SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Principles of
Principles of
Marine
Marine
Science
Science
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
What is Marine Science?
What is Marine Science?
• Marine science is a broad field that
Marine science is a broad field that
covers the link between oceanography
covers the link between oceanography
and marine biology.
and marine biology.
• Marine scientists study everything from
Marine scientists study everything from
the physics of ocean currents to the
the physics of ocean currents to the
communication behavior in marine
communication behavior in marine
mammals.
mammals.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
What is Marine Science?
What is Marine Science?
• Marine biologists study the organisms
Marine biologists study the organisms
that inhabit the sea including all water
that inhabit the sea including all water
that has some degree of salinity, like the
that has some degree of salinity, like the
estuaries at river mouths.
estuaries at river mouths.
• Oceanographers mainly study the
Oceanographers mainly study the
physical (non-living) aspects of the ocean,
physical (non-living) aspects of the ocean,
including tides, currents, waves, and the
including tides, currents, waves, and the
chemical make-up of seawater.
chemical make-up of seawater.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Why Study Marine Science?
Why Study Marine Science?
1.
1. Since life is believed to have arisen in
Since life is believed to have arisen in
the sea, studying marine life can
the sea, studying marine life can
provide clues about early life on Earth.
provide clues about early life on Earth.
2. Many products come from the sea
2. Many products come from the sea
including food resources, medicines
including food resources, medicines
derived from marine species, and other
derived from marine species, and other
items for human use.
items for human use.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Why Study Marine Science?
Why Study Marine Science?
3. Marine organisms produce oxygen
3. Marine organisms produce oxygen
used by all kinds of organisms,
used by all kinds of organisms,
including humans.
including humans.
4. The marine environment provides
4. The marine environment provides
recreation and supports tourism
recreation and supports tourism
worldwide.
worldwide.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Why Study Marine Science?
Why Study Marine Science?
5.
5. The oceans help regulate climate.
The oceans help regulate climate.
Water is slow to change in temperature,
Water is slow to change in temperature,
which keeps coastal land masses more
which keeps coastal land masses more
stable year-round
stable year-round.
.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Evidence suggests that humans have
Evidence suggests that humans have
been using the sea since early times.
been using the sea since early times.
• Clam shells, which are approximately
Clam shells, which are approximately
165,000 years old, have been discovered
165,000 years old, have been discovered
in a cave previously inhabited by
in a cave previously inhabited by
humans in South Africa.
humans in South Africa.
• Shell harpoons and fishhooks that are
Shell harpoons and fishhooks that are
estimated to be 110,000 years old also
estimated to be 110,000 years old also
have been found.
have been found.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Ancient Pacific Islanders and
Ancient Pacific Islanders and
Phoenicians had detailed knowledge
Phoenicians had detailed knowledge
about marine life and navigation.
about marine life and navigation.
• Ancient Greeks and Romans had
Ancient Greeks and Romans had
extensive knowledge of near-shore
extensive knowledge of near-shore
organisms in the Mediterranean Sea.
organisms in the Mediterranean Sea.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Aristotle, the Greek philosopher,
Aristotle, the Greek philosopher,
described many forms of marine life and
described many forms of marine life and
recognized the function of marine
recognized the function of marine
organisms’ body parts.
organisms’ body parts.
• During the Dark Ages, scientific inquiry
During the Dark Ages, scientific inquiry
come to a halt in Europe.
come to a halt in Europe.
• Vikings, Arabs, Pacific Islanders, and
Vikings, Arabs, Pacific Islanders, and
Asians continued their ocean studies
Asians continued their ocean studies
during the Dark and Middle Ages.
during the Dark and Middle Ages.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Captain James Cook and his crew, which
Captain James Cook and his crew, which
included naturalists, sailed around the
included naturalists, sailed around the
world beginning in 1768, and were the
world beginning in 1768, and were the
first Europeans to view the Antarctic ice
first Europeans to view the Antarctic ice
fields, and land on Hawai’i, Tahiti, and
fields, and land on Hawai’i, Tahiti, and
many other Pacific islands.
many other Pacific islands.
