Chapter12vcu
- 1. Major Categories of Drugs Tolerance : is indicated by a state of progressively decreased responsiveness to a drug. Dependence : the physiological distress and physical pain a person suffers if he or she goes without the drug for any length of time.
- 2. Drugs and Crime The relationship between drugs and crime are commonly associated with criminal behavior. There are four major drug categories 1) Hallucinogens 2) Stimulants 3)Opiate Narcotics 4) Sedative-Hypnotics
- 3. Major Categories of Drugs Hallucinogens or Psychedelics : chemical that lead to the a change in consciousness involving an alteration of reality. Stimulants: chemicals that are used to stimulate central nervous system functions. Ex. Caffeine, MDMA, ect. Opiate Narcotics: chemicals that have both sedative and analgesic properties. Sedative-Hypnotic: chemicals that depress the central nervous system functions.
- 4. Hallucinogens Marijuana is the most commonly used hallucinogen and is assumed to be linked to crime. Marijuana does not seemed to be linked to violent crime, however, sale and distribution is an issue.
- 5. Stimulants Heavy users of amphetamines typically prefer to inject methhamphetamine directly into their bloodstream. During the “speed runs” they usually take part in aggressive or violent behavior. Amphetamines do not cause people to become violent but they do increase the likelihood that an already violently prone to become violent.
- 6. Stimulant MDMA: (Ecstasy) is a synthetic drug that is considered a stimulant but with some strong psychedelic effects. Known as the “club drug” Beyond the illegal trafficking of the drug, no direct connections have been made between MDMA ingestion and crime. MDMA becomes lethal when it is not made under ideal and precise conditions.
- 7. The Depressants Club Drugs: GHB and Rohypnol are both central nervous system depressants. Rohypnol is most often associated with the Date Rape because of its use in the club scene. The Drug Induced Rape Prevention Act of 1996 was a result the increase in use of Rohypnol and date rape cases.
- 8. The Depressant Alcohol : The number one drug of abuse. Alcohol is responsible for more deaths and violence than all other drugs combined. Some research calls alcohol the catalyst for crime.
- 9. Drugs and Crime The relationship between drugs and crime may be viewed from two perspectives: 1) the use, sale, manufacture, distribution and possession of an illegal drug. 2) the pharmacological effects of certain drugs have on a user’s behavior promoting criminal actions.
- 10. Drugs and Crime Research Findings 1) More individuals are incarcerated or held in jails and prisons for drug offenses than for any other offense; 2) Arrestees frequently test positive illicit drug use; 3) Arrestees and incarcerated offenders were often under the influence of illicit drugs when committing their offenses
- 11. Drugs and Crime Research Findings 4) Some offenders commit property crime to support their drug habit 5)Drug trafficking often engenders violent crime 6) The drug-crime relationship is difficult to identify measure
- 12. Drugs and Crime Tripartite Conceptual Model Goldstein identifies three principle types of drug related crime: 1) psychopharmacologically driven crime 2) systemic crime 3)economically compulsive crime.
- 13. Drugs and Crime Pscyhopharmacological : as a result of short-term or long-term ingestion of specific drugs or chemical substances become excitable or irrational and demonstrate violent behavior.
- 14. Drugs and Crime Systemic : component of the model hypothesizes that crime arises out of the system of drug trafficking and distribution. For Example: The production, distribution, and selling of powder and crack cocaine have been associated with violence although the amount of violence fluctuates with the illicit market economy.
- 15. Drugs and Crime Economically Compulsive: crime refers to criminal behavior that supports an expensive drug addiction.
- 16. Drugs and Crime 77 million of Americans 12 years and older reported some use of an illicit drug at least once during their lifetime (National Household Survey on Drug Use). 70% of all inmates have committed some type of drug offense. 85% of federal inmates are incarcerated for a drug offense (a majority were involved in trafficking).
- 17. Drugs and Crime The most common drug is Marijuana followed by Cocaine. 27% of the population are also multiple drug users.
- 18. Drugs and Crime Crack: The most common method of cocaine smoking in the US is freebasing. The relationship between crack and crime remains obscure.