Chapter20 forwardexchangecontracts2008

Gripping IFRS Forward exchange contracts

Chapter 20
Forward Exchange Contracts

Reference: IAS 32, IAS 39 and IFRS 7

Contents: Page

1. Definitions 622

2. Hedging: an introduction 622

2.1 Overview 622

2.2 What is a hedge? 622

2.3 What is a hedged item? 623
2.3.1 Forecast transactions (uncommitted) 623
2.3.2 Firm commitments 623

2.4 What is a hedging instrument? 624

2.5 How hedging is achieved using a forward exchange contract 624
Example 1: FEC to hedge an export transaction 625

2.6 How to discount a forward exchange contract 626
Example 2: present value of a FEC 626

3. Hedge accounting 627

3.1 Hedging requirements 627

3.2 Hedge effectiveness 628

3.3 Ineffective hedges 628

3.4 Cash flow hedges versus fair value hedges 628

3.5 Dates relevant to hedging 628

3.5.1 Post-transaction period 628
3.5.2 Pre-transaction period 629
3.5.3 Summary of periods and descriptions 629

3.6 Types of hedges 629

3.6.1 Overview 629
3.6.2 Fair value hedges 629
3.6.3 Cash flow hedges 630
3.6.4 Summary of the hedges over the periods 630

3.7 Accounting for hedges 631

3.8 FEC’s in the period post-transaction date 632
Example 3: FEC in the post-transaction period: fair value hedge 632

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Contents continued … Page

3.9 FEC’s in the period pre-transaction date 633

3.9.1 If there is no firm commitment 634
Example 4: FEC in the pre-transaction period (no firm 634
commitment): cash flow hedge (with a basis adjustment)
Example 5: FEC in the pre-transaction period (no firm 636
commitment): cash flow hedge (with a reclassification
adjustment)

3.9.2 If there is a firm commitment 637
Example 6: FEC in the pre-transaction period (with a firm 638
commitment): cash flow hedge up to transaction date
Example 7: FEC in the pre-transaction period (with a firm 639
commitment): cash flow hedge up to firm commitment date
and fair value hedge up to transaction date (and thereafter)
Example 8: FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period with 641
a year-end after firm commitment but before transaction date

4. Disclosure 643
Example 9: cash flow hedge and fair value hedge: disclosure 643

5. Summary 645

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1. Definitions (IAS 32 and IAS 39)

The following definitions are provided in IAS 32 and IAS 39:

• Fair value: is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled,
between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.
• Firm commitment: is a binding agreement for the exchange of a specified quantity of
resources at a specified price on a specified future date or dates.
• Forecast transaction: is an uncommitted but anticipated future transaction.
• Hedging instrument: is a designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk of changes in
foreign currency only) a designated non-derivative financial asset or non-derivative
financial liability whose fair value or cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair
value or cash flows of a designated hedged item.
• Financial instrument: is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and
a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Please see the chapter on
financial instruments for more information.
• Hedged item: is an asset, liability, firm commitment, highly probable forecast transaction
or net investment in a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to risk of changes in
fair value or future cash flows and (b) is designated as being hedged.
• Hedge effectiveness: is the degree to which changes in the fair value or cash flows of the
hedged item that are attributable to a hedged risk, are offset by changes in the fair value
or cash flows of the hedging instrument.

2. Hedging: an introduction

2.1 Overview
You may be forgiven for thinking that a hedge is simply a row of green bushes planed around
the perimeter of a property. You may then also be forgiven for thinking that the hedged item
is the house in the middle of the property and that the hedging instrument is the pair of garden
shears that you use to trim the hedge.
As you are hopefully beginning to realise, the world of accounting has many odd and exciting
things (perhaps exciting is not quite the right word?), including hedges, hedged items and
hedging instruments. But these obviously do not relate to fuzzy green bushes!
In this chapter, we will be focussing on the hedging of foreign currency transactions using the
most common method, being the use of a forward exchange contract (FEC).

2.2 What is a hedge?
So what is a hedge if it is not a green bush?
There are various definitions of ‘hedging’ including the following:
• ‘to minimise or protect against loss by counterbalancing one transaction, such as a bet,
against another’ ( American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition); and
• ‘any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two
positions that will offset each other if prices change’ (WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton
University).
When hedging a foreign currency transaction, it means:
• taking a position in a financial instrument;
• that would counter any change in value of the hedged item;
• caused by an exchange rate fluctuation.

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2.3 What is a hedged item? (IAS 39.78 - .84)

So what is a hedged item if it is not the house in the middle of the hedged property?

The hedged item is an item that is exposed in some way or other (related cash flows or fair
value) to a risk or many risks (e.g. the risk that the cash outflow will increase if the exchange
rate deteriorates - this risk being referred to as a foreign currency risk).

A hedged item can be any:
• recognised asset or liability, or
• unrecognised firm commitment, or
• unrecognised highly probable forecast transaction; or a
• combination thereof, so long as each hedged item within the group of items have similar
risk characteristics. For the purposes of foreign exchange hedging, this means that all the
items within the group must be exposed to fluctuations in the same currency.

The hedged item could be a single asset or liability, firm commitment or forecast transaction
or a group thereof. It could even be part of a portfolio of financial assets or liabilities, where
the hedge involves interest rate risk only.

If the hedged item is a non-financial asset or liability (e.g. inventory), then it can only be
designated as a hedged item for (a) all risks or (b) foreign currency risks. This is because it is
difficult to prove (by isolating and measuring) that a change in its cash flows or fair value was
caused by a specific risk (e.g. due to a price risk or interest rate risk etc). The only exception
to this is that it may be possible to attribute a change in cash flow or fair value to foreign
currency risk.

If the hedged item is a financial asset or liability (e.g. loan receivable), then it can be
designated as a hedged item for specific risks, by isolating and measuring the effect on a
portion of the cash flows or on a percentage of its fair value.

2.3.1 Forecast transactions (uncommitted future transaction)

A forecast transaction is defined as an uncommitted but anticipated future. In other words it
is.a transaction that:
• has not yet happened; and
• has not yet been committed to; but
• is expected to happen.

One can hedge a transaction:
• that has not yet occurred and has not even been committed to (e.g. there is no firm order),
• only if it is highly probable to occur (just to ‘expect’ it would not be good enough!).

IAS 39 states that highly probable means something that has:
• a much greater likelihood of happening than the term more likely than not (IAS 39).

The probability of the expected future transaction occurring must be assessed on observable
facts and not just on management’s intentions, because management’s intentions can easily
change. IAS 39IG lists some of the circumstances that should be considered when assessing
the probability of a transaction occurring:
• the frequency of similar past transactions; and
• the financial and operating ability of the entity to carry out the transaction.