• His crew did extensive mapping and
His crew did extensive mapping and
brought back many specimens.
brought back many specimens.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
– Sailed on the HMS
Sailed on the HMS Beagle
Beagle from 1831 1836
−
from 1831 1836
−
as a naturalist
as a naturalist
– While the primary goal of the expedition
While the primary goal of the expedition
was to map coastlines, Darwin observed,
was to map coastlines, Darwin observed,
collected, and wrote detailed written
collected, and wrote detailed written
descriptions of the organisms he observed.
descriptions of the organisms he observed.
– His observations led him to formulate his
His observations led him to formulate his
principle of natural selection and evolution.
principle of natural selection and evolution.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Lt. Charles Wilkes
Lt. Charles Wilkes
– Commanded a United States exploratory
Commanded a United States exploratory
expedition from 1838 1842 that laid the
−
expedition from 1838 1842 that laid the
−
foundation for government spending of
foundation for government spending of
scientific research
scientific research
– The team charted the coasts of Antarctica,
The team charted the coasts of Antarctica,
the Pacific Northwest of North America, and
the Pacific Northwest of North America, and
280 islands in the South Pacific.
280 islands in the South Pacific.
– They collected numerous biological
They collected numerous biological
specimens.
specimens.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Edward Forbes
Edward Forbes
– Extensively studied the seafloor around the
Extensively studied the seafloor around the
British Isles, Aegean Sea, and other
British Isles, Aegean Sea, and other
locations in 1840s and 1850s
locations in 1840s and 1850s
– He discovered that species on the seafloor
He discovered that species on the seafloor
vary greatly depending on depth, a
vary greatly depending on depth, a
fundamental principle of marine biology.
fundamental principle of marine biology.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
History of Marine Science
History of Marine Science
• Challenger
Challenger Expedition (1872 1876)
−
Expedition (1872 1876)
−
– First major exploration devoted to the
First major exploration devoted to the
study of marine organisms
study of marine organisms
– The crew discovered thousands of species
The crew discovered thousands of species
previously undescribed and published 50
previously undescribed and published 50
volumes of information from the data
volumes of information from the data
collected over the next 19 years.
collected over the next 19 years.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Challenger
Challenger Expedition
Expedition
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Modern Marine Science
Modern Marine Science
• Many marine biology research stations
Many marine biology research stations
exist in locations around the world.
exist in locations around the world.
• Several facilities also exist in the United
Several facilities also exist in the United
States:
States:
– Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Marine
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Marine
Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts
Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts
– Scripps Institution - La Jolla, California
Scripps Institution - La Jolla, California
– Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington state
Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington state
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Tools in Modern Marine
Tools in Modern Marine
Science
Science
• Remote sensing – Satellites are used to study
Remote sensing – Satellites are used to study
large expanses of the ocean surface.
large expanses of the ocean surface.
• Sonar – Used to map seafloor depths and
Sonar – Used to map seafloor depths and
formations
formations
• Scuba – Used for the study of the marine
Scuba – Used for the study of the marine
environment for longer periods and at depths
environment for longer periods and at depths
otherwise unavailable to humans
otherwise unavailable to humans
• Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) – Allows
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) – Allows
for direct exploration of the marine
for direct exploration of the marine
environment when scuba is not an option
environment when scuba is not an option
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Tools in Modern Marine
Tools in Modern Marine
Science
Science
• Research vessels – These floating laboratories
Research vessels – These floating laboratories
allow oceanographers and marine biologists
allow oceanographers and marine biologists
to explore the marine environments for
to explore the marine environments for
weeks, months, or even years without
weeks, months, or even years without
returning to a land-based facility.
returning to a land-based facility.
• Many types of electronic devices and other
Many types of electronic devices and other
gear are currently used to study the marine
gear are currently used to study the marine
environment and its inhabitants.
environment and its inhabitants.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Tools in Modern Marine
Tools in Modern Marine
Science
Science
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
• Marine scientists, like other scientists, use
Marine scientists, like other scientists, use
the scientific method in research.
the scientific method in research.
• The scientific method is a systematic way
The scientific method is a systematic way
of testing ideas.
of testing ideas.
• The scientific method is a flexible
The scientific method is a flexible
framework guiding the study of nature
framework guiding the study of nature
and not a rigid set of rules.
and not a rigid set of rules.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
• Observation is critical to all phases of
Observation is critical to all phases of
the scientific method.
the scientific method.
• Observations can be verified by others,
Observations can be verified by others,
which is an important part of the
which is an important part of the
scientific method.
scientific method.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
• The scientific method begins with a
The scientific method begins with a
hypothesis, a testable statement
hypothesis, a testable statement
constructed from observations and
constructed from observations and
reasoning, both induction and
reasoning, both induction and
deduction.
deduction.
• The hypothesis must be worded so that
The hypothesis must be worded so that
it is testable by scientific means.
it is testable by scientific means.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
• One important aspect of the scientific
One important aspect of the scientific
method is that you cannot prove a
method is that you cannot prove a
hypothesis. You can only disprove
hypothesis. You can only disprove
hypotheses based on the evidence.
hypotheses based on the evidence.
• Hypotheses that have been tested
Hypotheses that have been tested
repeatedly and not disproved are
repeatedly and not disproved are
considered to be true based on the
considered to be true based on the
available evidence.
available evidence.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Considerations in Scientific
Considerations in Scientific
Research
Research
• A researcher must look at only one
A researcher must look at only one
factor at a time. These factors that
factor at a time. These factors that
affect observations are the variables.
affect observations are the variables.
• If a researcher wants to study the
If a researcher wants to study the
effects of temperature on mussels, for
effects of temperature on mussels, for
example, they could acquire similar
example, they could acquire similar
specimens of mussels from different
specimens of mussels from different
locations
locations.
.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Considerations
Considerations in Scientific
in Scientific
Research
Research
• If only temperature is being tested, all other
If only temperature is being tested, all other
factors must be kept constant (amount of
factors must be kept constant (amount of
food given, age and size of mussels, oxygen
food given, age and size of mussels, oxygen
concentration, salinity, etc.).
concentration, salinity, etc.).
• If two tanks with mussels are kept at different
If two tanks with mussels are kept at different
salinities and different temperatures, for
salinities and different temperatures, for
example, a researcher cannot attribute
example, a researcher cannot attribute
altered growth rates to only temperature. The
altered growth rates to only temperature. The
results could be the combination of
results could be the combination of
temperature and salinity.
temperature and salinity.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Variables
Variables
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
What is a Theory?
What is a Theory?
• In everyday language, a theory can be likened
In everyday language, a theory can be likened
to a
to a “
“hunch
hunch”
” or what you suspect to be true.
or what you suspect to be true.
• In scientific language, a scientific theory is a
In scientific language, a scientific theory is a
hypothesis that has been tested repetitively
hypothesis that has been tested repetitively
over time by many people and has not been
over time by many people and has not been
disproven.
disproven.
• If there is ample evidence to support the
If there is ample evidence to support the
theory, it is then regarded as true in the
theory, it is then regarded as true in the
scientific community.
scientific community.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
Limitations of Scientific
Limitations of Scientific
Method
Method
• Due to the requirements for direct
Due to the requirements for direct
observations and/or measurements and a
observations and/or measurements and a
testable hypothesis, not all questions can be
testable hypothesis, not all questions can be
answered.
answered.
• Science can offer no answers on values,
Science can offer no answers on values,
feelings, and beliefs. These are beyond the
feelings, and beliefs. These are beyond the
scope of the scientific method.
scope of the scientific method.
