Chapter-7.pdf
- 1. CHAPTER-7 RESEARCH DESIGN TEXT BOOK: ZIKMUND, W.G., BABIN,B.J., CARR,J.C., GRIFFIN,M., (2021) ,BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS, 9TH EDITION, CENGAGE LEARNING
- 2. 7–2 QUALITATIVE “VERSUS” QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative business research • Descriptive and conclusive Addresses research objectives through empirical assessments that involve numerical measurement and statistical analysis. Qualitative business research • Exploratory Uses small versus large samples Asks a broad range of questions versus structured questions Subjective interpretation versus statistical analysis
- 4. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN ResearchDesign Exploratory Research Design Conclusive Research Design Descriptive Research Causal Research Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design Single Cross-Sectional Design Multiple Cross-Sectional Design
- 5. 7–5 WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? Qualitative business research • Research that addresses business objectives through techniques that allow the researcher to provide elaborate interpretations of phenomena without depending on numerical measurement Its focus is on discovering true inner meanings and new insights.
- 6. 7–6 USES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative research is useful when: • It is difficult to develop specific and actionable decision statements or research objectives. • The research objective is to develop a detailed and in-depth understanding of some phenomena. • The research objective is to learn how a phenomenon occurs in its natural setting or to learn how to express some concept in colloquial terms. • The behavior the researcher is studying is particularly context- dependent. • A fresh approach to studying the problem is needed.
- 7. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGNS Exploratory research designs: are the simplest, most flexible and most loosely structured designs. As the name suggests, the basic objective of the study is to explore and obtain clarity on the problem situation. Descriptive research designs: are more structured and formal in nature. As the name implies the objective of these studies is to provide a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the phenomena under study.
- 8. Exploratory research design – It is flexible in its approach and involves a qualitative investigation and most loosely structured The main aim of exploratory research is to explore and obtain clarity about the problem situation It mostly involves a qualitative investigation EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
- 9. It is used to Define and conceptualize the research problem to be investigated Explore and evaluate the diverse and multiple research opportunities Assist in the development and formulation of the research hypothesis Operationalize and define the variables under study Identify the possible nature of relationship that might exist between the variables under study EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN
- 10. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN TECHNIQUES/METHODS Secondary resource analysis: Secondary sources of data give information –in terms of details of previously collected findings in facts and figures – which has been authenticated and published. Case method: it is intricately designed and reveals a comprehensive and complete presentation of facts, as they occur, in a single entity. This could be an individual, an organisation or an entire country.
- 11. Expert opinion survey: valuable insights obtained from experts which might be based on their experience in the field or based on academic work done on the concept. Personal/Depth interview: A one-on-one interview between a professional researcher and a research respondent conducted about some relevant business or social topic. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DESIGN TECHNIQUES/METHODS
- 12. 7–12 CONVERSATIONS Conversations • An informal qualitative data-gathering approach in which the researcher engages a respondent in a discussion of the relevant subject matter. Semi-structured interviews • Written form and ask respondents for short essay responses to specific open-ended questions. • Advantages An ability to address more specific issues Responses are easier to interpret Without the presence of an interviewer, semi-structured interviews can be relatively cost effective
- 13. 7–13 FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW Focus group discussions: a carefully selected representative sub set of the larger respondent gather to discuss together, in a short time frame, the subject/topic to be investigated. An unstructured, free-flowing interview with a small group (6- 10 people) led by a moderator who encourages dialogue among respondents. Advantages: 1. Relatively fast 2. Easy to execute 3. Provide multiple perspectives 4. Flexibility to allow more detailed descriptions 5. High degree of scrutiny
- 14. 7–14 FOCUS GROUP RESPONDENTS Group Composition 6 to 10 people Relatively homogeneous Similar lifestyles and experiences
- 15. 7–15 THE FOCUS GROUP MODERATOR Moderator A person who leads a focus group interview and insures that everyone gets a chance to speak and contribute to the discussion. Qualities of a good moderator: Develops rapport with the group Good listener Tries not to interject his or her own opinions Controls discussion without being overbearing
- 16. It tests and authenticate the propositions revealed by exploratory research. It is a quantitative research In comparison to exploratory research , these studies are more structured and definite CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
- 17. It provides a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the phenomena under study It is conducted to describe business or market characteristics Descriptive researches are mainly used in segmenting and targeting the market, to understand consumers perception about any product or services, to understand the impact of marketing efforts on sales etc DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
- 18. Cross sectional research design involves the collection of information from a sample of a population at any one point of time i.e. only once Its applicability is most relevant for a specific period CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
- 19. Single cross sectional design- It is a cross sectional design in which one sample of respondents is drawn from the target population and information is obtained from this sample once Multiple cross sectional design- A cross sectional design in which there are two or more samples of respondents and information from each sample is obtained once CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
- 20. Longitudinal study involves measurement of the same population over a period of time A single sample of the identified population is studied over a stretched period of time and often referred to as time series analysis The study involves the selection of a representative panel or a group of individuals that typically represents the population under study It involves the repeated measurement of the group over fixed intervals of time Once the sample is selected, it needs to stay constant over the period of the study LONGITUDINAL STUDY
- 21. Structured interviews of large numbers* Observations with structured observation sheet Survey is the best method to get quantitative judgment TECHNIQUES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN