Chess is considered the most intelligent game invented, as it trains players to use all resources effectively and extract work from subordinates. The modern rules of chess took form in 13th century Italy, allowing more mobility for pieces like the queen and bishop. Chess is played on an 8x8 checkered board with alternating light and dark squares, with each player starting with 16 pieces - one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns arranged in a standard configuration.