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
(bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest

More Related Content

PPT
Lecture on maritime biology - introduction
PPTX
Introduction to marine biology (Dr Zubia Masood SBKWU)
PPTX
A Historical Perspecive of Marine Science
PPTX
Chapter 1 - The Science of Marine Biology
PPTX
Ch1 thescienceofmarinebiology-160115004806
PPTX
001 intro to oceanography
PPTX
Earth Life Science W7.pptx
PPT
LSU MNS hunting for fossils in gravels
Lecture on maritime biology - introduction
Introduction to marine biology (Dr Zubia Masood SBKWU)
A Historical Perspecive of Marine Science
Chapter 1 - The Science of Marine Biology
Ch1 thescienceofmarinebiology-160115004806
001 intro to oceanography
Earth Life Science W7.pptx
LSU MNS hunting for fossils in gravels

Similar to Chapter_1_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppt GOOD (20)

PPTX
Historical Geology Study Guide
PPT
Introduction marine geology
DOCX
1.1.2 modern day oceanographic
PPTX
Biblical creationism and real science week 6
PDF
First Census of Marine Life 2010
PDF
Alien Ocean Anthropological Voyages In Microbial Seas Reprint 2019 Stefan Hel...
PPTX
History slideshowonline
PPT
Definition of Oceanography
PDF
Limnology and oceanography
PDF
Alien Ocean Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas Stefan Helmreich
PDF
What is the use of oceanography?
PDF
Biological Oceanography An Early History 1870 1960 Eric Mills
DOCX
Lab activity 7 plate tectonics
PPTX
Cretaceous Period Earth Science Project
PPTX
Cretaceous period joe_berendsohn
PPTX
7.1 earth and environmental science study guide
PPTX
Origin and developmental history of oceanography
PPTX
History of oceanography: origin and development
PPT
The wonders of Oceanography
PPTX
Fossil Formation
Historical Geology Study Guide
Introduction marine geology
1.1.2 modern day oceanographic
Biblical creationism and real science week 6
First Census of Marine Life 2010
Alien Ocean Anthropological Voyages In Microbial Seas Reprint 2019 Stefan Hel...
History slideshowonline
Definition of Oceanography
Limnology and oceanography
Alien Ocean Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas Stefan Helmreich
What is the use of oceanography?
Biological Oceanography An Early History 1870 1960 Eric Mills
Lab activity 7 plate tectonics
Cretaceous Period Earth Science Project
Cretaceous period joe_berendsohn
7.1 earth and environmental science study guide
Origin and developmental history of oceanography
History of oceanography: origin and development
The wonders of Oceanography
Fossil Formation
Ad

Recently uploaded (20)

PPTX
worship songs, in any order, compilation
PPTX
Intro to ISO 9001 2015.pptx wareness raising
PPTX
Lesson-7-Gas. -Exchange_074636.pptx
PPTX
_ISO_Presentation_ISO 9001 and 45001.pptx
PDF
natwest.pdf company description and business model
PPTX
Hydrogel Based delivery Cancer Treatment
PPTX
Presentation for DGJV QMS (PQP)_12.03.2025.pptx
DOC
LSTM毕业证学历认证,利物浦大学毕业证学历认证怎么认证
PDF
Tunisia's Founding Father(s) Pitch-Deck 2022.pdf
PPTX
Relationship Management Presentation In Banking.pptx
PDF
oil_refinery_presentation_v1 sllfmfls.pdf
PPTX
BIOLOGY TISSUE PPT CLASS 9 PROJECT PUBLIC
PPTX
PHIL.-ASTRONOMY-AND-NAVIGATION of ..pptx
PPTX
Impressionism_PostImpressionism_Presentation.pptx
PPTX
Tour Presentation Educational Activity.pptx
PPTX
Sustainable Forest Management ..SFM.pptx
PPTX
nose tajweed for the arabic alphabets for the responsive
PDF
Microsoft-365-Administrator-s-Guide_.pdf
PPTX
FINAL TEST 3C_OCTAVIA RAMADHANI SANTOSO-1.pptx
PPTX
Self management and self evaluation presentation
worship songs, in any order, compilation
Intro to ISO 9001 2015.pptx wareness raising
Lesson-7-Gas. -Exchange_074636.pptx
_ISO_Presentation_ISO 9001 and 45001.pptx
natwest.pdf company description and business model
Hydrogel Based delivery Cancer Treatment
Presentation for DGJV QMS (PQP)_12.03.2025.pptx
LSTM毕业证学历认证,利物浦大学毕业证学历认证怎么认证
Tunisia's Founding Father(s) Pitch-Deck 2022.pdf
Relationship Management Presentation In Banking.pptx
oil_refinery_presentation_v1 sllfmfls.pdf
BIOLOGY TISSUE PPT CLASS 9 PROJECT PUBLIC
PHIL.-ASTRONOMY-AND-NAVIGATION of ..pptx
Impressionism_PostImpressionism_Presentation.pptx
Tour Presentation Educational Activity.pptx
Sustainable Forest Management ..SFM.pptx
nose tajweed for the arabic alphabets for the responsive
Microsoft-365-Administrator-s-Guide_.pdf
FINAL TEST 3C_OCTAVIA RAMADHANI SANTOSO-1.pptx
Self management and self evaluation presentation
Ad

Chapter_1_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppt GOOD

