Child and Adolescent Review Notes with Rationalization

PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION
Child and Adolescent Development

Compiled and
edited by
JOVENIL R. BACATAN
April22, 2021

QUESTION#1
A child won’t develop into pimply teenager
overnight. It takes years before he/she become one.
This statement follows what principle of
development?
A. Development is relatively orderly.
B. Development takes place gradually.
C. The outcomes of developmental processes and
the rate of development are likely to vary among
individuals.
D. Development as a process is complex.
3

Rationalization#1:
Principle # 2. Development is Gradual
It does not come all on a sudden. It is also
cumulative in nature.
Source:
https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/
4

QUESTION#2
Which of the following statements characterizes
development as contextual?
A. No developmental stage dominates
development.
B. Development consists of several dimensions.
C. Development is possible throughout the life-
span.
D. Individuals are changing beings in a changing
world.
5

Rationalization#2:
Development is Contextual
▪ We cannot view any aspect of human life in isolation
▪ We are embedded in a constantly changing historical,
cultural context
▪ Examples:
–Bio
–Cognitive
– Socioemotional
Source:https://www.radford.edu/
6

QUESTION#3
The process by which certain potentials are
inherited from the parents for his
development.
A. Life
B. Character
C. Heredity
D. Birth
7

Rationalization3:
Heredity is the process of passing the traits and
characteristics from parents to offsprings through
genes. The offspring, get their features and
characteristics that is genetic information from their
mother and father.
Source: https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/heredity-
and-evolution/heredity/
8

QUESTION#4
Transition age from childhood to adulthood
where rapid physical changes and sex maturity
occur resulting in changes in ways of feelings,
thinking and acting.
A. Puberty
B. Adolescence
C. Early adulthood
D. Late childhood
9

Rationalization4:
Adolescence is the period of transition between
childhood and adulthood. It includes some big
changes—to the body, and to the way a young
person relates to the world.
Source:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
psychology/chapter/adolescence/
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-
stages/teen/Pages/Stages-of-Adolescence.aspx
10

QUESTION#5
What research design used by
developmental researchers to compare
individuals of different ages at one time?
A. Sequential
B. Longitudinal
C. Cross-sectional
D. Experimental
11

Rationalization5:
The defining feature of a cross-sectional study is
that it can compare different population groups at a
single point in time.
The benefit of a cross-sectional study design is that it
allows researchers to compare many different variables at
the same time.
Source: https://www.iwh.on.ca/what-researchers-mean-
by/cross-sectional-vs-longitudinal-studies
12

QUESTION#6
All of the following are developmental task of
late childhood EXCEPT:
A. Learning physical skills necessary for
ordinary games.
B. Learning to get along with age mates.
C. Beginning to develop appropriate
masculine or feminine social roles.
D. Achieving new and more mature relations
with age mates of both sexes.
13

Rationalization6:
Source:
https://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursesen/nursepractice/ch
/ch6a.html
14

QUESTION#7
As a high school teacher, which of the
following should you expect in the
adolescent’s developmental task?
A. Achieving a masculine and a feminine
social role.
B. Developing attitudes towards social
groups or situations.
C. Getting started in an occupation.
D. Taking a civic responsibility.
15

Rationalization#7:
Source:
/ch6a.html
16

QUESTION#8
Which developmental principle is NOT
true?
A. Children’s development is a function of
environment and heredity.
B. Children develop at different rates.
C. Children develop in a predictable
manner.
D. Children develop skills and abilities in
an unpredictable manner.
17

Rationalization#8:
Principle# 8. Development is Predictable:
▪ The difference in physiological and psychological
potentialities can ‘ be predicated by observation
and psychological tests.
Source:
https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/education
al-psychology/principles-of-human-growth-and-
development/1813
18

QUESTION#9
In what developmental stage is the pre-
school child?
A. Infancy
B. Early childhood
C. Babyhood
D. Late childhood
19

Rationalization#9:
Source: https://vulms.vu.edu.pk/
20

QUESTION#10
The fourth year high school student is in the
developmental stage of ____________.
A. Late childhood
B. Adolescence
C. Pre-adolescence
D. early childhood
21

Rationalization#10:
22

QUESTION#11
In what developmental stage will the
college graduating student fall?
A. Pre-adolescence
B. Early adulthood
C. Adolescence
D. Middle adulthood
23

Rationalization#11:
24

QUESTION#12
Which characteristic of a Grade IV pupil makes
you conclude he is behind in his development in
comparison with the average Grade IV pupil?
A. Has not learned to get along with age mates
B. Has no achieved emotional independence
from parents
C. Has not achieved a feminine and masculine
social role
D. Has not achieved socially responsible
behavior
25

Rationalization#12:
Source:
/ch6a.html
26

QUESTION#13
Which holds TRUE of adolescence?
A. Spurt in physical growth and hormonal
changes
B. Lack of idealism
C. Dependence
D. Defiance of peer group norm
27

Rationalization#13:
Source: https://vikaspedia.in/health/women-health/adolescent-
health-1/management-of-adolescent-health/adolescent-growth-
and-development
28
Emotional development
Adolescents have to cope, not only with changes in their
physical appearance, but also with associated emotional
changes and emerging and compelling sex urges. Bodily
changes cause emotional stress and strain as well as
abrupt and rapid mood swings. Getting emotionally
disturbed by seemingly small and inconsequential matters
is a common characteristic of this age group.

QUESTION#14
Which are said to be the formative years?
A. 0 -5 years
B. 2 – 7 years
C. 3 -5 years
D. 0 – 7 years
29

Rationalization#14:
Source:
https://raisingchildren.net.au/newborns/development/understandin
g-development/development-first-five-years
30
In the first five years of life, experiences and relationships
stimulate children’s development, creating millions of
connections in their brains. In fact children’s brains
develop connections faster in the first five years than at
any other time in their lives. This is the time when the
foundations for learning, health and behavior throughout life
are laid down.

QUESTION#15
Which of the following is/are the advantage/s of
an action research?
A. Allows to record and monitor developmental
trends.
B. Stakeholders are included throughout and
so researchers are more likely to make a
difference.
C. Allows the researcher to directly observe
the subject in a natural setting.
D. All items are correct 31

RATIONALIZATION#15
The term, “action research,” was coined in 1933 by
Kurt Lewin to describe a scenario in which a
researcher and participants collaborate to solve a
specific problem.
Donald Schön developed this idea further with the
term, “reflective practitioner,” to describe a
researcher who thinks systematically about their
practice.
Source: How Action Research Can Improve Your
Teaching - The Art of Education University
32

QUESTION#16
Which of the following is the disadvantage of
experimental research design?
A. It is expensive and time consuming.
B. It is complex, expensive, and time
consuming.
C. It does not involve manipulation of factors.
D. It is limited to what is observable, testable
and manipulable.
33

RATIONALIZATION#16
Disadvantages of Experimental Research
1.Can’t always do experiments
2.Creates artificial situations
3.Subject to human error
4.Participants can be influenced by environment
5.Manipulation of variables isn’t seen as completely
objective
Source: 8 Main Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental
Research – Green Garage (greengarageblog.org)
34

QUESTION#17
Which of the following BEST describes
early adulthood stage?
A. Time of rapid physical changes
B. Time of expanding personal and social
involvement and responsibility
C. Time of establishing personal and
economic independence
D. Time for adjustment to decreasing
strength and health
35

QUESTION#18
He pioneered in coming up with a list of
developmental task as individuals pass
through the developmental stages
A. Havighurst
B. Piaget
C. Hurlock
D. Herbart
36

QUESTION#19
Which refers to quantitative changes in an
individual as he progresses in chronological
age?
A. Development
B. Cephalocaudal
C. Growth
D. Proximodistal
37

RATIONALIZATION#19
Growth is a measurable attribute of your child, such
as their height and weight.
Development is both qualitative and quantitative. It
is both, as development can involve ideas such as
intelligence quotient (IQ), which can be quantified as
a numerical value, but is nonetheless an arbitrary
measurement of something qualitative, the cognitive
ability.
Source: Difference Between Growth And Development (8
Facts) | Edugage
38

QUESTION#20
Which refers to progressive changes of an
orderly coherent type leading to individual’s
maturation?
A. Cephalocaudal
B. Development
C. Proximodistal
D. Growth
39

QUESTION#21
Dan and Jane will learn to sit, crawl before
they can run. The muscular control of the
trunk and the arms comes earlier as
compared to the hands and fingers. This is
what we called as:
A. ontological pattern
B. growth pattern
C. proximodistal pattern
D. cephalocaudal pattern
40

RATIONALIZATION#21
41
Source: YyarnDb0fv4XR7-
5ddkawg.jpg (419×500)
(quizlet.com)

QUESTION#21
Which of the following is/are considered as
cognitive processes?
A. changes in the individual’s physical
nature
B. changes in the individual’s thought,
intelligence, and language
C. changes in the individual’s relationships
with other people
D. all items are correct
42

QUESTION#22
During infancy, the greatest growth always
occurs at the top - the head – with physical
growth in size, weight and future
differentiation gradually working its way down
from top to bottom. This is what we called as:
A. ontological pattern
B. proximodistal pattern
C. cephalocaudal pattern
D. growth pattern
43

QUESTION#23
Which of the following is/are an impact of
research to teachers?
A. Teachers become more reflective, more
critical and analytical in their teaching.
B. Teachers become more deliberate in
their decision making.
C. Teachers are more open and committed
to professional development.
D. All choices are correct
44

QUESTION#24
Which of the following is a developmental
task of later maturity?
A. establishing satisfactory living quarters
B. Selecting a mate
C. adjusting to aging parent
D. relating to one’s spouse as a person
45

QUESTION#25
Cognitive development is the study of
A. the development of internal conscious
thinking process
B. the development of biological brain
maturation
C. the development of talking skills
D. the development of physical schemes
46

QUESTION#26
If a little boy sees a mailman and calls him
“Daddy”, he has demonstrated
A. accommodation
B. adjustment
C. assimilation
D. transductive reasoning
47

QUESTION#27
The force that pushes the child upward through
the stages of cognitive development is
A. the natural curiosity of the child
B. the explanations and teaching of the
parents
C. the satisfaction felt when the child in the
sensorimotor period
D. the disequilibrium felt when the child is
unable to understand the environment
48

QUESTION#28
The major distinction between the
sensorimotor period and the preoperational
period is
A. object permanence
B. continued development of the use of
physical things
C. use of logical operations
D. use of manipulatives
49

RATIONALIZATION#28
Object permanence - infants younger than 6 months
seldom understand that things continue to exist when
they are out of sight. But for this older infant, out of sight
is definitely not out of mind.
50
Source: https://www.macmillanhighered.com/

QUESTION#29
Piaget believed that as an infant reacts
physically to her environment, she builds
her first understanding of her surroundings.
Piaget called this her
A. concept
B. routine
C. scheme
D. cognitive label
51

RATIONALIZATION#29
Scheme is a term put forward by psychologist Jean
Piaget. It refers to cognitive structures (pervasive
thought patterns) that first appear during childhood
and help children organize knowledge. This, in turn,
helps them learn ways to view, understand and
interpret the world around them, and then to adapt to
the demands of that world.
Source: Scheme. (n.d.). In Alleydog.com's online glossary. Retrieved
from:https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition-cit.php?term=Scheme
52

QUESTION#30
When Piaget said children and adults differ
qualitatively in cognitive abilities, he meant that
A. children actually think differently than adults
who have more have advanced thought
processes
B. adults have acquired more knowledge than
children
C. children haven’t learned enough language so
they lack cognitive abilities
D. children don’t care enough about learning
53

QUESTION#31
Adaptation is accomplished by both
________ and ___________.
A. assimilation; accommodation
B. knowledge; behaviors
C. action ; perception
D. schema; accommodation
54

RATIONALIZATION#31
According to Jean Piaget's theory, adaptation was
one of the important processes guiding cognitive
development. The adaptation process itself can
occur in two ways: through assimilation and
accommodation.
Source: Adaptation for Coping With Change
(verywellmind.com)
55

