China nuclear power: From Importing to exporting technology
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The document discusses China's nuclear energy sector. It covers: 1) The history and current status of China's nuclear power program, including the number of reactors in operation and under construction. 2) Driving factors behind China's investment in nuclear energy such as energy demand, resource distribution issues, and environmental goals. 3) The major players in China's nuclear industry including CNNC, CGN, and SPI. 4) Key technologies used in China including domestic reactor designs and plans for technology exports. 5) Regulations, safety oversight, and grid integration of nuclear power in China. 6) Remaining challenges for China's nuclear program around costs, standardization, technology independence, and management.
China nuclear power: From Importing to exporting technology
- 1. Nuclear Energy In China: From importing to exporting technology Wu Guikai | JIN Xin
- 2. Nuclear Energy In China ´ 1. Introduction ´ 2. Investment and Income ´ 3. policies ´ 4. Main groups in nuclear field ´ 5. technologies ´ 6. regulation and safety ´ 7. Grid system ´ 8. some problems ´ 9. conclusion
- 3. 1. Introduction ´ 1.1 The brief history of China’s Nuclear Energy ´ 1.2 The number of China’s NPPs ´ 1.3 The objective demand for nuclear power 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource distribution 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection
- 4. 1.1 The brief history of China’s Nuclear Energy Ø In 1955, Foundation of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry indicated the start of China atomic era. Ø In 1958, the first research reactor （101 heavy water reactor) completed. Ø In 1978, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping decided to buy two nuclear power plants from France. Ø In 1991, China's first nuclear power reactor, a 288 MWe PWR at the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant, was connected to the grid.
- 5. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs •••• •• ••• •• ••• •••••• •••• ••••••••• •• • • ••••••••• ••••• • •• Ø Key Figure Operating: 32 reactors, 29 GW capacity Under construction: 22 reactors, 22 GW capacity Electricity production share in 2015: 3.3% (“•” operating; “•” under construction)
- 6. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs
- 7. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs
- 8. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource distribution Ø Key Figure 8 coastal province- level regions 11.3％ total land area 35％ total population 34％ electricity consumption 48％ GDP in 2014
- 10. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource distribution Ø More than 80％ of coal distributes in the Northwest 7 province- level region. Ø Nearly half the country's rail capacity is used in transporting coal.
- 12. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource distribution Ø More than 80％ of hydropower resource distributes in the west region.
- 14. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource distribution Ø 57％ of exploitable wind energy potential distributes in the northwest region.
- 16. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection Total CO2 emissions of major emitters in 1970-2012. source: China’s Carbon Emissions Report 2015, Zhu Liu In order to control the carbon emission, In August 2013 the State Council said that China should reduce its carbon emissions by 40-45% by 2020 from 2005 levels.
- 17. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection Ø Particular Matter with diameter smaller than 2.5µm (PM 2.5) Shanghai
- 18. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection Ø According to the air quality guidelines published by WHO in 2005. An annual average concentration of 10 µg/m3 was chosen as the long-term guideline value for PM 2.5.
- 19. 2. Investment and Income ´ 2.1 Investment ´ 2.2 Income
- 20. 2.1 Investment
- 21. 2.2 Income
- 22. 3.The policies for developing nuclear energy Moderate development Positive development Steady development with safety ´ before Fukushima accident 70-80 GWe by 2020, 200 GWe by 2030 and 400-500 GWe by 2050. ´ Post Fukushima view Under the latest Five-Year Plan, 58 GWe of nuclear generating capacity in operation，30 GWe of under construction by 2020.
- 23. 3.The policies for developing nuclear energy ´ Complete four AP1000 units at Sanmen and Haiyang. ´ Build demonstration Hualong One reactors at Fuqing and Fangchenggang. ´ Start building the demonstration CAP1400 reactor at Rongcheng (Shidaowan). ´ Accelerate building Tianwan Phase III (units 5&6). ´ Start building a new coastal power plant. ´ Active preparatory work for inland nuclear power plants. ´ Reach target of 58 GWe nuclear operational by end of 2020, plus 30 GWe under construction then. ´ Accelerate and push for building demonstration and large commercial reprocessing plants. ´ Strengthen the fuel security system. The 13th Five-Year Plan formalized in March 2016 included the following nuclear projects and aims:
- 24. 4.The main groups in Chinese nuclear energy field There are three companies that have the qualification to develop nuclear power: CNNC, CGN and SPI. However, there is a tendency that more and more enterprises will obtain the qualification for entering nuclear field which means there will be more competition in the future.
- 25. China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) ´ CNNC is the major investor in all nuclear plants in China and controls most nuclear sector business Major investor reprocessing and waste disposal. fuel fabrication enrichment uranium exploration and mining engineering design R&D,
- 26. China General Nuclear Power Group （CGN） ´ plays a leading role in the south of China ´ More than 20 subcompanies ´ gross assets of CNY 269 billion ($43.7 billion) （2013） ´ Generating capacity of 7200 MWe. ´ 45% owned by the provincial government, 45% by CNNC and 10% by CPI.
- 27. State Power Investment Corporation (SPI) ´ launched in July 2015 as a merger of China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) and State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC). ´ total assets of CNY 722 billion ($116.3 billion) and almost 14 million employees. ´ The business encompasses hydro, thermal and nuclear power, as well as new energy sources. ´ SPI has an installed generating capacity of 98 GWe.
- 28. Units Province Net capacity (each) Type Operator Commercial operation Daya Bay 1&2 Guangdong 944 MWe French M310 CGN 1994 Qinshan Phase I Zhejiang 298 MWe CNP-300 CNNC Apr-94 Qinshan Phase II, 1&2 Zhejiang 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC 2002, 2004 Qinshan Phase II, 3&4 Zhejiang 619, 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC 2010, 2012 Qinshan Phase III, 1&2 Zhejiang 677 MWe Candu 6 PHWR CNNC 2002, 2003 Fangjiashan 1&2 Zhejiang 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 (M310+) CNNC Dec 2014, Feb 2015 Ling Ao Phase I, 1&2 Guangdong 950 MWe French M310 CGN 2002, 2003 Ling Dong/Ling Ao Phase II, 1&2 Guangdong 1007 MWe CPR-1000 (M310) CGN Sept 2010, Aug 2011 Tianwan 1&2 Jiangsu 990 MWe VVER-1000 CNNC 2007, 2007 Ningde 1&2 Fujian 1018 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & Datang April 2013, May 2014 Ningde 3 Fujian 1018 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & Datang Jun-15 Hongyanhe 1&2 Liaoning 1061 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & SPI June 2013, May 2014 Hongyanhe 3 Liaoning 1060 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN & SPI Aug-15 Yangjiang 1&2 Guangdong 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN March 2014, June 2015 Yangjiang 3 Guangdong 1020 MWe* CPR-1000+ CGN Jan-16 Fuqing 1&2 Fujian 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 (M310+) CNNC & Huadian Nov 2014, Oct 2015 Fangchenggang 1 Guanxi 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN Jan-16 Changjiang 1 Hainan 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC & Huaneng Dec-15 Total: 30 26,889 MWe Reactors in operation of the main groups
- 29. 5.The main technologies ´ Technology has been drawn from France, Canada and Russia, with local development based largely on the French element. ´ The latest technology acquisition has been from the USA (via Westinghouse) and France. ´ There is a determined policy of exporting nuclear technology based on CAP1400 and the Hualong One with Chinese intellectual property rights
- 30. The main reactor types in China ´ AP1000 ´ EPR ´ CAP1000 ´ CAP1400 ´ CNP-1000, also CNP-600, CNP-300 (ACP 300, ACP600, ACP1000) ´ CPR-1000, M310+ ´ ACPR1000 ´ Hualong One – HPR1000 ´ VVER ´ Candu ´ HTR ´ Fast neutron reactor ´ Floating nuclear power plants
- 31. The prograssive locallization of CPR-1000
- 32. Nuclear technology exports´ China has a determined policy at NDRC level of exporting nuclear technology. The following form is the export sales for Chinese nuclear energy. Country Plant Type Est. cost Company Pakistan Chasma 3&4 CNP-300 $2.37 billion CNNC Karachi Coastal 1&2 Hualong One $9.6 billion CNNC Romania Cernavoda 3&4 Candu 6 €7.7 billion CGN Argentina Atucha 3 Candu 6 $5.8 billion CNNC Atucha 4 or other site Hualong One $7 billion CNNC UK Bradwell Hualong One CGN Iran Makran coast 2 x 100 MWe CNNC Turkey Igneada AP1000 and CAP1400 SNPTC South Africa Thyspunt CAP1400 SNPTC Kenya Hualong 1 CGN Egypt Hualong 1 CNNC Armenia Metsamor 1 reactor CNNC HTR600 CNEC Kazakhstan Fuel plant JV CGN
- 33. 6.Regulation and safety ´ China has shown unprecedented eagerness to achieve world's best standards in nuclear safety (as also in civil aviation). ´ Each plant generally has one external safety review each year, either OSART, WANO peer review, or CNEA peer review .
- 34. 6.Regulation and safety ´ Nuclear power plant licences step issued by NNSA. siting approval construction permit fuel loading permit operation licence ´ The National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA) is responsible for licensing all nuclear reactors and other facilities, safety inspections and reviews of them, operational regulations, licensing transport of nuclear materials, waste management, and radiation protection.
- 35. 7.Grid system ´ At the beginning, the Chinese electricity system was almost controlled by China State Power Corporation (CSPC). To end its monopoly, and separate generation from transmission, CSPC broken up into some small companies. CSPC generators Datang Guodian Huadian Huaneng CPI Grid Companies State Grid corporation China South Power Grid Corporation
- 36. 7.Grid system ´ The world’s largest scale. ´ CNY 500 billion ($75.5 billion) was invested to extend the UHV grid to 40,000 km ´ started building 13,000 km of DC lines in 2015 ´ the capacity of the UHV network is expected to be some 300 GW by 2020
- 37. Nuclear power in Grid system ´ A policy to encourage the developing of nuclear power Chinese nuclear power use the same Grid System as other kinds of power, but it has the priority that it dosent need to adjuste peak load.
- 38. 8.the problems in the development of Chinese nuclear power ´ Nuclear power in China has a low Competitiveness because it cost more compared with coal power. ´ Lack of a standard system. There are too many types of the reactors which leads to the disoder of the management and higher costs in training, operation and construction. ´ Lack of Technology and manufacturing's independent design and localization. Some important facilities rely on importing. ´ Poor management of radioactive waste. ´ Some local people don’t trust the safety of nuclear plants.
- 39. 9.Conclusion the Chinese nuclear power will keep developing ´ The increasing need of energy ´ The policy of limiting CO2 emission ´ The rapid technology development ´ The encouragement from the goverment
- 40. Thank You!