2.3.2 Firm commitments (committed future transaction)

One can hedge a transaction that:
• has not yet happened; but
• has been committed to.

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Examples of a firm commitment to a future transaction include:
• the entity accepts an order to supply goods to an overseas customer; or
• the entity orders goods from a foreign supplier and the order is accepted by that supplier.

A firm commitment is defined as a binding agreement for the exchange of a specified quantity
of resources at a specified price on a specified future date or dates.

Firm commitments are obviously not recognised in the financial statements since the
definitions and recognition criteria of the elements would not be met. They are therefore
often referred to as unrecognised firm commitments.

Once a firm commitment is made this commitment remains in force until the date of the
transaction. The unrecognised firm commitment exists between order date and the date that
the risks and rewards transfer (the date the transaction is entered into).

A summary of the periods during which a hedge may be in force are as follows:

Transaction highly Firm commitment Transaction Transaction
probable made happens settled

N/A Hedge of a forecast Hedge of a firm Hedge of a N/A
transaction commitment transaction
Pre-transaction period Post-transaction period

2.4 What is a hedging instrument? (IAS 39.72 - .77)

So what is a hedging instrument if it is not the pair of garden shears that keeps the hedge
around the house neat, tidy and effective?

A hedging instrument is:
• is a designated derivative; or
• is a designated non-derivative financial asset or non-derivative financial liability (but only
when the hedge relates to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates)
• whose fair value or cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair value or cash
flows of a designated hedged item.

There are many possible financial instruments that can be utilised as hedging instruments, for
instance:
• a derivative could include options, swaps and futures contracts;
• a non-derivative could include a forward exchange contract.

An asset or liability denominated in a foreign currency (hedged item) can be hedged by any
financial instrument that is expected to gain in value when the hedged item loses value or vice
versa. The most common method of hedging foreign exchange denominated transactions is
through the use of forward exchange contracts (a non-derivative).

This chapter’s focus is hedging foreign currency transactions and we will therefore focus
exclusively on using forward exchange contracts (FEC’s) as the hedging instrument.

2.5 How hedging is achieved using a forward exchange contract

A forward exchange contract (FEC) is:
• an agreement between two parties;
• to exchange a given amount of currency;
• for another currency;
• at a predetermined exchange rate; and
• at a predetermined future date.

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An entity can therefore ‘lock-in’ at an exchange rate and thereby avoid or minimise losses (of
course, possible gains may also be lost or minimised!) on the hedged item that may otherwise
have resulted from fluctuations in the exchange rate.

The forward rate agreed upon in the FEC contract will be different to the spot exchange rate
available on that same date. This is because the forward rate of a FEC approximates the
expected spot rate on the date that the FEC will expire. Thus, the forward rate consists of:
• the current spot rate; and
• a premium (if the exchange rate is expected to appreciate); or
• a discount (if the exchange rate is expected to depreciate).

Example 1: FEC to hedge an export transaction

Happy Limited, a British company, sold a tractor for $100 000 to Lame Co, a USA company:
• The tractor was loaded F.O.B. onto a ship on 1 March 20X5.
• Lame Co paid $100 000 to Happy Limited on 31 May 20X5 (due date for repayment).
• In order to protect itself against adverse fluctuations in the $: £ exchange rate,
Happy Limited entered into a FEC on 1 March 20X5 (expiring on 31 May 20X5).

Date Spot rates Forward Rate
1 March 20X5 $1: £0.845 $1: £0.840
31 May 20X5 $1: £0.830 Not required

Required:
A. Calculate the £ values of Happy Limited’s debtor on 1 March 20X5 and 31 May 20X5.
B. Calculate the £ amount actually received by Happy Limited.
C. Prepare the journal entries required to record this transaction in Happy Limited’s books
for the year ended 30 June 20X5.

Solution to example 1: FEC to hedge an export transaction

A. 1 March 20X5: Debtor £84 500 ($100 000 x 0.845)

31 May 20X5: Debtor £83 000 ($100 000 x 0.830)

B. 31 May 20X5: Received £84 000 ($100 000 x 0.840).

At spot exchange rate on the settlement date, Happy Limited would have received £83 000, but
because it had entered into an FEC at a forward rate of $1:£0.840, the $100 000 is exchanged into
£84 000 ($100 000 x 0.840). Thus, the FEC limited the loss that Happy Limited would have made
of £1 500 (£84 500 - £83 000) to a loss of only £500 (£84 500 - £84 000), on its debtor due to
exchange rate fluctuations.
Note that if the exchange rate had moved in the opposite direction, i.e. if the £ had weakened
against the $, the FEC would have prevented Happy Limited from making a gain on its debtor.

C. Journals Debit Credit
1 March 20X5
Debtor 84 500
Sales 84 500
Recording sale on transaction date: (100 000 x 0.845)
31 May 20X5
Foreign exchange loss (profit or loss) 1 500
Debtor 1 500
Translating debtor at settlement date: (100 000 x 0.83) – 84 500

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C. 31 May 20X5 continued … Debit Credit
FEC asset 1 000
Foreign exchange gain (profit or loss) 1 000
Recognising FEC asset at settlement date: (0.84-0.83) x 100 000
Bank (0.84 x 100 000) 84 000
FEC asset (balance in the account) 1 000
Debtor (balance in the account) 83 000
Expiry of FEC and payment by debtor.

2.6 How to discount a forward exchange contract

The value of a FEC asset or liability at any one time will be the difference between:
• the forward rate agreed to in the FEC contract; and
• the forward rate of an FEC that could be entered into at valuation date, expiring on the
same date as the original FEC.

As this value will only be payable or receivable in the future it should be discounted to its
present value, assuming that the effects of present valuing are material.

Apart from this next example that shows the effect of present valuing, all other examples will
ignore present valuing so that you are better able to learn and understand the principles.

Example 2: present value of a FEC

A German entity enters into an FEC on 28 February 20X5 to hedge an import transaction
worth ¥1 000 000, due to be settled on 30 November 20X5. The following FECs are
available at a German bank (in €) on the Japanese Yen (¥):

Date Forward Rate to 30 November 20X5
28 February 20X5 €1: ¥140.239
30 June 20X5 €1: ¥135.058
31 August 20X5 €1: ¥146.631

An appropriate discount rate is 10%.

Required:
A. Calculate the value of the FEC in € on;
• 30 June 20X5;
• 31 August 20X5.
B. Show all journals needed to recognise the FEC in the German entity’s books.

Solution to example 2A: present value of a FEC
30 June 20X5 Rate Amount (¥) Amount payable (€ ) Present values (5 months to expiry)
Rate acquired 140.239 1 000 000 7 131 1 000 000/ 140.239 6 853 7 131 / [1.1 ^ (5/12)]
Rate now available 135.058 1 000 000 7 404 1 000 000/ 135.058 7 116 7 404 / [1.1 ^ (5/12)]
273 Asset/ gain 263 Asset/ gain
The present value can be calculated using a financial calculator:
(1) FV = 7 131 N = 5/12 I = 10 Comp PV: 6 852
(2) FV = 7 404 N = 5/12 I = 10 Comp PV: 7 116

Explanation: at 30 June 20X5
• The German entity took out an FEC on 28 February 20X5 and has thus locked in at an exchange
rate of 140.239 and will have to pay 7 131.
• Had it waited and taken out the FEC on 30 June 20X5, it would have obtained a rate of 135.058
and had to pay 7 404.

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• By taking out the FEC on 28 February rather than on 30 June 20X5, it saved 273.
• There are 5 months to the settlement of the contract and therefore the present value of the gain is
based on the present value factor for the next 5 months: 263.

31 August 20X5 Rate Amount (¥) Amount payable (€ ) Present values (3 months to expiry)
Rate acquired 140.239 1 000 000 7 130 1 000 000/ 140.239 6 963 7 130 / [(1.1 ^ (3/12)]
Rate now available 146.631 1 000 000 6 820 1 000 000/ 146.631 6 659 6 820 / [1.1 ^ (3/12)]
(310) Liability/ loss (304) Liability/ loss

The present value can be calculated using a financial calculator:
(1) FV = 7 130 N = 3/12 I = 10 Comp PV: 6 962
(2) FV = 6 820 N = 3/12 I = 10 Comp PV: 6 659

Explanation: at 31 August 20X5
• The German entity took out an FEC on 28 February 20X5 and has thus locked in at an exchange
rate of 140.239 and will have to pay 7 131.
• Had it waited and taken out the FEC on 31 August 20X5, it would have obtained a rate of 146.631
and had to pay 6 820.
• By taking out the FEC on 28 February rather than on 31 August 20X5, it has to pay an extra 310.
• There are now only 3 months to the settlement of the contract and therefore the present value is
based on the present value factor for the next 3 months.

Solution to example 2B: journals

Not Present Valued Present Valued
Debit Credit Debit Credit
30 June 20X5

FEC asset 273 263
Recognising FEC asset.

31 August 20X5

FEC asset 274 263
Reversing previous FEC asset and gain

Foreign exchange loss (profit or loss) 311 304
FEC liability 311 304
Re-measuring the FEC on 31 August 20X5

3. Hedge Accounting

3.1 Hedging requirements (IAS 39.88)
A hedging relationship between a hedged item and a hedging instrument qualifies for hedge
accounting only if certain criteria set out in IAS 39 are met. These criteria are:
• at the inception of the hedge there is a formal designation and documentation of the
hedging relationship and the entity’s risk management objectives and strategy for
undertaking the hedge. That documentation shall include identification of the hedging
instrument, the hedged item or transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged (being
foreign exchange risk) and how the entity will assess the hedging instrument’s
effectiveness in offsetting the exposure in the hedged item’s fair value or cash flows
attributable to the hedged risk;

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• the hedge is expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting changes in fair value
or cash flows attributable to the hedged risk, consistently with the originally documented
risk management strategy for that particular hedging relationship;
• for cash flow hedges, a forecast transaction that is the subject of the hedge must be highly
probable and must present an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately
affect profit or loss.
• the effectiveness of the hedge can be reliably measured, ie the fair value or cash flows of
the hedged item that are attributable to the hedged risk and the fair value of the hedging
instrument can be reliably measured; and
• the hedge is assessed on an ongoing basis and determined actually to have been highly
effective throughout the financial reporting periods for which the hedge was designated.

3.2 Hedge effectiveness
The definition of hedge effectiveness requires some elaboration. Remember that when
hedging foreign currency transactions, an entity is trying to protect itself from losses due to
exchange rate fluctuations (currency risk). To do so, it uses a hedging instrument, which, for
the purposes of this chapter, is always a FEC. By hedging against currency risks, the entity
hopes that any gain or loss on the foreign currency transaction will be exactly offset by an
equivalent and opposite gain or loss on the hedging instrument: if, for example, due to a
change in exchange rates a foreign creditor requires an extra LC100 to settle, the entity hopes
the FEC will gain in value by LC100.

If the hedging instrument perfectly offsets the change in the hedged item, as depicted above,
the hedging instrument is said to be 100% effective. It is, however, quite possible that the
hedging instrument is not 100% effective: a weakening exchange rate results in a foreign
creditor requiring an extra LC100 to settle, but the FEC only gains in value by LC80. As you
can see, the hedge is no longer 100% effective, but 80% effective (80/ 100). Generally an
effective hedge is a hedge that is 80% - 125% effective. Anything outside of that range will
be an ineffective hedge.

3.3 Ineffective hedges

The ineffective portion of a cash flow hedge is simply recognised in profit or loss (i.e. not in
other comprehensive income). Where the hedge is a fair value hedge and is considered to be
ineffective, the hedge accounting is simply discontinued prospectively. Ineffective hedges are
not discussed in this chapter.

3.4 Cash flow hedges versus fair value hedges

The main difference in accounting for cash flow hedges and fair value hedges is that:
• For fair value hedges: gains and losses are immediately recognised in profit or loss;
• For cash flow hedges: gains and losses (where the hedge is considered to be an effective
hedge) is initially recognised in other comprehensive income and then either:
• reclassified to profit or loss (a reclassification adjustment); or
• set-off against the carrying amount of the hedged item (a basis adjustment).

3.5 Dates relevant to hedging

3.5.1 Post-transaction period

Just as in accounting for foreign currency transactions, the hedging relationship must be
accounted for at transaction, translation and settlement dates. These dates obviously happen
after the transaction has been entered into, being a period that we will refer to as the post-
transaction period. As mentioned earlier, however, it is also possible to enter into a hedge
before transaction date. We will refer to the period before transaction date the pre-
transaction period.

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3.5.2 Pre-transaction period
The pre-transaction period can be categorised into two:
• an uncommitted; and/ or
• a committed period.

A FEC may be taken out and designated as a hedge not only before a transaction takes place,
but even before we have committed to the transaction. If the future expected transaction is
not certain but it is highly probable that it will take place, it is still possible to use hedge
accounting. We will call the period between the date on which the transaction becomes
highly probable and the date on which the firm commitment is made (or the date of the
transaction, if no firm commitment is made), the uncommitted period.
If an entity firmly commits to a future transaction, the period after making this firm
commitment but before the actual transaction date may be referred to as the committed period.
The ‘firm commitment’ date is the date upon which:
• the entity accepts an order to supply goods to an overseas customer; or
• the entity orders goods from a foreign supplier and the order is accepted by that supplier.

It is important to determine whether a firm commitment is made before transaction date and
whether the FEC hedge came into existence:
• before the firm commitment (uncommitted period);
• between the firm commitment date and transaction date (committed period); and/ or
• after transaction date
because a hedge during each of these different periods may be accounted for differently.

3.5.3 Summary of periods and descriptions
A summary of the different dates is as follows:

Transaction highly probable Firm commitment made Transaction happens Transaction settled

N/A Hedge of a forecast transaction Hedge of a firm commitment Hedge of a transaction N/A

3.6 Types of hedges (IAS 39.85 - .102)

3.6.1 Overview
There are three types of hedges:
• fair value hedges;
• cash flow hedges; and
• hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation.
A hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation is not discussed in this chapter.

3.6.2 Fair value hedges (IAS 39.89 - .94)

A fair value hedge is defined as:
• a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value:
• of a recognised asset or liability; or
• of an unrecognised firm commitment; or
• of an identified portion thereof
• that is attributable to a particular risk and
• that could affect profit.

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All changes to the fair value are recognised in profit or loss (part of the statement of
comprehensive income).

In terms of foreign currency risks, a fair value hedge, hedges:
• a recognised asset or liability; or
• an unrecognised firm commitment
• against changes in its fair value
• that may result from fluctuations in exchange rates.

As an example of a fair value hedge, imagine an investment that is denominated in a foreign
currency: if between transaction and settlement dates, the local currency strengthens against
the foreign currency, the fair value of the investment in the entity’s local (functional) currency
will decrease. For example, an entity owns an investment with a fair value of FC100 000. At
the end of the last financial year, it would take LC5 to buy FC1. It now only takes LC4 to
buy FC1. The fair value of the investment has therefore dropped from LC500 000 to
LC400 000. A fair value hedge would attempt to neutralise any such decrease in fair value.

3.6.3 Cash flow hedges (IAS 39.95 - .101)

A cash flow hedge is defined as:
• a hedge of the exposure to changes in cash flows:
• of a recognised asset or liability; or
• of a highly probable forecast transaction;
• that is attributable to a particular risk; and
• that could affect profit.

Also note that although not specifically mentioned in the definition of a cash flow hedge
provided in IAS 39.86(b), a hedge can be designated a cash flow hedge if it relates to:
• a firm commitment, so long as the hedging instrument (FEC) hedges against foreign
currency risks.

Therefore, in terms of foreign currency risks, a cash flow hedge, hedges:
• a recognised asset or liability; or
• a highly probable forecast transaction; or
• a firm commitment; (applies only to the hedge of currency risk!)
• against any associated variability in cash flows attributable to exchange rate fluctuations.

For example, imagine a foreign creditor: if between transaction and settlement date the local
currency weakens against the foreign currency, the amount payable will increase. For
example, an entity owes a foreign creditor FC100 000. If at transaction date, it would take
LC5 to buy FC1 and now it takes LC6 to buy FC1, the settlement of the foreign creditor
would now require a cash outflow of LC600 000 instead of only LC500 000. A cash flow
hedge would attempts to neutralise such an increase in the potential cash outflow arising from
exchange rate fluctuations.

3.6.4 Summary of the hedges over the periods

It should be clear from the above that how a FEC is accounted for (i.e. as a cash flow hedge
or a fair value hedge) depends largely on whether we are looking at its existence during:
• an uncommitted pre-transaction period (before a firm commitment is made and before
transaction date);
• a committed pre-transaction period (after a firm commitment is made but before
transaction date);
• the post-transaction period (between the transaction date and settlement date).

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The following timeline summarises all the possible hedging treatments:
Transaction date
No firm commitment: Fair value hedge* OR
Cash flow hedge Cash flow hedge
Firm commitment:
Before firm After firm commitment:
commitment: (committed period) * this chapter will treat all hedges during this
(uncommitted period) period as fair value hedges
Cash flow hedge Cash flow hedge or
Fair value hedge

Explanation of the above summary timeline:
• If the FEC exists before the transaction date and before a firm commitment is entered into,
the movement in the FEC rates up to the date that the firm commitment is made (or up to
the transaction date, if no firm commitment is made at all) is always treated as a cash flow
hedge.
• In all other periods of the FEC’s existence, the FEC may be treated as either a cash flow
hedge or a fair value hedge.
• Although IAS 39 allows a hedge after transaction date to be treated either as a cash flow
hedge or a fair value hedge, this chapter, for the sake of simplicity, shall treat all hedges
in the post-transaction period as fair value hedges.

3.7 Accounting for hedges

It is important to always separate in your mind:
• the basic foreign currency transaction (being the hedged item); and
• the FEC entered into (being the hedging instrument).

The foreign currency transaction is initially accounted for at the spot rate and then translated
at year-end and settlement dates. The foreign exchange gains or losses are recognised
directly in profit or loss. This is covered in the chapter on foreign currency transactions.

The forward exchange contract is accounted for either as a:
• cash flow hedge; or
• fair value hedge.

The hedge is measured at firm commitment date, year-end, transaction and settlement dates
(whichever applies) and the gain or loss on the FEC is recognised:
• for fair value hedges: recognised directly in profit or loss; or
• for cash flow hedges: recognised in other comprehensive income (this equity account
could have either a debit or credit balance!) and then either:
- using a basis adjustment: the gain or loss in equity is set-off against the carrying
amount of the hedged item (e.g. imported inventory) on transaction date. ; or
- using a reclassification adjustment: the gain or loss in equity is reclassified to profit
or loss when the hedged item affects profit or loss (e.g. reverse the other
comprehensive income (or a portion thereof) to profit or loss as and when the
inventory is sold (or a portion thereof is sold)).

The basis adjustment is only allowed if the hedged forecast transaction is going to result in
non-financial assets or liabilities. Reclassification adjustments are allowed whether the
hedged forecast transaction results in assets or liabilities that are financial or non-financial.

Both the basis adjustments and the reclassification adjustments have the same effect on profit
over a period of time. When the basis adjustment is used, other comprehensive income
(equity) is eventually recognised in profit or loss but only when the hedged item affects profit
or loss (therefore other comprehensive income reaches profit or loss indirectly).

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For example: imagine that a gain is recognised as other comprehensive income and that this
gain is subsequently credited to inventory via a basis adjustment (debit OCI equity and credit
inventory): the future cost of sales will be decreased. Thus, the gain will be recognised in
profit or loss as and when the inventory (reduced by the basis adjustment) is expensed as cost
of sales.

3.8 FEC’s in the period post-transaction date

Transaction date Settlement date
Post-transaction period

If the FEC exists in the post-transaction period (i.e. on or after the transaction date) it can
be treated as either:
• a fair value hedge; or
• a cash flow hedge.