QUESTION#32
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development claims
that 7 – 11 years old children are more capable of
A. manipulation of objects in order to understand
relationship among them
B. operations, but solve problem by generating
from concrete experiences
C. abstraction and solving problems
systematically
D. gradual acquisition of ability to conserve and
decenter
56

QUESTION#33
The best time for toilet training according to
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual
Development Theory is
A. 0 – 1 year
B. 2 – 3 years
C. 4 – 5 years
D. 6 – 11 years
58

RATIONALIZATION#33
59
Source: Freud's Psychosexual Stages - Personality (weebly.com)

QUESTION#34
Piaget’s theory emphasizes that teachers can
facilitate and increase learners’ abilities to solve
more complex problems by providing them
A. negative and positive feedback after each
problem is solved
B. appropriate feedback after each problem is
solved
C. more practice exercises for the problem-solving
task
D. appropriate problems that match their level of
thinking
60

QUESTION#35
Which of the following statements is TRUE of Piaget’s
Cognitive – Developmental viewpoint?
A. People are aware that early experiences and
unconscious emotional conflicts can have dramatic
effects on the developing personality.
B. Development is a continuous cognitive process
marked by a gradual acquisition of new or more
sophisticated habits.
C. Children are born with a number of adaptive responses
that evolved over the cause of human history.
D. Cognitive abilities play a central role in children’s over-
all development including their social and personality
development. 61

QUESTION#36
A boy is closer to his mother and a girl is
close to her father. These instances are
under ______.
A. Oral stage
B. Latent stage
C. Phallic stage
D. Genital stage
62

QUESTION#37
A grade 1 pupil likes to play with his friends,
but gets angry when defeated. Piaget’s
theory states that this pupil is under what
developmental stage?
A. Concrete operation
B. Formal operation
C. Sensorimotor
D. Pre-operation
64

QUESTION#38
What theory puts emphasis on the
importance of sensitive periods in
development?
A. Psychosocial
B. Psychoanalytic
C. Moral Development
D. Social Cognitive
65

QUESTION#39
Instincts are under what mental dimension?
A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Ego and superego
D. Id
66

RATIONALIZATION#39
Source: (4) What are some points regarding the implications of the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud? - Quora
67

QUESTION#40
Based on Freud’s theory, which operate/s
when a child strikes a classmate at the
height of anger?
A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Id and ego interact
D. Id
68

QUESTION#41
“Do not cheat. Cheating does not pay. If
you do, you cheat yourself” says the
voiceless voice inside from within you.” In
the context of Freud’s theory, which is/are
at work?
A. Id
B. Ego
C. Superego
D. Id and ego interact
69

QUESTION#42
You will understand when a pre-school girl
asserts that two rows of five coins similarly
spaced have equal amounts; but when one row
is spread out so that it is longer than the other,
she says it has more coins. Based on Piaget’s
theory, which ability she lacks?
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Conservation
C. Object permanence
D. Reversibility
70

QUESTION#43
In the context of Piaget’s theory, answer this
analogy:
Preoperational stage: Transductive
reasoning∷ Concrete operational stage:
__________
A. Proportional reasoning
B. Inductive reasoning
C. Logical reasoning
D. Deductive reasoning
71

QUESTION#44
In which order does cognitive development proceed,
according to Piaget?
I. Formal operations stage
II. Preoperational stage
III. Concrete operations stage
IV. Sensorimotor stage
A. I, II, III, IV
B. IV, II, III, I
C. II, IV, III, I
D. II, III, IV, V
72

QUESTION#45
Piaget believed that people have the need to
understand how the world works and to find
order, structure and predictability in their life.
When our experiences do not match our
schemata or cognitive structures, we
experience
A. irreversibility
B. cognitive disequilibrium
C. equilibrium
D. transductive reasoning
73

RATIONALIZATION#45
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development describes
cognitive disequilibrium as a state of cognitive imbalance.
We experience such a state of imbalance when
encountering information that requires us to develop new
schema or modify existing schema (i.e., accommodate).
Disequilibrium is often an uncomfortable state for
individuals, thus we seek to quickly return to a state of
equilibrium. If we encounter something in our environment
that doesn’t fit our existing schema, we may devote our
mental energy to developing a new schema or adapting an
existing schema.
Source: Cognitive Disequilibrium | SpringerLink
74

QUESTION#46
When at night, the child is asked, where the
sun is, he will reply, Mr. Sun is asleep.”
What tendency of the children is being
illustrated?
A. Centration
B. Transductive reasoning
C. Irreversibility
D. Animism
75

RATIONALIZATION#46
Animism - This is the belief that inanimate objects (such as toys
and teddy bears) have human feelings and intentions. By
animism Piaget (1929) meant that for the pre-operational child the
world of nature is alive, conscious and has a purpose.
▪ Piaget has identified four stages of animism:
▪ Up to the ages 4 or 5 years, the child believes that almost
everything is alive and has a purpose.
▪ During the second stage (5-7 years) only objects that move
have a purpose.
▪ In the next stage (7-9 years), only objects that move
spontaneously are thought to be alive.
▪ In the last stage (9-12 years), the child understands that only
plants and animals are alive.
Source: Preoperational Stage - Egocentrism | Simply Psychology 76

QUESTION#47
What logical ability is being shown in this
statement? “All countries near the North
Pole have cold temperatures. Greenland is
near the North Pole. Therefore, Greenland
has cold temperature.”
A. Analogical reasoning
B. Hypothetical reasoning
C. Deductive reasoning
D. Transductive reasoning
77

QUESTION#48
Stage when at the onset of puberty,
feelings and directed toward other persons
of opposite sex.
A. Latency stage
B. Anal stage
C. Genital stage
D. Phallic stage
78

QUESTION#49
According to Jean Piaget, “Animism” occurs
during _____ stage.
A. Sensorimotor
B. Concrete operational
C. Preoperational
D. Formal Operation
79

QUESTION#50
What reasoning in the formal operational
stage of Piaget that individuals can now
deal with “What if” questions?
A. Hypothetical reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Analogical reasoning
D. Inductive reasoning
80

QUESTION#51
Ronnie can understand that 5 + 4 = 9, but
cannot understand that 9 – 4 = 5. What
cognitive concept of Piaget is being
illustrated?
A. Centration
B. Symbolic function
C. Transductive reasoning
D. Irreversibility
81

QUESTION#52
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage, a
teacher should provide _______________.
A. Activities for hypothesis formulation
B. Learning activities that involve problems
of classification and order.
C. Activities for evaluation purposes
D. Stimulating environment with ample
objects to play with
82

QUESTION#53
In Piaget’s concrete operational stage, a
teacher should provide _______________.
A. Activities for hypothesis formulation
B. Learning activities that involve problems
of classification and order.
C. Activities for evaluation purposes
D. Stimulating environment with ample
objects to play with
83

QUESTION#54
Identical twins are more alike than fraternal
twins. Which of the following principles is
supported by this?
A. Intelligence hinges in physical structure.
B. Environment affects both fraternal and
identical twins.
C. Intelligence is determined partly by pre-
natal nutrition.
D. Heredity has a part in determining
physical appearance. 84

RATIONALIZATION#54
85
Source: Nature vs. Nurture: Genes or Environment? (verywellmind.com)

QUESTION#55
This is the stage when the learner becomes
confused and starts to experience identity
crisis. Which of these stages is it?
A. Adolescent
B. Early adulthood
C. Late childhood
D. Early childhood
86

QUESTION#56
Kohlberg’s moral dilemma experiment shows a
person at the law and order stage is operating in the
_______ level, because he believes that ________.
A. preconventional; the consequence of the
decision determines whether its good or bad
B. postconventional; the end may be good but the
end does not justify the means
C. conventional; one must do one’s duty to
maintain social order
D. conventional; one should operate within one’s
consciencein accord with universal principles
87

QUESTION#57
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory has included
A. it shows cultural and sexual bias
B. it has poor correlations with actual cognitive
development
C. it does not reflect social learning processes
D. it does not reflect learning abilities
88

QUESTION#58
“He should not steal the drug because others will
think he is a thief, his wife will not be saved by
thievery” is a reasoning at what stage in Kohlberg’s
Moral Development?
A. Good boy, good girl orientation
B. Law and order orientation
C. Social and contract orientation
D. Universal ethical principle orientation
89

QUESTION#59
“He should not steal the drugs. The druggist
decision is reprehensible, but mutual respect for the
right of others, must be attained”, is reasoning at
what stage of Kohlberg’s theory of Moral
Development?
A. Punishment – obedient orientation
B. Instrumental relativist orientation
C. Social contract orientation
D. Law and order orientation
90

QUESTION#60
Individuals define their moral values based on their
individual conscience instead of what authorities or
the social order expects them. What level of
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development do these
individuals belong to?
A. Post-conventional
B. Pre-conventional
C. Conventional
D. None of these
91

QUESTION#61
A child who is cold towards the people
around him might have failed to attain what
basic goal based on Erikson’s theory on
psychological development?
A. Autonomy
B. Trust
C. Initiative
D. Generativity
92

QUESTION#62
Erikson said that children aged 3 – 5 is
most likely
A. Mischievous
B. Egocentric
C. Lazy
D. Altruistic
94

QUESTION#63
Erikson labeled children who are two years
of age as “terrible two” because
_________.
A. They are inquisitive.
B. They are playful.
C. They are sickly.
D. They are assertive.
95

QUESTION#64
Contrary to Freud’s concept that the
primary motivation of human behavior is
sexual in nature. Erikson’s is ______ in
nature.
A. social
B. cultural
C. physical
D. biological
96

QUESTION#65
Which of the following is Erikson’s, Piaget’s and
Freud’s thought about play?
A. Makes a child’s life so enjoyable that he will
tend to hate school life later
B. Contributes to the child’s mastery of his
physical and social environment
C. Develops in the child highly competitive
attitude because of the nature of the play
D. Prepares the child for an excellent
academic performance in formal schooling
97

QUESTION#66
According to Erikson, what years are critical
for the development of self-confidence?
A. College years
B. Elementary school years
C. Preschool years
D. High school years
98

QUESTION#67
What is the ideal stage of moral
development?
A. Social contract
B. Good boy/good girl
C. Law and order
D. Universal ethical principle
99

QUESTION#68
In a Values Education class, Teacher J
presents a morally ambiguous situation and
asks students what they would do. On
whose theory is Teacher J’s technique
based?
A. Freud
B. Kohlberg
C. Piaget
D. Erikson
100

QUESTION#69
To work for value internalization, which
level of morality should we help young
people attain?
A. Post-conventional morality
B. Pre-conventional morality
C. Conventional morality
D. Between conventional and post-
conventional
101

QUESTION#70
Parents who are overly protective of the
child, who are there the minute the first cry
comes out, will lead that child into the
maladaptive tendency which Erikson calls
A. Withdrawal
B. sensory maladjustment
C. Impulsiveness
D. compulsiveness
102

QUESTION#71
If an adolescent successfully negotiate the
stage of identity versus role confusion,
he/she will have the virtue Erikson called
A. love
B. courage
C. competency
D. fidelity
104

QUESTION#72
When a person becomes very negative and
appears to hate life, this is a malignant
tendency which Erikson called
A. overextension
B. inhibition
C. rejection
D. disdain
106

QUESTION#73
In direct opposition to Piaget, Vygotsky
believed that
A. thought makes language possible
B. behavior makes thought possible
C. language makes thought possible
D. thought makes behavior possible
108

QUESTION#74
Vygotsky encourages educators to
A. allow children to discover information on their
own
B. teach cognitive and language skills to students
to encourage them to reach for higher forms of
thinking than they would do on their own
C. build a system of rewards and withdrawal of
rewards as a way to encourage children to learn
D. provide the scaffolding to increase the mental
power
109

QUESTION#75
Erikson might say that the most likely stage
to be of interest to parents is their own.
A. Identity vs. role confusion
B. Generativity vs. stagnation
C. Industry vs. inferiority
D. ego integrity vs. despair
110

QUESTION#76
Both concepts of scaffolding and the zone
of proximal development are connected
with the theory of
A. Jean Piaget
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Lev Vygotsky
D. Erik Erikson
111

QUESTION#77
What theory presents child development
within the context of relationship systems
that comprise the child’s environment?
A. Psychosocial theory
B. Bioecological Systems
C. Moral Development
D. Socio-cultural theory
112

QUESTION#78
Complete the analogy: Erikson: mutuality∷
Bronfenbrenner: ___________.
A. Bioecological points
B. Microsystem level
C. Bi-directional influences
D. Ecological system
114

RATIONALIZATION#78
At microsystem level, relationships have
impact in two directions - both away from
the child and toward the child. For example,
a child’s parents may affect his beliefs and
behavior; however, the child also affects
the behavior and beliefs of the parent.
Bronfenbrenner's calls these bi-directional
influences.
Source: Bronfenbrenner (dropoutprevention.org)
115

QUESTION#79
What layer in Bronfenbrenner’s theory that
involves “patterns of stability and change”
in the child’s life?
A. Macrosystem
B. Mesosystem
C. Exosystem
D. Chronosystem
116

RATIONALIZATION#79
▪ Microsystem: Made up of the groups that have direct
contact with the
▪ Mesosystem: The relationships between the groups from
the first system.
▪ Exosystem: Factors that affect an individual’s life but, the
elements of this system don’t have a direct relationship with
the individual.
▪ Macrosystem: Contains those cultural elements that affect
the individual and everyone around them.
▪ Chronosystem: The stage of life that the individual is in
regarding the situations they’re going through.
Source: Theoretical Framework - Office for Multicultural Learning - Santa Clara University
(scu.edu)
117

QUESTION#80
The schools and the teachers can contribute stability and
long-term relationships, but only to support and not replace
the relationships in the home. This can be attached to the
belief/s of Bronfenbrenner that
A. Individual development could not be understood without
looking into the social and cultural context within which
development happens
B. The primary relationship needs to be with someone who
can provide a sense of caring that is meant to last a
lifetime.
C. Our ability to choose right from wrong is tied with our
ability to understand and reason logically.
D. Our ability to decide is based on the maturity level of the
people around us. 118

QUESTION#81
Which of the following is an indication of the
thinking that goes on in the mind of the
child according to Vygotsky?
A. Private speech
B. Meditation
C. Talking-to-oneself
D. Self-regulation
119

RATIONALIZATION#81
Vygotsky would propose that "talking to yourself" is a
net positive for the learner indeed a necessary step in
normal cognitive processing.
Source: Ed602 Lesson 1 (mnstate.edu)
120

QUESTION#82
Teacher Danny bridges the student’s
present skill and the desired level with a
technique advised by Vygotsky as
A. bridging
B. scaffolding
C. proximal development
D. fade-away technique
121

QUESTION#83
Teacher Diana has been lecturing for more
than an hour and she notices that students
are not anymore able to absorb additional
information. This phenomenon is known as
A. Boredom
B. Stagnation
C. Scaffold and fade-away
D. Plateau of learning
122

QUESTION#84
Lev Vygotsky’s social – cognitive view
encompasses the importance of the
influence of
A. The culture, language and zone of
proximal development
B. Language, memory and understanding
C. Culture, maturation, morality
D. Socialization, language, sexuality
123

QUESTION#85
According to Erikson, identity and role
confusion occurs during
A. Elementary years
B. College years
C. High school years
D. Pre-school years
124

QUESTION#86
According to Erikson, a major conflict in the
first year is that between
A. Autonomy vs. shame or doubt
B. trust vs. mistrust
C. Initiative vs. guilt
D. generativity vs. stagnation
126

QUESTION#87
Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his
research in the area of ____________
development.
A. Motor
B. cognitive
C. Moral
D. social
127

QUESTION#88
When a person fails to develop a consistent
identity, this usually results to
A. Stagnation
B. mistrust
C. Inferiority
D. role confusion
128

QUESTION#89
According to Erikson, generativity is
A. active acceptance of aging and the
social changes it brings.
B. concern for welfare of others and
society as a whole.
C. the desire to have children and thereby
ensure survival of the species.
D. the ability to establish adequate social
and financial security.
129

RATIONALIZATION#89
Generativityrefers to "making your mark" on the
world by caring for others as well as creating and
accomplishing things that make the world a better
place. Key characteristics of generativity include:
▪ Making commitments to other people
▪ Developing relationships with family
▪ Mentoring others
▪ Contributing to the next generation
Source: Generativity vs Stagnation in Psychosocial
Development (verywellmind.com) 130

QUESTION#90
Which stage considers teachers, peers,
and adults outside the home important in
shaping attitudes toward oneself?
A. Industry vs. inferiority
B. Trust vs. mistrust
C. Integrity vs. despair
D. Initiative vs. guilt
131

QUESTION#91
According to Lawrence Kohlberg,
conforming to the expectations of others or
to socially accepted rules and values
describes a person at the ____________
level of morality.
A. pre-conventional
B. post-conventional
C. conventional
D. good boy-good girl orientation
133

RATIONALIZATION#91
Conventional Morality
▪ The next period of moral development is marked
by the acceptance of social rules regarding what
is good and moral. During this time, adolescents
and adults internalize the moral standards they
have learned from their role models and from
society.
▪ This period also focuses on the acceptance of
authority and conforming to the norms of the
group.
Source: Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
(verywellmind.com)
134

QUESTION#92
When a person’s choices are determined
by the direct consequences of actions,
he/she is most like in the stage of
A. pre-conventional.
B. post-conventional.
C. conventional.
D. law and order orientation.
135

RATIONALIZATION#92
Preconventional morality is the earliest
period of moral development. It lasts until
around the age of 9. At this age, children's
decisions are primarily shaped by the
expectations of adults and the
consequences for breaking the rules.
(verywellmind.com)
136

QUESTION#93
Andy who is just starting school, tries to
learn good habits and to do well. What is
her stage of development according to
Erikson?
A. integrity vs. despair
B. trust vs. mistrust
C. generativity vs. despair
D. industry vs. inferiority
137

QUESTION#94
According to Erikson, life stages are
important because
A. their failure to appear is evidence of
psychopathology.
B. each is an expression of biological
programming.
C. each involves a crisis or dilemma.
D. each signals a new stage of cultural
development.
138

QUESTION#95
Young adults are normally interested in
developing
A. intimacy.
B. automony.
C. integrity.
D. generativity.
139

QUESTION#96
According to Erikson, which stage of
development that toilet training is the
central activity?
A. Initiative vs. guilt
B. Trust vs. mistrust
C. Autonomy vs. shame or doubt
D. Identity vs. role confusion
140

QUESTION#97
If an individual get the proper, positive
balance of autonomy and shame and
doubt, he/she will develop the virtue of
A. love.
B. hope.
C. care.
D. determination.
141

QUESTION#98
Which of the following social orientations
is/are at the conventional level of
Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theory?
A. Obedience and Punishment
B. Individualism, Instrumentalism &
exchange
C. Good boy/Good girl
D. Social Contract
143

RATIONALIZATION#98
There are two stages at the conventional
level of morality:
▪ Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal
Relationships)
▪ Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)
(verywellmind.com)
144

QUESTION#99
Which of the following structures of
environment of Brofenbrenner includes the
cultural values, customs and laws?
A. Chronosystem
B. Exosystem
C. Macrosystem
D. Mesosystem
145

RATIONALIZATION#99
▪ The macrosystem is a component of
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory that
focuses on how cultural elements affect a child's
development, such as socioeconomic status,
wealth, poverty, and ethnicity.
▪ Thus, culture that individuals are immersed within
may influence their beliefs and perceptions about
events that transpire in life.
Source: Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems
Theory | Simply Psychology
146

QUESTION#100
According to Bronfenbrenner, which of the
following forces is the MOST destructive to
a child’s development?
A. Differences in beliefs and customs
B. Parental separation or even death
C. Lack of assistance from peers and
adults
D. Instability and unpredictability of family
life
147

Child and Adolescent Review Notes with Rationalization

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