Chapter18 bloodmarieb
- 1. Ch 18: Blood Discuss the composition of blood including the functions of the various components Explain the anatomy and functions of the red blood cells, including a description of blood typing Discuss the types of white blood cells found in the blood and give the functions of each Give a brief accounting of platelets Review hemopoiesis, including RBC and leukocyte formation Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM
- 2. Functions of Blood • Distribution/transport - nutrients, wastes, gases, etc. • Communication, i.e., hormones • Prevention of fluid loss – hemostasis, osmosis • Maintenance of pH • Disease/ infection fighting • Heating/Cooling
- 3. Classification of Connective Tissue (Chapt 4)
- 4. Blood = connective tissue Hematocrit (centrifuge) Extracellular Cells: (= Formed elements) fluid matrix: RBCs Plasma WBCs Platelets
- 5. Plasma Composition • Water ~92% Transports organic and • Plasma proteins 7% inorganic molecules, • Other solutes formed elements, and heat 1% Lavender Top Tube
- 6. Plasma Proteins (90% from liver) • Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids and steroid hormones • Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function • Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of clotting system (conversion to insoluble fibrin) NOT IN SERUM – Anticoagulants (blood thinner), e.g. coumadin • Regulatory proteins (< 1%) Protein-based hormones • Lipoproteins = particles containing lipids (cholesterol & triglycerides) and proteins (albumins & globulins)
- 7. Plasma Solutes, cont’d • Electrolytes: Normal extracellular fluid ion composition • Organic nutrients: glucose, FA, AA • Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin • Dissolved gases • Nonprotein-based hormones – E.g., steroids
- 8. Plasma vs. Interstitial Fluid: Plasma has more: • Dissolved O2 O2 diffuses out into tissue • Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.) – Albumins – Globulins • globulins • and globulins – Fibrinogen Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules
- 9. Plasma vs. Serum: Difference between plasma and serum? serum = plasma – clotting factors
- 10. Formed Elements (Cells) 1. Red Blood Cells (> 99%) 2. White Blood Cells 3. Platelets PCV = Hematocrit = % of the blood sample that is Formed Elements Man: 46% Woman: 42%
- 11. Formed Elements cont’d. Why white blood cells???
- 12. RBCs = Erythrocytes Measured by hematocrit (PCV) Most abundant blood cell: 1000 RBCs/1 WBC Contain hemoglobin (Hb), carry oxygen No organelles, just Hb Lifespan ~ 120 days replacement rate ~ 3 x 106 RBCs / sec
- 13. RBC Shape Biconcave Disc, 7 μ (good measuring device) 1) Larger surface area 2) Flexible
- 14. Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb) Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O2 How many oxygen molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry? 4
- 15. Clinical Brief Anemia: Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood. Causes?? Polycythemia: Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in RBCs Polycythemia vera: Blood Doping: Via direct transfusion, or EPO use
- 16. WBCs = Leukocytes p542 Granulocytes and • Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count Agranulocytes • Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in interstitial tissues – Diapedesis – Chemotaxis • Five different kinds: – Three Granulocytes – Two Agranulocytes
- 18. 1) Neutrophil (= PMN) PMN = polymorphonuclear leukocyte = poly = seg • ~ 60-70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs • Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes • Phagocytic
- 19. 2) Eosinophil • ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs • Granules stain with acidic dyes (eosin), look reddish • Increased in allergies and parasitic infections
- 20. 3) Basophil • < 1% of circulating WBCs • Granules stain with basic dyes (hematoxylin) and contain histamine • Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site of injury
- 21. 4) Lymphocyte (chapt 21) • ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs • Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs, smaller than PMNs) • Large round nucleus, not much cytoplasm • Mostly found in tissues • Types – B lymphs become plasma cells – T lymphs attack directly – NK recognize “lack of self.”
- 22. 5) Monocyte • ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs • Large kidney (or U) shaped nucleus • In tissue, called Macrophage Macrophage PMN
- 23. Platelets = Thrombocytes Cell fragments of megakaryocytes of bone marrow (~ 4,000 thrombocytes per megakaryocyte) ~ 160 m Lifespan ~ 12 days involved in blood clotting
- 26. Abnormal White Blood Cell Counts Leukopenia < 2,500/ L (normal 6000 – 9000) Leukocytosis > 30,000/ L Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/ L (normal ~ 350,000) Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/ L Also Lymphopenia vs. lymphocytosis Neutropenia vs. Neutrophilia Leukemia
- 27. Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation (Red marrow) Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells . . . then differentiation into 4 types of progenitor stem cells: Erythroblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast
- 28. Hemopoiesis Pluripotent Stem Cell -blast Cells Fig. 17.8