  • 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Principles of Principles of Marine Marine Science Science Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 2. What is Marine Science? What is Marine Science? • Marine science is a broad field that Marine science is a broad field that covers the link between oceanography covers the link between oceanography and marine biology. and marine biology. • Marine scientists study everything from Marine scientists study everything from the physics of ocean currents to the the physics of ocean currents to the communication behavior in marine communication behavior in marine mammals. mammals. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 3. What is Marine Science? What is Marine Science? • Marine biologists study the organisms Marine biologists study the organisms that inhabit the sea including all water that inhabit the sea including all water that has some degree of salinity, like the that has some degree of salinity, like the estuaries at river mouths. estuaries at river mouths. • Oceanographers mainly study the Oceanographers mainly study the physical (non-living) aspects of the ocean, physical (non-living) aspects of the ocean, including tides, currents, waves, and the including tides, currents, waves, and the chemical make-up of seawater. chemical make-up of seawater. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 4. Why Study Marine Science? Why Study Marine Science? 1. 1. Since life is believed to have arisen in Since life is believed to have arisen in the sea, studying marine life can the sea, studying marine life can provide clues about early life on Earth. provide clues about early life on Earth. 2. Many products come from the sea 2. Many products come from the sea including food resources, medicines including food resources, medicines derived from marine species, and other derived from marine species, and other items for human use. items for human use. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 5. Why Study Marine Science? Why Study Marine Science? 3. Marine organisms produce oxygen 3. Marine organisms produce oxygen used by all kinds of organisms, used by all kinds of organisms, including humans. including humans. 4. The marine environment provides 4. The marine environment provides recreation and supports tourism recreation and supports tourism worldwide. worldwide. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 6. Why Study Marine Science? Why Study Marine Science? 5. 5. The oceans help regulate climate. The oceans help regulate climate. Water is slow to change in temperature, Water is slow to change in temperature, which keeps coastal land masses more which keeps coastal land masses more stable year-round stable year-round. . (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 7. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Evidence suggests that humans have Evidence suggests that humans have been using the sea since early times. been using the sea since early times. • Clam shells, which are approximately Clam shells, which are approximately 165,000 years old, have been discovered 165,000 years old, have been discovered in a cave previously inhabited by in a cave previously inhabited by humans in South Africa. humans in South Africa. • Shell harpoons and fishhooks that are Shell harpoons and fishhooks that are estimated to be 110,000 years old also estimated to be 110,000 years old also have been found. have been found. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 8. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Ancient Pacific Islanders and Ancient Pacific Islanders and Phoenicians had detailed knowledge Phoenicians had detailed knowledge about marine life and navigation. about marine life and navigation. • Ancient Greeks and Romans had Ancient Greeks and Romans had extensive knowledge of near-shore extensive knowledge of near-shore organisms in the Mediterranean Sea. organisms in the Mediterranean Sea. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 9. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, described many forms of marine life and described many forms of marine life and recognized the function of marine recognized the function of marine organisms’ body parts. organisms’ body parts. • During the Dark Ages, scientific inquiry During the Dark Ages, scientific inquiry come to a halt in Europe. come to a halt in Europe. • Vikings, Arabs, Pacific Islanders, and Vikings, Arabs, Pacific Islanders, and Asians continued their ocean studies Asians continued their ocean studies during the Dark and Middle Ages. during the Dark and Middle Ages. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 10. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Captain James Cook and his crew, which Captain James Cook and his crew, which included naturalists, sailed around the included naturalists, sailed around the world beginning in 1768, and were the world beginning in 1768, and were the first Europeans to view the Antarctic ice first Europeans to view the Antarctic ice fields, and land on Hawai’i, Tahiti, and fields, and land on Hawai’i, Tahiti, and many other Pacific islands. many other Pacific islands. • His crew did extensive mapping and His crew did extensive mapping and brought back many specimens. brought back many specimens. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 11. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Charles Darwin Charles Darwin – Sailed on the HMS Sailed on the HMS Beagle Beagle from 1831 1836 − from 1831 1836 − as a naturalist as a naturalist – While the primary goal of the expedition While the primary goal of the expedition was to map coastlines, Darwin observed, was to map coastlines, Darwin observed, collected, and wrote detailed written collected, and wrote detailed written descriptions of the organisms he observed. descriptions of the organisms he observed. – His observations led him to formulate his His observations led him to formulate his principle of natural selection and evolution. principle of natural selection and evolution. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 12. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Lt. Charles Wilkes Lt. Charles Wilkes – Commanded a United States exploratory Commanded a United States exploratory expedition from 1838 1842 that laid the − expedition from 1838 1842 that laid the − foundation for government spending of foundation for government spending of scientific research scientific research – The team charted the coasts of Antarctica, The team charted the coasts of Antarctica, the Pacific Northwest of North America, and the Pacific Northwest of North America, and 280 islands in the South Pacific. 280 islands in the South Pacific. – They collected numerous biological They collected numerous biological specimens. specimens. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 13. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Edward Forbes Edward Forbes – Extensively studied the seafloor around the Extensively studied the seafloor around the British Isles, Aegean Sea, and other British Isles, Aegean Sea, and other locations in 1840s and 1850s locations in 1840s and 1850s – He discovered that species on the seafloor He discovered that species on the seafloor vary greatly depending on depth, a vary greatly depending on depth, a fundamental principle of marine biology. fundamental principle of marine biology. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 14. History of Marine Science History of Marine Science • Challenger Challenger Expedition (1872 1876) − Expedition (1872 1876) − – First major exploration devoted to the First major exploration devoted to the study of marine organisms study of marine organisms – The crew discovered thousands of species The crew discovered thousands of species previously undescribed and published 50 previously undescribed and published 50 volumes of information from the data volumes of information from the data collected over the next 19 years. collected over the next 19 years. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 16. Modern Marine Science Modern Marine Science • Many marine biology research stations Many marine biology research stations exist in locations around the world. exist in locations around the world. • Several facilities also exist in the United Several facilities also exist in the United States: States: – Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Marine Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Marine Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts Biological Laboratory, Massachusetts – Scripps Institution - La Jolla, California Scripps Institution - La Jolla, California – Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington state Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington state (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 17. Tools in Modern Marine Tools in Modern Marine Science Science • Remote sensing – Satellites are used to study Remote sensing – Satellites are used to study large expanses of the ocean surface. large expanses of the ocean surface. • Sonar – Used to map seafloor depths and Sonar – Used to map seafloor depths and formations formations • Scuba – Used for the study of the marine Scuba – Used for the study of the marine environment for longer periods and at depths environment for longer periods and at depths otherwise unavailable to humans otherwise unavailable to humans • Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) – Allows Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) – Allows for direct exploration of the marine for direct exploration of the marine environment when scuba is not an option environment when scuba is not an option (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 18. Tools in Modern Marine Tools in Modern Marine Science Science • Research vessels – These floating laboratories Research vessels – These floating laboratories allow oceanographers and marine biologists allow oceanographers and marine biologists to explore the marine environments for to explore the marine environments for weeks, months, or even years without weeks, months, or even years without returning to a land-based facility. returning to a land-based facility. • Many types of electronic devices and other Many types of electronic devices and other gear are currently used to study the marine gear are currently used to study the marine environment and its inhabitants. environment and its inhabitants. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 19. Tools in Modern Marine Tools in Modern Marine Science Science (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 20. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method • Marine scientists, like other scientists, use Marine scientists, like other scientists, use the scientific method in research. the scientific method in research. • The scientific method is a systematic way The scientific method is a systematic way of testing ideas. of testing ideas. • The scientific method is a flexible The scientific method is a flexible framework guiding the study of nature framework guiding the study of nature and not a rigid set of rules. and not a rigid set of rules. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 21. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method • Observation is critical to all phases of Observation is critical to all phases of the scientific method. the scientific method. • Observations can be verified by others, Observations can be verified by others, which is an important part of the which is an important part of the scientific method. scientific method. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 22. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method • The scientific method begins with a The scientific method begins with a hypothesis, a testable statement hypothesis, a testable statement constructed from observations and constructed from observations and reasoning, both induction and reasoning, both induction and deduction. deduction. • The hypothesis must be worded so that The hypothesis must be worded so that it is testable by scientific means. it is testable by scientific means. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 23. The Scientific Method The Scientific Method • One important aspect of the scientific One important aspect of the scientific method is that you cannot prove a method is that you cannot prove a hypothesis. You can only disprove hypothesis. You can only disprove hypotheses based on the evidence. hypotheses based on the evidence. • Hypotheses that have been tested Hypotheses that have been tested repeatedly and not disproved are repeatedly and not disproved are considered to be true based on the considered to be true based on the available evidence. available evidence. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 24. Considerations in Scientific Considerations in Scientific Research Research • A researcher must look at only one A researcher must look at only one factor at a time. These factors that factor at a time. These factors that affect observations are the variables. affect observations are the variables. • If a researcher wants to study the If a researcher wants to study the effects of temperature on mussels, for effects of temperature on mussels, for example, they could acquire similar example, they could acquire similar specimens of mussels from different specimens of mussels from different locations locations. . (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 25. Considerations Considerations in Scientific in Scientific Research Research • If only temperature is being tested, all other If only temperature is being tested, all other factors must be kept constant (amount of factors must be kept constant (amount of food given, age and size of mussels, oxygen food given, age and size of mussels, oxygen concentration, salinity, etc.). concentration, salinity, etc.). • If two tanks with mussels are kept at different If two tanks with mussels are kept at different salinities and different temperatures, for salinities and different temperatures, for example, a researcher cannot attribute example, a researcher cannot attribute altered growth rates to only temperature. The altered growth rates to only temperature. The results could be the combination of results could be the combination of temperature and salinity. temperature and salinity. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 27. What is a Theory? What is a Theory? • In everyday language, a theory can be likened In everyday language, a theory can be likened to a to a “ “hunch hunch” ” or what you suspect to be true. or what you suspect to be true. • In scientific language, a scientific theory is a In scientific language, a scientific theory is a hypothesis that has been tested repetitively hypothesis that has been tested repetitively over time by many people and has not been over time by many people and has not been disproven. disproven. • If there is ample evidence to support the If there is ample evidence to support the theory, it is then regarded as true in the theory, it is then regarded as true in the scientific community. scientific community. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest
  • 28. Limitations of Scientific Limitations of Scientific Method Method • Due to the requirements for direct Due to the requirements for direct observations and/or measurements and a observations and/or measurements and a testable hypothesis, not all questions can be testable hypothesis, not all questions can be answered. answered. • Science can offer no answers on values, Science can offer no answers on values, feelings, and beliefs. These are beyond the feelings, and beliefs. These are beyond the scope of the scientific method. scope of the scientific method. (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest (bkgd)Comstock Images/PictureQuest