosopher and author suggested that humans were part of the environment.
- 28. Phase 4: The Environmental Movement: Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1962. The book awakened Americans to the negative ecological effects of DDT and other pesticides.
- 29. Figure 2.8 Ohio’s Cuyahoga River caught fire several times in the 1950s and 60s. The river was so polluted with oil and industrial waste that it would burn for days at a time.
- 30. Phase 4: The Environmental Movement: Early 1980s protest against a toxic waste dump in North Carolina (integration of environmental ethics and justice).
- 31. Phase 4: The Environmental Movement: 1970 was a watershed year for US Environmental Policy, with establishment of: (1) NEPA, (2) EPA, and (3) Earth Day.
- 32. How Decisions are Made • Resource Decision Making in the United States • International Environmental Decision Making
- 33. Decision-Making Process • Organizations • Strategies • The Role of Public Interest
- 34. Resource Decision-Making in the US: Figure 3.6: Roles in the resource decision-making process include: social agents, special interests, and managers.
- 35. Figure 2.5
- 36. Figure 2.13
- 37. Phase 5: Pragmatism and Risk Reduction:
- 38. International Institutions (See Table 3.1) • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • World Trade Organization (WTO) • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) • International Maritime Organization (IMO) • UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultrual Organization (UNESCO) • World Health Organization (WHO) • UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) • UN Development Program (UNDP) • UN Environmental Program (UNEP)
- 39. International Agreements 1959 Washington: Antarctic Treaty 1963 Moscow: Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1971 Ramsar: Wetlands of International Importance 1972 London: Ocean Dumping 1972 London: Biological Weapons 1973 Washington: Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 1978 London: Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 1979 Bonn: Migratory Species 1982 Montego Bay: Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1985 Vienna: Ozone Layer 1987 Montreal: Ozone Layer 1989 Basel: Transboundary Hazardous Waste 1992 Rio: Climate Change 1992 Rio: Biodiversity 1997 Kyoto: Climate Change
- 40. Current Natural Resource Policy:
- 41. Current Natural Resource Policy:
- 42. Current Natural Resource Policy:
- 43. Current Natural Resource Policy: