Chapter04
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1. The document discusses factors to characterize such as traffic flow, location of sources and data stores, traffic load, behavior, and QoS requirements. 2. It describes different types of traffic flows including terminal/host, client/server, thin client, peer-to-peer, server/server, and distributed computing. 3. Quality of service requirements are discussed for ATM services and IETF differentiated and integrated services specifications.
Chapter04
- 1. Top-Down Network Design Chapter Four Characterizing Network Traffic Copyright 2010 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer
- 2. Network Traffic Factors • Traffic flow • Location of traffic sources and data stores • Traffic load • Traffic behavior • Quality of Service (QoS) requirements
- 3. User Communities User Size of Location(s) of Application(s) Community Community Community Used by Name (Number of Community Users)
- 4. Data Stores Data Store Location Application(s) Used by User Community(or Communities)
- 5. Traffic Flow Destination 1 Destination 2 Destination 3 Destination MB/sec MB/sec MB/sec MB/sec Source 1 Source 2 Source 3 Source n
- 6. Library and Computing Center Traffic Flow 30 Library Patrons (PCs) 10-Mbps Metro Example 30 Macs and 60 PCs in Computing Center Ethernet to Internet Server Farm App 1 108 Kbps App 2 20 Kbps App 2 60 Kbps App 3 96 Kbps App 3 192 Kbps App 4 24 Kbps App 4 48 Kbps App 9 80 Kbps App 7 400 Kbps Total 220 Kbps Total 808 Kbps 50 PCs 25 Macs 50 PCs Administration Arts and App 1 30 Kbps Humanities App 2 20 Kbps App 1 48 Kbps App 3 60 Kbps App 2 32 Kbps App 4 16 Kbps App 3 96 Kbps Total 126 Kbps App 4 24 Kbps App 5 300 Kbps Math and App 6 200 Kbps App 8 1200 Kbps Sciences 30 PCs Total 1900 Kbps 50 PCs Business and Social Sciences
- 7. Types of Traffic Flow • Terminal/host • Client/server • Thin client • Peer-to-peer • Server/server • Distributed computing
- 8. Traffic Flow for Voice over IP • The flow associated with transmitting the audio voice is separate from the flows associated with call setup and teardown. – The flow for transmitting the digital voice is essentially peer-to-peer. – Call setup and teardown is a client/server flow • A phone needs to talk to a server or phone switch that understands phone numbers, IP addresses, capabilities negotiation, and so on.
- 9. Network Applications Traffic Characteristics Name of Type of Protocol(s) User Data Stores Approximate QoS Application Traffic Used by Communities (Servers, Hosts, Bandwidth Requirements Flow Application That Use the and so on) Requirements Application
- 10. Traffic Load • To calculate whether capacity is sufficient, you should know: – The number of stations – The average time that a station is idle between sending frames – The time required to transmit a message once medium access is gained • That level of detailed information can be hard to gather, however
- 11. Size of Objects on Networks • Terminal screen: 4 Kbytes • Simple e-mail: 10 Kbytes • Simple web page: 50 Kbytes • High-quality image: 50,000 Kbytes • Database backup: 1,000,000 Kbytes or more
- 12. Traffic Behavior • Broadcasts – All ones data-link layer destination address • FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF – Doesn’t necessarily use huge amounts of bandwidth – But does disturb every CPU in the broadcast domain • Multicasts – First bit sent is a one • 01:00:0C:CC:CC:CC (Cisco Discovery Protocol) – Should just disturb NICs that have registered to receive it – Requires multicast routing protocol on internetworks
- 13. Network Efficiency • Frame size • Protocol interaction • Windowing and flow control • Error-recovery mechanisms
- 14. QoS Requirements • ATM service specifications – Constant bit rate (CBR) – Realtime variable bit rate (rt-VBR) – Non-realtime variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) – Unspecified bit rate (UBR) – Available bit rate (ABR) – Guaranteed frame rate (GFR)
- 15. QoS Requirements per IETF • IETF integrated services working group specifications – Controlled load service • Provides client data flow with a QoS closely approximating the QoS that same flow would receive on an unloaded network – Guaranteed service • Provides firm (mathematically provable) bounds on end-to-end packet-queuing delays
- 16. QoS Requirements per IETF • IETF differentiated services working group specifications – RFC 2475 – IP packets can be marked with a differentiated services codepoint (DSCP) to influence queuing and packet-dropping decisions for IP datagrams on an output interface of a router
- 17. Summary • Continue to use a systematic, top-down approach • Don’t select products until you understand network traffic in terms of: – Flow – Load – Behavior – QoS requirements
- 18. Review Questions • List and describe six different types of traffic flows. • What makes traffic flow in voice over IP networks challenging to characterize and plan for? • Why should you be concerned about broadcast traffic? • How do ATM and IETF specifications for QoS differ?