Chapter_4_ppt_Intermediate_Account.ppt

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C H A P T E R 4
INCOME STATEMENT AND RELATED
INFORMATION
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

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1. Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.
2. Understand the content and format of the income statement.
3. Prepare an income statement.
4. Explain how to report items in the income statement.
5. Identify where to report earnings per share information.
6. Explain intraperiod tax allocation.
7. Understand the reporting of accounting changes and errors.
8. Prepare a retained earnings statement.
9. Explain how to report other comprehensive income.
Learning Objectives

3
Elements
Minimum
disclosure
Intermediate
components
Illustration
Condensed income
statements
Income Statement
Format of Income
Statement
Reporting Within
the Income
Statement
Other Reporting
Issues
Usefulness
Limitations
Quality of
Earnings
Gross profit
Income from
operations
Income before
income tax
Net income
Non-controlling
interests
Earnings per share
Discontinued
operations
Intraperiod tax
allocation
Summary
Accounting changes
and errors
Retained earnings
statement
Comprehensive
income
Changes in equity
statement
Income Statement and Related Information

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Evaluate past performance.
Income Statement
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.
Help assess the risk or uncertainty
of achieving future cash flows.
Predicting future performance.
Usefulness

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Companies omit items that cannot
be measured reliably.
Income Statement
Limitations
Income measurement involves
judgment.
Income is affected by the accounting
methods employed.

6
Companies have incentives to manage income to meet
or beat market expectations, so that
market price of stock increases and
value of management’s compensation increase.
Income Statement
Quality of earnings is reduced if earnings management
results in information that is less useful for predicting
future earnings and cash flows.
Quality of Earnings

7
Format of the Income Statement
Income – Increases in economic benefits during the accounting
period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or
decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other
than those relating to contributions from shareholders.
Elements of the Income Statement

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LO 2 Understand the content and format of the income statement.
Revenue Accounts
Sales
Fee revenue
Interest revenue
Dividend revenue
Rent revenue
Income includes both revenues and gains.
Revenues - ordinary activities of a company
Gains - may or may not arise from ordinary activities.
Gain Accounts
Gains on the sale of long-term
assets
Unrealized gains on available-
for-sale securities.

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Expenses – Decreases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets
or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity,
other than those relating to distributions to shareholders.
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation expense
Interest expense
Examples of Expense Accounts
Rent expense
Salary expense

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Expense Accounts
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation expense
Interest expense
Rent expense
Salary expense
Expenses includes both expenses and losses.
Expenses - ordinary activities of a company
Losses - may or may not arise from ordinary activities.
Loss Accounts
Losses on restructuring charges
Losses on to sale of long-term
assets
Unrealized losses on available-
for-sale securities.

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IFRS requires, at a minimum, the following be presented on
the income statement.

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Intermediate
Components
Common for
companies to
present some or all
of these sections
and totals within the
income statement.
Illustration 4-1
Income Statement Format
LO 2

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Illustration
Format
LO 3
Illustration 4-2
Income Statement
Includes all of the
major items in the list
above, except for
discontinued
operations.

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LO 3 Prepare an income statement.
Condensed
More
representative
of the type
found in
practice.
Illustration 4-3
Condensed Income Statement

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Reporting Within the Income Statement
Gross Profit
LO 4 Explain how to report items in the income statement.
Computed by deducting cost of goods sold from net sales
revenue.
Disclosure of net sales revenue is useful.
Unusual or incidental revenue is disclosed in other income
and expense.
Analysts can more easily understand and assess trends in
revenue from continuing operations.

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Income from Operations
Determined by deducting selling and administrative
expenses as well as other income and expense from gross
profit.
Highlights items that affect regular business activities.
Used to predict the amount, timing, and uncertainty of
future cash flows.

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Income from Operations
Reported by
 Nature, or
 Function
Expense Classification

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Illustration: Assume that the accounting firm of Telaris Co.
provides audit, tax, and consulting services. It has the
following revenues and expenses.
Expense Classification

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Expense Classification (Nature-of-Expense Approach)
Illustration 4-5

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Expense Classification (Function-of-Expense Approach)
Illustration 4-6
The function-of-expense method is generally used in practice although many
companies believe both approaches have merit.

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Illustration 4-7
Number of Unusual Items
Reported in a Recent Year
by 600 Large Companies
Gains and Losses

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Gains and Losses
IASB takes the position that both
revenues and expenses and
other income and expense
should be reported as part of income from operations.
Companies can provide additional line items, headings, and subtotals when
such presentation is relevant to an understanding of the entity’s financial
performance.

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Gains and Losses
Additional items that may need disclosure:
 Losses on write-downs of inventories to net realizable value or of
property, plant, and equipment to recoverable amount, as well as
reversals of such write-downs.
 Losses on restructurings of the activities and reversals of any
provisions for the costs of restructuring.
 Gains or losses on the disposal of items of property, plant, and,
equipment or investments.
 Litigation settlements.
 Other reversals of liabilities.

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Income before Income Tax
Financing costs must be reported on the income statement.
Illustration 4-8

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Net Income
Represents the income after all
 revenues and
 expenses
for the period are considered.
Viewed by many as the most important measure of a
company’s success or failure for a given period of time.

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Allocation to Non-Controlling Interest
If a company prepares a consolidated income statement that
includes a partially own subsidiary. IFRS requires that net income
of the subsidiary be allocated to the controlling and non-
controlling interest. This allocation is reported at the bottom of the
income statement after net income.
Illustration 4-9
(amounts given)

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€800,000
100,000
120,000
90,000
- 220,000
- 500,000
200,000
BE4-3: Presented below is some financial information related to
Volaire Group. Compute the following:
Revenues €800,000
Income from continuing operations 100,000
Comprehensive income 120,000
Net income 90,000
Income from operations 220,000
Selling and administrative expenses 500,000
Income before income tax 200,000
Other Income
and Expense
€80,000
Solution on
notes page

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€800,000
100,000
120,000
90,000
220,000
500,000
- 200,000
€20,000
Revenues €800,000
Net income 90,000
Financing
Costs
Solution on
notes page

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€100,000
€800,000
- 100,000
120,000
90,000
220,000
500,000
200,000
Revenues €800,000
Net income 90,000
Income Tax
Solution on
notes page

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- €10,000
€800,000
100,000
120,000
- 90,000
220,000
500,000
200,000
Revenues €800,000
Net income 90,000
Discontinued
Operations
Solution on
notes page

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€30,000
€800,000
100,000
120,000
- 90,000
220,000
500,000
200,000
Revenues €800,000
Net income 90,000
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Solution on
notes page

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Important business indicator.
Measures the dollars earned by each ordinary share.
Must be disclosed on the income statement.
LO 5 Identify where to report earnings per share information.
Net income - Preference dividends
Weighted average of ordinary shares outstanding
Earnings Per Share

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Earnings Per Share (BE4-10): In 2010, Hollis Corporation
reported net income of $1,000,000. It declared and paid
preference share dividends of $250,000. During 2010, Hollis had
a weighted average of 190,000 ordinary shares outstanding.
Compute Hollis’s 2010 earnings per share.
- $250,000
$1,000,000
190,000
= $3.95 per share
Net income - Preference dividends
Weighted average number of ordinary shares

34 LO 5 Identify where to report earnings per share information.
Discontinued Operations
A component of an entity that either has been disposed of, or is
classified as held-for-sale, and:
1. Represents a major line of business or geographical area of
operations, or
2. Is part of a single, co-coordinated plan to dispose of a major
line of business or geographical area of operations, or
3. Is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resell.

35 LO 5 Identify where to report earnings per share information.
Discontinued Operations
Companies report as discontinued operations
1. (in a separate income statement category) the gain or loss
from disposal of a component of a business.
2. The results of operations of a component that has been or
will be disposed of separately from continuing operations.
3. The effects of discontinued operations net of tax, as a
separate category after continuing operations.

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Total loss on discontinued operations 800,000
Illustration: Multiplex Products, a highly diversified company,
decides to discontinue its electronics division. During the current
year, the electronics division lost $300,000 (net of tax). Multiplex
sold the division at the end of the year at a loss of $500,000 (net
of tax).
Income from continuing operations $20,000,000
Discontinued operations:
Loss from operations, net of tax 300,000
Loss on disposal, net of tax 500,000
Net income $19,200,000

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A company that
reports a
discontinued
operation must
report per share
amounts for the
line item either on
the face of the
income statement
or in the notes to
the financial
statements.
Illustration 4-12

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Relates the income tax expense to the specific items that give
rise to the amount of the tax expense.
On the income statement, income tax is allocated to:
(1) Income from continuing operations before tax
(2) Discontinued operations
LO 6 Explain intraperiod tax allocation.
Intraperiod Tax Allocation
“let the tax follow the income”

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Illustration: Schindler Co. has income before income tax of
$250,000. It has a gain of $100,000 from a discontinued
operation. Assuming a 30 percent income tax rate, Schindler
presents the following information on the income statement.
Illustration 4-13

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Illustration: Schindler Co. has income before income tax of
$250,000. It has a loss of $100,000 from a discontinued
operation. Assuming a 30 percent income tax rate, Schindler
presents the following information on the income statement.
Illustration 4-14

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Summary

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Summary

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Different Income Concepts
Users and
preparers look at
more than just
the bottom line
income number,
which supports
the IFRS
requirement to
provide subtotals
within the income
statement.

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Company adopts a different accounting principle.
Retrospective adjustment.
Cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings.
Approach preserves comparability.
Examples include:
 Change from FIFO to average cost.
 Change from the percentage-of-completion to the
completed-contract method.
Other Reporting Issues
LO 7 Understand the reporting of accounting changes and errors.
Accounting Changes and Errors
Changes in Accounting Principle

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Change in Accounting Principle: Gaubert Inc. decided in
March 2011 to change from FIFO to weighted-average inventory
pricing. Gaubert’s income before taxes, using the new weighted-
average method in 2011, is $30,000.
Illustration 4-17
Calculation of a Change in
Accounting Principle
Illustration 4-18
Income Statement
Presentation of a Change
in Accounting Principle
(Based on 30% tax rate)
Pretax Income Data
Solution on
notes page

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Accounted for in the period of change and future periods.
Not handled retrospectively.
Not considered errors.
Examples include:
 Useful lives and residual values of depreciable assets.
 Allowance for uncollectible receivables.
 Inventory obsolescence.
Changes in Estimate

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Change in Estimate: Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for
$510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years
with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time.
Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line
basis. In 2011 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated
life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the
end of that time.
Questions:
 What is the journal entry to correct
the prior years’ depreciation?
 Calculate the depreciation expense
for 2011.
No Entry
Required

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Equipment $510,000
Fixed Assets:
Accumulated depreciation 350,000
Net book value (NBV) $160,000
Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2010)
After 7 years
Equipment cost $510,000
Residual value - 10,000
Depreciable base 500,000
Useful life (original) 10 years
Annual depreciation $ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000
First, establish NBV
at date of change in
estimate.

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After 7 years
Net book value $160,000
Residual value (new) - 5,000
Depreciable base 155,000
Useful life remaining 8 years
Annual depreciation $ 19,375
Depreciation
Expense calculation
for 2011.
Depreciation expense 19,375
Accumulated depreciation 19,375
Journal entry for 2011

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Result from:
 mathematical mistakes.
 mistakes in application of accounting principles.
 oversight or misuse of facts.
Corrections treated as prior period adjustments.
Adjustment to the beginning balance of retained
earnings.
Corrections of Errors

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Corrections of Errors: To illustrate, in 2012, Hillsboro Co.
determined that it incorrectly overstated its accounts
receivable and sales revenue by $100,000 in 2011. In 2012,
Hillsboro makes the following entry to correct for this error
(ignore income taxes).
Retained earnings 100,000
Accounts receivable 100,000

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53 LO 8 Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Increase
Net income
Change in
accounting principle
Prior period
adjustment
Decrease
Net loss
Dividends
Change in
accounting principle
Prior period
adjustment
Retained Earnings Statement

54 LO 8 Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Illustration 4-20

55
Woods, Inc.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Balance, January 1 1,050,000
$
Net income 360,000
Dividends (300,000)
Balance, December 31 1,110,000
$
Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2012, you
discover a $50,000 error (net of tax) that caused 2011 inventory to be
overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net
income to be higher in 2011). Would this discovery have any impact on
the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2012?
LO 8 Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Illustration

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Woods, Inc.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Balance, January 1 1,050,000
$
Prior period adjustment - error correction (50,000)
Balance, January 1 (restated) 1,000,000
Net income 360,000
Dividends (300,000)
Balance, December 31 1,060,000
$
Solution on
notes page LO 8 Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Illustration

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Disclosed
In notes to the financial statements.
As Appropriated Retained Earnings.
LO 8 Prepare a retained earnings statement.
Restrictions of Retained Earnings

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All changes in equity during a period except those
resulting from investments by owners and distributions
to owners.
Includes:
 all revenues and gains, expenses and losses
reported in net income, and
 all gains and losses that bypass net income but affect
equity.
Comprehensive Income
LO 9 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

59
Other Comprehensive
Income
Unrealized gains and
losses on available-for-
sale securities.
Translation gains and
losses on foreign
currency.
Plus others
+
Reported in Equity
Comprehensive Income
Income Statement

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Review Question
Gains and losses that bypass net income but affect equity
are referred to as
a. comprehensive income.
b. other comprehensive income.
c. prior period income.
d. unusual gains and losses.
Gains and losses that bypass net income but affect equity
are referred to as
a. comprehensive income.
b. other comprehensive income.
c. prior period income.
d. unusual gains and losses.

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Two approaches to reporting Comprehensive
Income:
1. A second income statement.
2. A combined statement of comprehensive
income.

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Illustration 4-21
Comprehensive
Income
Two-statement
format:
Comprehensive
Income

63
Illustration 4-22
Comprehensive
Income
Combined
statement
format:
Comprehensive
Income

64
Statement of Changes in Equity
Required, in addition to a statement of comprehensive
income.
 Generally comprised of
 share capital—ordinary,
 share premium—ordinary,
 retained earnings, and the
 accumulated balances in other comprehensive
items.

65
Reports the change in each equity account and in total
equity for the period.
1. Comprehensive income for the period.
2. Contributions (issuances of shares) and distributions
(dividends) to owners.
3. Reconciliation of the carrying amount of each component
of equity from the beginning to the end of the period.

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Illustration 4-23

67
Illustration 4-24
Regardless of the display format used, V. Gill reports the accumulated
other comprehensive income of $90,000 in the equity section of the
statement of financial position as follows.

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 Presentation of the income statement under U.S. GAAP follows either a
single-step or multiple-step format. IFRS does not mention a single-step
or multiple-step approach. In addition, under U.S. GAAP, companies
must report an item as extraordinary if it is unusual in nature and
infrequent in occurrence. Extraordinary items are prohibited under
IFRS.
 Under IFRS, companies must classify expenses by either nature or
function. U.S. GAAP does not have that requirement, but the U.S. SEC
requires a functional presentation.

69
 IFRS identifies certain minimum items that should be presented on the
income statement. U.S. GAAP has no minimum information
requirements. However, the SEC rules have more rigorous presentation
requirements.
 IFRS does not define key measures like income from operations. SEC
regulations define many key measures and provide requirements and
limitations on companies reporting non-U.S. GAAP/IFRS information.
 U.S. GAAP does not require companies to indicate the amount of net
income attributable to non-controlling interest.
 U.S. GAAP and IFRS follow the same presentation guidelines for
discontinued operations, but IFRS defines a discontinued operation
more narrowly. Both standard-setters have indicated a willingness to
develop a similar definition to be used in the joint project on financial
statement presentation.

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 Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS have items that are recognized in equity as
part of comprehensive income but do not affect net income. U.S. GAAP
provides three possible formats for presenting this information: single
income statement, combined income statement of comprehensive
income, in the statement of shareholders’ equity. Most companies that
follow U.S. GAAP present this information in the statement of
shareholders’ equity. IFRS allows a separate statement of
comprehensive income or a combined statement.
 Under IFRS, revaluation of property, plant, and equipment, and
intangible assets is permitted and is reported as other comprehensive
income. The effect of this difference is that application of IFRS results in
more transactions affecting equity but not net income.

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The terminology used in the IFRS literature is sometimes different than
what is used in U.S. GAAP.

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