![Parathyroid Glands
4 tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the
thyroid (superior and inferior)
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH; sometimes also
called parathormone)
Function:
raises blood [Ca2+]
antagonist to Calcitonin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chapter17endopart1marieb-120113073445-phpapp02/85/Chapter17-endopart1marieb-21-320.jpg)
Chapter17 endopart1marieb
- 1. Chapter 17 The Endocrine System, Part 1 1. An overview of hormones and the endocrine system 2. Describe the structural and functional organization of the hypothalamus and the pituitary and explain their relationship 3. Discuss the locations and structures of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. 4. List the hormones (and their function) produced by these glands. 5. Briefly review some examples of abnormal hormone production Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM
- 2. Endocrine System Overview Ductless glands produce hormones Secreted directly into the bloodstream (endocrine) Except the thyroid Gland may be entire organ: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal or bits of tissue interspersed within an organ Gonads, kidneys, many others Fig 17.1
- 4. Classes of Hormones (p 516) Chemical classification of hormones Amino Acid Derivatives Proteins (longer) Peptides (shorter) Amines (derived from a single amino acid) Steroids (from cholesterol) Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones Eicosanoids (from arachidonic acid) Target tissues are identified by specific receptors (on target cells). The effects may be stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptors.
- 5. Control of Hormone Secretion Humoral BP and the kidney’s JG apparatus Neural Recall the adrenal medulla Hypothalamic Releasing Factors Hormonal Pituitary Releasing Hormones, e.g., FSH
- 6. Hypothalamus Control Center for internal environment Fig 17.3 Regulates nervous and endocrine systems via 3 mechanisms: 1. ANS centers exert nervous control on adrenal medulla 2. ADH and Oxytocin production 3. Regulatory hormone production (RH and IH) controls pituitary gland directly and all other endocrine glands indirectly 1. These regulatory hormones are released from neurons, thus we have neuroendocrine cells.
- 7. Pituitary Gland (= Hypophysis) p 518 Structure: Located at the base of the brain, surrounded by the Circle of Willis Infundibulum - connection to hypothalamus In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone Two parts with separate embryonic origins: Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary
- 8. Pituitary Gland (= Hypophysis) p 518 •Anterior Pituitary (= adenohypophysis) •AKA pars distalis •production of 7 peptide hormones •4 are tropic hormones, stimulating other endocrine glands •Pars intermedia and pars tuberalis secrete MSH and some gonadotropins. Fig 25.3
- 9. Pituitary Gland (= Hypophysis) p 518 • Posterior Pituitary (= neurohypophysis) •AKA pars nervosa •Storage reservoir for ADH and Oxytocin (produced in ?) Fig 25.3
- 10. Pituitary Gland (= Hypophysis) Review Table 25.1
- 11. Anterior Pituitary: Portal System Portal systems: two capillary networks in serial arrangement Three sites of capillary portal systems: liver, kidney, and pituitary Portal veins: blood vessels that link two capillary networks
- 12. Control of the Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus has neurons that produce Releasing , e.g., GnRH, or Inhibiting Hormones Into the first capillary plexus Down the infundibulum in portal veins Into the second capillary plexus Receptors in pituitary Hormones then released into the circulation Fig 17.4 (a)
- 13. Neurohypophysis = PP Neurons originate in the Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei Their axons extend down the infundibulum Release Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) into the circulation Fig 17.4 (b)
- 16. Thyroid Gland p 523 Anterior surface of trachea just inferior of thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple) Two lobes connected by isthmus Fig 17.5
- 17. More Thyroid Thyroid follicular cells (simple cuboidal epithelium) produce and store thyroglobulin in thyroid follicles Iodine then added to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) inside the follicles The thyroglobulin is reabsorbed by the follicular cells, cleaved, and the thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) are released into the bloodstream Note that this is the only extracellular storage of hormones C (chief) Cells: (AKA parafollicular cells) produce calcitonin Interspersed between thyroid follicles Lower blood Calcium
- 18. Classic Negative Feedback Loop
- 20. Thyroid Disease Hyper- Hypo- Cardiovascular Weakness Increased BP Dry, coarse Skin Tachycardia Lethargy, Slow Speech Palpitations Feel cold Neuromuscular Less Sweat Emotional lability Eyelid and Facial Edema Insomnia Weakness Hand Tremor
- 21. Parathyroid Glands 4 tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid (superior and inferior) Parathyroid hormone (PTH; sometimes also called parathormone) Function: raises blood [Ca2+] antagonist to Calcitonin