Whether the FEC after transaction date is treated as a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge
has no effect on the profit or loss over a period of time,. Therefore, for the sake of simplicity,
we will assume that an FEC that is in existence after transaction date is always treated as a
fair value hedge.

The dates that are important during this period obviously include:
• transaction date
• settlement date
• reporting date (normally a financial year-end): a financial year-end may not necessarily
occur between transaction and settlement date, but it is equally possible that there may
even be more than one reporting date between these two dates.

Example 3: FEC taken out in the post-transaction period: fair value hedge
Inventory is purchased for $100 000.
A FEC is taken out on transaction date at the FEC rate of C9: $1 (set to expire on payment date).
At 30 June 20X1 (year end), the rate available on similar FEC’s expiring on this same payment
date is C9,60: $1.
100% of this inventory was sold on 15 July 20X1 for C1 000 000.

Fair value hedge

1 March 20X1 30 June 20X1 7 July 20X1
Dates: Transaction date Year-end Payment date
and FEC date
FEC rates: 9.00 9.60 N/A
Spot rate: 8.50 8.90 10

Required:
Show all related journal entries assuming that this FEC has been designated as a fair value
hedge. .
Solution to example 3: FEC in the post-transaction period as a fair value hedge
Quick explanation: by entering into the FEC, we know that we will have to pay $100 000 x 9 =
C900 000 since this is the rate we committed to in the FEC.
If we look at the spot rate on payment date, we can see that had we not taken out the FEC, we would
have had to pay $100 000 x 10 = C1 000 000.
The FEC has therefore saved us C1 000 000 – C900 000 = C100 000.
This gain is recognised over the life of the FEC (60 000 at year-end and another 40 000 on payment
date).

632 Chapter 20


1 March 20X1: transaction date Debit Credit

Inventory 100 000 x 8.50 (spot rate on 850 000
Foreign creditor transaction date) 850 000
Inventory purchased, measured at spot rate on transaction date

No entries relating to the FEC are processed

30 June 20X1: year-end

Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 8.90: spot rate at year-end – 40 000
Foreign creditor 100 000 x 8.50 previous spot rate 40 000
Foreign creditor translated to spot rate at year-end

FEC asset 100 000 x 9.60 FEC rate at year-end – 60 000
Forex gain (profit or loss) 100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained 60 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised at year-end

7 July 20X1: payment date

Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 10: spot rate at payment date 110 000
Foreign creditor – 100 000 x 8.90 previous spot rate 110 000
Foreign creditor translated on payment date

FEC asset 100 000 x 10 spot rate on payment date – 40 000
Forex gain (profit or loss) 100 000 x 9.60 prior FEC rate (30/6/X1) 40 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised on payment date

Foreign creditor (850 000 + 40 000 + 110 000) 1 000 000
FEC asset (60 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Bank (100 000 x 9) 900 000
Payment of foreign creditor at FEC rate: the rate we agreed to in the
contract

15 July 20X1: on sale of inventory

Cost of sales 850 000
Inventory 850 000
Debtor 1 000 000
Sales 1 000 000
100% of inventory sold: 850 000 x 100%
Note: ‘Forex’ is short for ‘foreign exchange’

3.9 FEC’s in the period pre-transaction date

If an FEC is entered into prior to transaction date, the pre-transaction date will be the period
from when the FEC was entered into up to transaction date.
FEC date Transaction date
Pre-transaction period

Please note: the FEC date (on the above timeline) refers to the date on which the FEC is
entered into.

If the FEC exists in the pre-transaction period (i.e. before the transaction date) it can be
treated as either:
• a fair value hedge; or
• a cash flow hedge.

Whether the FEC is to be accounted for as a fair value or cash flow hedge is largely
determined whether or not a firm commitment was in existence.

633 Chapter 20


If the FEC exists in the pre-transaction period, one must therefore also ascertain whether a
firm commitment was made before transaction date or not. If a firm commitment was made,
we will also need to plot the date that we made this firm commitment onto our timeline.

3.9.1 If there is no firm commitment

FEC date Transaction date
Pre-transaction period (uncommitted): always a cash flow hedge

If no firm commitment is made, a FEC existing before transaction date is hedging an
uncommitted but highly probable future transaction (also referred to as a hedged forecast
transaction) and is always treated as a cash flow hedge. In this case:
• any gains or losses on the FEC up to transaction date are first recognised as other
comprehensive income; and
• on transaction date, the other comprehensive income is used to adjust the related asset or
liability (basis adjustment) or reclassify it to profit or loss when the related asset or
liability affects profit or loss (a reclassification adjustment).

Any changes in the FEC rate after transaction date are either:
• taken directly to profit or loss, as explained above (i.e. as a fair value hedge) or are
• first recognised as other comprehensive income and then reversed to profit or loss (i.e. as
a cash flow hedge).

Once again, for the sake of simplicity, we will always treat a FEC that is in existence during
this transaction period as a fair value hedge.

Example 4: FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period (no firm commitment): cash
flow hedge (with a basis adjustment)
Inventory is purchased for $100 000. A FEC was taken out before transaction date.
• No firm commitment was made before transaction date.
• The FEC rate obtained was C9: $1. This FEC will expire on payment date.
• FEC rates available on the relevant dates, on similar FEC’s that would expire on this
same payment date, are shown below.
• 40% of the inventory was sold on 15 July 20X1 for C400 000 and 60% of the inventory
was sold on 20 August 20X1 for C600 00.
Cash flow hedge Fair value hedge

15 February 20X1 1 March 20X1 30 June 20X1 7 July 20X1
Dates: FEC date Transaction date Year-end Payment date
FEC rates: 9.00 9.10 9.60 N/A
Spot rate: N/A 8.50 8.90 10
Required:
Show all related journal entries assuming that this FEC is accounted for as a cash flow hedge
to transaction date and as a fair value hedge thereafter.
Any other comprehensive income created is reversed using the basis adjustment approach.
Solution to example 4: FEC in the pre-transaction period (no firm commitment): cash
flow hedge (with a basis adjustment)

As with the previous example, we know that we will have to pay $100 000 x 9 = C900 000 since this is
the rate we have committed to in the FEC.
If we look at the spot rate on payment date, we can see that had we not taken out the FEC, we would
have had to pay $100 000 x 10 = C1 000 000.
The FEC has therefore saved us C1 000 000 – C900 000 = C100 000.

634 Chapter 20


Debit Credit
15 February 20X1: FEC entered into
1 March 20X1: transaction date
Inventory 100 000 x 8.50 (spot rate on transaction 850 000
Foreign creditor date) 850 000
Inventory purchased at spot rate on transaction date
FEC asset 100 000 x 9.10 FEC rate on transaction 10 000
FEC equity (OCI) date – 100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained 10 000
Cash flow hedge: gain/ loss recognised on transaction date as OCI
FEC equity (OCI) 10 000
Inventory 10 000
Basis adjustment of the cash flow hedge: OCI set-off against the hedged
item on transaction date
FEC asset 100 000 x 9.60 FEC rate at year end – 50 000
Forex gain (profit or loss) 100 000 x 9.10 previous FEC rate 50 000
Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 10: spot rate at year end – 110 000
Foreign creditor translated to spot rate on payment date
FEC asset (10 000 + 50 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Bank (100 000 x 9) 900 000
Payment of foreign creditor at FEC rate: (C9: $1)
15 July 20X1: on sale of inventory
Cost of sales (850 000 – 10 000) x 40% 336 000
Inventory 336 000
Debtor Given 400 000
Sales 400 000
40% of inventory sold: sales and cost of sales
20 August 20X1: on sale of inventory
Cost of sales (850 000 – 10 000) x 60% 504 000
Inventory 504 000
Sales 600 000
60% of inventory sold: sales and cost of sales
*** The basis adjustment decreases the cost of inventory. This then decreases cost of sales as the
inventory is sold. The gain is thus indirectly taken to profit or loss as and when the hedged
item affects profit/ loss.

635 Chapter 20


Example 5: FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period (no firm commitment): cash
flow hedge (with a reclassification adjustment)

Required:
Repeat the previous example assuming that the entity used a reclassification adjustment for its
other comprehensive income.

Solution to example 5: FEC in the pre-transaction period (no firm commitment): a cash
flow hedge (with reclassification adjustments)

Comment:
This example is the same as example 4 except that the other comprehensive income is reclassified.
The journal that reversed equity to inventory on transaction date in example 4 therefore does not
happen in example 5 when using a reclassification adjustment.
The other differences have been highlighted in the following journals with asterisks so that you are
better able to compare the journals of example 5 (reclassification adjustment) with those of example 4
(basis adjustment).
15 February 20X1: FEC entered into Debit Credit



Inventory purchased recognised at spot rate on transaction date

FEC asset 100 000 x 9.10 FEC rate on transaction date 10 000
FEC equity (OCI) – 100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained 10 000
Cash flow hedge: gain/ loss recognised on transaction date is OCI



Foreign creditor translated to spot rate at year-end:


Gain or loss on FEC recognised on payment date to profit & loss

Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 10: spot rate at payment date 110 000

FEC asset (10 000 + 50 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Bank (100 000 x 9) 900 000
Payment of foreign creditor at FEC rate: C9: $1

636 Chapter 20


15 July 20X1: on sale of inventory Debit Credit

Cost of sales *** 850 000 x 40% 340 000
Inventory *** 340 000
Sales 400 000
40% of inventory sold: sales and cost of sales recognised

FEC equity (OCI) *** 10 000 x 40% 4 000
Forex gain *** 4 000
Reclassification adjustment of the cash flow hedge: reclassifying 40% of
the OCI to profit or loss when 40% of the inventory is sold

20 August 20X1: on sale of inventory

Cost of sales *** 850 000 x 60% 510 000
Inventory *** 510 000
Sales 600 000
60% of inventory sold: sales and cost of sales recognised

FEC equity (OCI) *** 10 000 x 60% 6 000
Forex gain *** 6 000
Reclassification adjustment of the cash flow hedge: reclassifying 60% of
By the way, if the entity had purchased an item of property, plant and equipment (instead of an item of
inventory) and had chosen to use a reclassification adjustment, then the FEC equity (OCI) would be
recognised as a gain (or as a loss, as the case may be) over the useful life of the asset (i.e. as the asset
is depreciated). Compare this to where a gain is recognised as inventory is sold.

3.9.2 If there is a firm commitment

FEC date Firm commitment Transaction date

Pre-transaction period
Uncommitted Committed
Always a cash flow hedge Cash flow hedge/ Fair value hedge

If the FEC exists before transaction date and before a firm commitment (e.g. a firm order) is
entered into, the pre-transaction period is split into:
• before firm commitment is made (if applicable): the uncommitted period; and
• after the firm commitment is made (but before the transaction date): the committed
period.

The FEC during an uncommitted period is always treated:
• as a cash flow hedge, (there is no option here): for treatment of a cash flow hedge, see
previous discussion (3.9.1) and example 4 and 5.

The FEC during the committed period (after a firm commitment is made but before
transaction date) may be treated either:
• as a cash flow hedge:; or
• as a fair value hedge.

The FEC in a committed period may only be treated as a cash flow hedge if it is specifically a
hedge against the foreign currency risk.

637 Chapter 20


If your entity treats the movement in the FEC rates during the committed period as a cash
flow hedge then read the previous discussion (3.9.1) and example 4 and 5.

If the entity chooses to record the movement in the FEC rates during the committed period as
a fair value hedge, then the effect of the movement in both the spot rate and the FEC rates
must be recorded as follows:
• firm commitment asset/ liability:
measured using: the movement in the spot rates
journalised as: Firm commitment asset/ liability (dr/ cr) and Profit or loss (cr/ dr)
reversed when: the firm commitment asset or liability will then be reversed on transaction
date to the related transaction;
• forward exchange contract asset/ liability:
measured using: the movement in the FEC rates
journalised as: FEC asset/ liability (dr/ cr) and Profit or loss (cr/dr)
reversed when: the FEC asset will then be reversed on settlement date when paying the
creditor or receiving cash from the debtor.

Example 6: FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period with a firm commitment: cash
flow hedge up to transaction date

Inventory is purchased for $100 000. A FEC is taken out before transaction date. After the
FEC was taken out, a firm commitment was made.


• FEC rates available on the relevant dates, on similar FEC’s that would expire on the same
payment date, are shown below. 40% of the inventory was sold on 15 July 20X1 for
C400 000 and 60% of the inventory was sold on 20 August 20X1 for C600 000.

Cash flow hedge Fair value hedge

15 Feb 20X1 22 February 20X1 1 March 20X1 30 June 20X1 7 July 20X1
FEC taken out Firm commitment Transaction date Year-end Payment date
FEC rates: 9.00 9.06 9.10 9.60 N/A
Spot rates: N/A 8.30 8.50 8.90 10.00

Required:
Show all related journal entries assuming that FEC is to be treated as a cash flow hedge for
the entire period before transaction date whereas after transaction date, the FEC is to be
treated as a fair value hedge.

Solution to example 6: firm commitment to transaction date as a cash flow hedge

1 March 20X1: transaction date Debit Credit

Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 8.50 spot rate on transaction date 20 000
Firm commitment liability – 100 000 x 8.30 on firm commitment date 20 000
Gain or loss on firm commitment recognised on transaction date:

Firm commitment liability 20 000
Inventory 20 000
Firm commitment reversed to the hedged item on transaction date
(similar to a basis adjustment)
If the entity reverses other comprehensive income using a:
• basis adjustment, the journals will be the same as those under example 4;
• reclassification adjustment, the journals will be the same as those under example 5.

638 Chapter 20


Example 7 FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period: cash flow hedge up to firm
commitment date and then a fair value hedge up to transaction date

Required:
Repeat example 6 assuming that the FEC
• before firm commitment date is a cash flow hedge, where any other comprehensive
income is reversed using a basis adjustment
• is treated as a fair value hedge after the firm commitment date up to the transaction date;
and
• is still treated as a fair value hedge after transaction date.

Solution to example 7: firm commitment to transaction date as a fair value hedge

Please remember that when a FEC exists before the firm commitment, there is no choice: it is always
treated as a cash flow hedge.
As with the previous examples, the FEC has saved us C1 000 000 – C900 000 = C100 000.
This gain is recognised as the hedged item affects profit or loss (the cash flow hedge: 6 000 as the
inventory is sold; and the fair value hedges: 4 000 on transaction date, 50 000 at year-end and 40 000
on payment date):

15 February 20X1: date FEC entered into Debit Credit


22 February 20X1: firm commitment date
FEC asset 100 000 x 9.06 FEC rate on firm commit 6 000
FEC equity (OCI) date – 100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained) 6 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised on firm commitment date



Inventory 6 000
Cash flow hedge – basis adjustment: reclassifying OCI to the hedged
item on transaction date

Forex gain (profit or loss) date – 100 000 x 9.06 previous FEC rate 4 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised on transaction date:

Forex loss (profit or loss) 20 000
Gain or loss on firm commitment recognised on transaction date:
100 000 x 8.50 spot rate on transaction date – 100 000 x 8.30 spot rate
on firm commitment date

Inventory 20 000
Firm commitment reversed to the hedged item on transaction date
(similar to a basis adjustment)


Gain or loss on FEC recognised at year-end:

639 Chapter 20


30 June 20X1: year-end continued … Debit Credit




Forex loss (profit or loss) 100 000 x 10: spot rate on payment date 110 000
Foreign creditor translated on payment date

FEC asset (6 000 + 4 000 + 50 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Bank (100 000 x 9) 900 000
Payment of foreign creditor at FEC rate obtained: C9: $1

15 July 20X1: date of sale of inventory

Cost of sales (850 000 – 6 000 – 20 000) x 40% 329 600
Inventory 329 600
Sales 400 000
40% of inventory sold: sales and cost of goods sold

20 August 20X1: date of sale of inventory

Cost of sales (850 000 – 6 000 – 20 000) x 60% 494 400
Inventory 494 400
Sales 600 000
60% of inventory sold: sales and cost of goods sold

Notice that when using this basis adjustment approach to reversing other comprehensive income, the
inventory is measured as follows:
Inventory recognised at spot rate on transaction date 100 000 x 8.50 850 000
FEC equity (OCI) reversed to inventory on transaction date (the cash flow (6 000)
hedge)
Firm commitment liability reversed to inventory on transaction date (20 000)
824 000

Had we used the reclassification approach instead, the other comprehensive income would have been
reclassified directly to profit or loss and would not have affected the inventory balance. The result
would then have been that inventory would have been measured at the spot rate on the date that the
firm commitment was made:
Inventory recognised at spot rate on transaction date 100 000 x 8.50 850 000
Firm commitment liability reversed to inventory on transaction date (20 000)
100 000 x 8.30 830 000

640 Chapter 20


Example 8: FEC taken out in the pre-transaction period with a year-end after firm
commitment but before transaction date
Inventory is purchased for $100 000. A FEC is taken out before transaction date and before a
firm commitment was made:
• FEC rates available on similar FEC’s expiring on payment date, are shown below.
• 40% of the inventory purchased was sold on 27 September 20X1.
• 60% of the inventory purchased was sold on 1 November 20X1.
Cash flow hedge Fair value hedge Fair value hedge

1 March 20X1 15 April 20X1 30 June 20X1 20 July 20X1 31 August 20X1
FEC taken out Firm commitment Year-end Transaction date Payment date
FEC rates: 9.00 9.06 9.10 9.60 N/A
Spot rates: 8.10 8.30 8.45 8.50 10.00

Required:
A. Assume that the period between the firm commitment date and the transaction date is to
be recognised as a fair value hedge and that after transaction date, the hedge is also to be
treated as a fair value hedge. Where the FEC is treated as a cash flow hedge, the entity
uses the basis adjustment to reclassify other comprehensive income.
B. Show how the journals would change if the reclassification approach was used instead.
Solution to example 8A: FEC in the pre-transaction period with a firm commitment

1 March 20X1: date FEC entered into Debit Credit
15 April 20X1: firm commitment date
FEC equity (OCI) date – 100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained 6 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised on firm commitment date
Forex gain 100 000 x 9.06 previous FEC rate 4 000
Forex loss 100 000 x 8.45 spot rate at yr-end – 100 000 x 15 000
Firm commitment liability 8.30 spot rate on firm commitment date 15 000
Gain or loss on firm commitment recognised at year-end
20 July 20X1: transaction date
Inventory 100 000 x 8.50 spot rate on transaction 850 000
Foreign creditor date 850 000
Forex gain date – 100 000 x 9.10 previous FEC rate 50 000
Gain or loss on FEC recognised on transaction date
Forex loss 100 000 x 8.50 spot rate on trans date – 5 000
Firm commitment liability 100 000 x8.45 prior spot rate 5 000
Gain or loss on firm commitment recognised on transaction date
Firm commitment liability (15 000 + 5 000) 20 000
Inventory 20 000
Firm commitment reversed to inventory on transaction date

641 Chapter 20


20 July 20X1: transaction date continued … Debit Credit

Inventory 6 000
Cash flow hedge – basis adjustment: reclassifying OCI against the
hedged item on transaction date (this journal would not be posted if
the reclassification approach was used instead)

31 August 20X1: payment date

Forex gain 100 000 x 9.60 previous FEC rate 40 000

Forex loss 100 000 x 10 spot rate on payment date – 150 000

Foreign creditor (850 000 + 150 000) 1 000 000
FEC asset (6 000 + 4 000 + 50 000 + 40 000) 100 000
Bank (100 000 x 9 FEC rate obtained) 900 000
Foreign creditor paid at FEC rate obtained:

27 September 20X1: sale of 40% of the inventory

Cost of sales (850 000 – 20 000 – 6 000) x 40% 329 600
Inventory 329 600
40% of inventory sold

1 November 20X1: sale of 60% of the inventory

Cost of sales (850 000 – 20 000 – 6 000) x 60% 494 400
Inventory 494 400

Solution to example 8B: FEC in the pre-transaction period with a firm commitment

If the reclassification adjustment is used, the following entry will be posted on 27 September 20X1
instead of the basis adjustment entry posted on 20 July 20X1 (notice that the cost of sales entry is also
different because the inventory balance has not been reduced by the C6 000 basis adjustment):

27 September 20X1: sale of 40% of the inventory Debit Credit

FEC equity (OCI) 6 000 x 40% 2 400
Forex gain 2 400
Cash flow hedge – reclassification adjustment: reclassifying 40% of

Cost of sales (850 000 – 20 000) x 40% 332 000
Inventory 332 000

1 November 20X1: sale of 60% of the inventory
FEC equity (OCI) 6 000 x 60% 3 600
Forex gain 3 600
Cash flow hedge – reclassification adjustment: reclassifying 60% of

Cost of sales (850 000 – 20 000) x 60% 498 000
Inventory 498 000

642 Chapter 20


4. Disclosure (IAS 32)

Disclosure requirements for hedges are set out in IAS 32.

An entity shall describe its financial risk management objectives and policies including its
policy for hedging each main type of forecast transaction that is accounted for as a hedge.

An entity shall disclose the following for designated fair value and cash flow hedges:
• a description of the hedge;
• a description of the financial instruments designated as hedging instruments and their fair
values at the end of the reporting period;
• the nature of the risks being hedged; and
• for cash flow hedges: the periods in which the cash flows are expected to occur, when
they are expected to affect profit or loss and a description of any forecast transaction for
which hedge accounting had been used but which is no longer expected to occur.

When a gain or loss on a hedging instrument in a cash flow hedge has been recognised in
other comprehensive income, an entity shall disclose the amount that was:
• recognised in other comprehensive income during the period;
• reclassified from equity and included in profit or loss for the period (reclassification
adjustment); and
• removed from other comprehensive income during the period and included in the initial
measurement of the acquisition cost or carrying amount of a non-financial asset or non-
financial liability (basis adjustment).

Example 9: cash flow hedge and fair value hedge: disclosure

Use the same information as in the previous example 8A, where an inventory purchase of
$100 000 is hedged by an FEC. The details are repeated here for your convenience:

Cash flow hedge Fair value hedge Fair value hedge

1 March 20X1 15 April 20X1 30 June 20X1 20 July 20X1 31 August 20X1
FEC taken out Firm commitment Year-end Transaction date Payment date
FEC rates: 9.00 9.06 9.10 9.60 N/A
Spot rates: 8.10 8.30 8.45 8.50 10.00

20X2 20X1
Revenue 12 000 000 10 000 000
Cost of sales 5 000 000 3 000 000

Required:
Disclose all information possible in the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 20X2
(assuming, once again, that the period up to firm commitment date is a cash flow hedge and
that, thereafter, the hedge is designated as a fair value hedge).
The basis adjustment is used for any cash flow hedge recognised in other comprehensive
income. You may assume that all the necessary journals have been processed correctly.
Ignore tax.

643 Chapter 20


Solution to example 9: cash flow hedge and fair value hedge: disclosure

Apple Limited
Statement of compr ehensive income
For the year ended 30 J une 20X2
Notes 20X2 20X1
C C
Revenue 12 000 000 10 000 000
Cost of sales (5 000 000) (3 000 000)
Other income 90 000 4 000
Other expenses (155 000) (15 000)
Profit before tax 10 6 935 000 6 989 000
Tax expense (ignored) 0 0
Profit for the year 6 935 000 6 989 000
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 11
Cash flow hedges (6 000) 6 000
Total comprehensive income 6 929 000 6 995 000

Apple Limited
Statement of changes in equity (extr acts)
Retained Cash flow Total
earnings hedges
C C C
Balance 1/7/20X0 xxx 0 xxx
Total comprehensive income 6 989 000 6 000 6 995 000
Balance 1/7/20X1 xxx 6 000 xxx
Total comprehensive income 6 935 000 (6 000) 6 929 000
Balance 30/6/20X1 xxx 0 xxx

Apple Limited
Notes to the financial statements (extr acts)
20X2 20X1
C C
10. Profit before tax
Profit before tax is stated after taking into account the following separately disclosable (income)/
expense items
Foreign exchange gain 20X2: 50 000 (2) + 40 000 (3) (90 000) (4 000) (1)

Foreign exchange loss 20X2: 5 000 (5) + 150 000 (6) 155 000 15 000 (4)

11. Other comprehensive income
Gain arising during the year on movement in cash flow hedge 6 000
Basis adjustment (adjustment for amounts transferred to the (6 000)
initial carrying amounts of the hedged items)

(1) (9.10 – 9.06) x $100 000 = R4 000 (gain on FEC FV hedge at year-end)
(2) (9.60 – 9.10) x $100 000 = R50 000 (gain on FEC FV hedge on transaction date)
(3) (10.00 – 9.60) x $100 000 = R40 000 (gain on FEC FV hedge on payment date)
(4) (8.45 – 8.30) x $100 000 = R15 000 (loss on translation of firm commitment at year-end)
(5) (8.50 – 8.45) x $100 000 = R5 000 (loss on translation of firm commitment on transaction date)
(6) (10.00 – 8.50) x $100 000 = R150 000 (loss on translation of creditor on payment date)

644 Chapter 20


5. Summary

Forward exchange contracts

Depends on whether there was a Cash flow hedge or
firm commitment made before Fair value hedge
transaction date

Firm commitment made before Firm commitment not made before
transaction date transaction date
Depends on whether the FEC was Cash flow hedge
entered into during:

Uncommitted period Committed period
Before the firm commitment is made On/ after firm commitment made
Cash flow hedge Cash flow/ Fair value hedge
(i.e. from date FEC entered into up (i.e. after firm commitment date to
to the date the firm commitment is transaction date)
made)

Equity created when using cash flow hedge
Recognise as profit or loss using a:

Reclassification adjustment Basis adjustment
Reclassify other comprehensive Reverse other comprehensive income
income to profit or loss (i.e. directly) to the hedged item e.g. a non-financial
when the hedged item affects profit asset/ liability
or loss (e.g. when inventory is sold) The OCI equity will then reach profit
or loss (indirectly) when the hedged
This is called a item affects profit or loss
reclassification adjustment (e.g. when inventory is sold)

The basis adjustment may not be used
if the related asset is a financial
asset/ liability

645 Chapter 20

Chapter20 forwardexchangecontracts2008

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