Chem cations
- 1. Qualitative Analysis of Cations
- 2. Classic Separation Scheme for Qualitative Analysis of 21 Common Cations Zumdahl 7e, Figure 15.12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–2 Company. All rights reserved.
- 3. Group I Cations Ag+, Pb2+ Add dilute HCl AgCl(s) white precipitate PbCl2(s) white precipitate Ag+ + Cl AgCl(s) Pb2+ + 2Cl PbCl2(s)
- 4. Group II Cations Cu(II), Cd(II), As(III), Sb(III), Bi(III), Sn(IV) Add H2S (acidic) CuS(s), CdS(s), As2S3(s), Sb2S3(s), Bi2S3(s), SnS2(s) Cu2+(aq) + H2S(aq) CuS(s) + 2H+
- 5. Precipitation of Bismuth Sulfide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–5 Company. All rights reserved.
- 6. From Left to Right: Cadmium Sulfide, Chromium(III) Hydroxide, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Nickel(II) Hydroxide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–6 Company. All rights reserved.
- 7. Figure 15.13 The Separation of the Group I Ions in the Classic Scheme of Qualitative Analysis Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–7 Company. All rights reserved.
- 8. Aqueous Ammonia is Added to Silver Chloride (white). Silver Chloride, Insoluble in Water, Dissolves to Form Ag(NH3)2+ (aq) and Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) Ý Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl (aq) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–8 Company. All rights reserved.
- 9. Flame Test for Potassium Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–9 Company. All rights reserved.
- 10. Flame Test for Sodium Copyright © Houghton Mifflin 15–10 Company. All rights reserved.
- 11. Preliminary Tests 1. Add H2O 4. Add HCl 2. Add NaOH 5. Add sulfide a. Dilute NaOH a. Acidic b. Excess NaOH b. Basic 3. Add NH3 6. Add Na2CO3 a. Dilute NH3 7. Add H2SO4 b. Excess NH3 8. Flame tests
- 12. Preliminary Tests • Test 1. Add water – Insoluble oxychlorides may be observed as a faint white cloudiness (turbidity) • Sb3+ + H2O + Cl Ý SbOCl(s) + 2H+ • Bi3+ + H2O + Cl Ý BiOCl(s) + 2H+ – Increased acid concentration favors soluble form All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 13. Preliminary Tests • Test 2. Reactions with NaOH – Test 2a. Dilute NaOH. • Most cations form insoluble hydroxides – Mg2+ + 2OH Mg(OH)2(s) – Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH)3(s) – Test 2b. Excess NaOH • Most metal hydroxides remain insoluble – Mg(OH)2(s) • Amphoteric hydroxides dissolve – Al(OH)3(s) + OH Al(OH)4 All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 14. Reactions with NaOH Amphoteric metal hydroxides
- 15. Preliminary Tests • Test 3. Reactions with Ammonia – Test 3a. Dilute NH3. Weak base raises pH. • Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NH4+ • Ni2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O Ni(OH)2(s) + 2NH4+ – Test 3b. Excess NH3. • Most metal hydroxides remain insoluble. – Mg(OH)2(s) • Soluble ammine complexes form in some cases. – Ni(OH)2(s) + 6NH3 Ni(NH3)62+ + 2OH All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 16. Reactions with NH3 Soluble ammine complexes
- 17. Preliminary Tests • Test 4. Add HCl – Solubility Rule: All chlorides are soluble, except those of Ag+, Pb2+ and Hg22+ – Reaction with HCl • Ag+ + Cl AgCl(s) All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 18. Preliminary Tests • Test 5. Add sulfide – Heating thioacetamide in water produces H2S – Test 5a. Acid sulfide. The Group II cations precipitate in acidic (0.3 M HCl) sulfide solution. • Cu2+ + H2S CuS(s) + 2H+ – Test 5b. Basic sulfide. The Group III cations precipitate when the solution is made basic • Zn2+ + H2S ZnS(s) + 2H+ All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 19. Groups II and III Cations
- 20. Preliminary Tests • Test 6. Reactions with Na2CO3 – Most metal carbonates are insoluble • Ni2+ + CO32 NiCO3(s) • Ca2+ + CO32 CaCO3(s) • Exceptions: K+, Na+, NH4+ – In sulfide separation scheme • most cations are removed in Groups I, II, and III as insoluble chlorides or sulfides • the remaining insoluble carbonates precipitate as the Group IV cations. – Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+ All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 21. Preliminary Tests • Test 7. Add H2SO4 – Solubility rule • Most sulfates are soluble, except those of Ba2+, Sr2+, and Pb2+ – The insolubility of BaSO4 provides a basis to distinguish it from the other Group IV insoluble carbonates. • Addition of acid causes carbonates to dissolve – BaCO3(s) + 2H+ Ba2+ + H2O + CO2 • If H2SO4 is used as the acid, BaSO4 is formed. – BaCO3(s) + 2H+ + SO42 BaSO4(s) + H2O + CO2 All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 22. Preliminary Tests • Test 8. Flame test – Used primarily to help identify soluble cations • Solubility rule: – All Group IA salts (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and NH4+ salts are soluble. • Na+, K+ yield positive flame tests. • NH4+ is also a soluble cation, but yields no useful result in the flame test. It is identified from its properties of volatility and basicity – Add base, heat, and test with moist litmus – NH4+ + OH NH3(g) + H2O(l) All species are in aqueous solution unless indicated otherwise
- 23. Preliminary Tests and Sulfide Separation Scheme • Reactions in the preliminary tests can be used in conjunction with the sulfide scheme to identify all 21 cations. • Especially useful are – reactions with NaOH – reactions with NH3